Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 210 3954534 3954510 2026-04-14T12:50:50Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (1K) 3954534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|1}} [[Fasciculus:Relogio binario.JPG|thumb|upright=1|[[Quadrum electronicum]] de [[horologium|horologio]] digitali binario intricato, multos circuitus et elementa electronica monstrans.]] [[Fasciculus:Arduino ftdi chip-1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Partes electronicae.]] '''Electronica''' {{Victio|electronica|ae|f}} est [[disciplina]] [[physica]] quae novos [[Fluxus oneris electrici|fluxorum electricorum]] et [[Onus electricum|onerum]] utendi modos colit ut in [[Circuitus electricus|circuitibus electricis]] inveniuntur. Principalis electronicae [[lex]] est [[principium onerum conservandorum]], quo onera neque creare neque perdere possumus. Qua de causa, onera electrica continenter fluere possunt, tantum si per [[Circuitus electricus|circuitus clausos]] feruntur. In circuitu quodam, multa [[elementum electronicum|elementa electronica]] haberi possunt, sicut exempli gratia: {{div col|2}} * [[Condensatrum]] * [[Diodus]] * [[Filum (conductrum)]] * [[Fons electricus]] * [[Inductorium]] * [[LED]] (Lucem Emittens Diodus) * [[Pila electrica]] * [[Restitorium]] * [[Thyristor]] * [[Transformatrum]] * [[Transistrum]] * [[Triodus]] {{div col end}} [[Computatrum|Computatra]], [[radiophonum|radiophona]], [[televisio|televisoria]], [[telephonum gestabile|telephona gestabilia]], et [[machina photographica|machinae photographicae]] hodiernae sunt plena [[Circuitus integratus|circuitibus integratis]], qui in minimis dimensionibus milliones elementorum electricorum complectuntur. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Ars electrica]] * [[Circuitus electricus]] * [[Circuitus integratus]] * [[Civionica]] * [[Conductrum]] * [[Electronica digitalis]] * [[Faber electricus]] * [[Insulatrum]] * [[Quadrum electronicum]] * [[Semiconductrum]] * [[Superconductrum]] * [[Tubus undarum progredientium]] {{div col end}} == Fontes == * Young, H. D., R. A. Freedman, et A. L. Ford. [[2004]]. ''University Physics with Modern Physics,'' editio 11. Franciscopoli: Pearson Education. * Fontes utiles pro vocabulario huc pertinente sunt [[Words]] et [[Morgan]]. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Electronics|electronicam}} {{technologia}} [[Categoria:Electronica|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Technologia}} ftiwl9v2rdoq2ju39g1iqzaelxldu2x 0 211 3954541 3919485 2026-04-14T13:20:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commentatio de|[[particula elementaria|particulis elementariis]]}} {{Particula | nomen = Electron | definitio = [[Lepton]] | massa = {{val|510.99895069|(16)|u=[[Electron-volt|keV]]&thinsp;[[celeritas luminis|c]]⁻²}}<br /><small>({{val|9.1093837139|(28)|e=-31|u=[[chiliogramma|kg]]}})</small> | onus_electricum = {{val|-1.602176634|e=-19|u=[[coulomb (unitas)|C]]}} | vertigo = {{ofrac|1|2}} | onus_coloris = 0 | compositio = ''minima'' | longaevitas = Stabilis }} {{Res|Electron}} ({{pns|onis|m}})<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok,'' ed. secunda (Holmiae: Norstedts akademiska förlag, 2009).</ref> vel {{Res|electro}} ({{pns|onis|m}})<ref>Carolus Egger, ''Neues Latein Lexikon'' (''Lexicon recentis latinitatis, deutsche Ausgabe'') (Mathias Lempertz Verlag, 1998), 107.</ref> vel '''electronium'''<ref>[[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum'' (Helsinki: WSOY, 2001).</ref> in [[physica particularum elementariarum]] est [[particula subatomica]] sive e⁻ sive β⁻ notata, cuius [[onus electricum]] est [[onus elementarium|onus]] [[unus|unius]] negativi.<ref>Coff 2010.</ref> Electrones ad primam [[generatio (physica particularum)|generationem]] familiae [[lepton]]is pertinent,<ref>Curtis 2003: 74.</ref> et plerumque habentur [[particula elementaria|particulae elementariae]] quia eis non sunt elementa aut substructura nota.<ref>Eichten, Peskin, et Peskin 1983: 150.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Lightning over Oradea Romania cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|alt=Four bolts of lightning strike the ground|Quattuor [[fulgur]]a, fluxu electronum praesertim constantia, terram tangunt.<ref>Rakov et Uman 2007: 4.</ref>]] Electroni est [[massa constans]] quae [[ratio massae a protone ad elactronum|1/1836]] fere [[proton]]is est.<ref>[https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mpsme proton-electron mass ratio.] ''The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty'' (2006), National Institute of Standards and Technology.</ref> [[Mechanica quantica|Quanticae]] electronis proprietates intrinsecum [[momentum angulare]] ([[vertigo quantica|vertiginem]]) valoris dimidii [[numerus integer|numeri integri]] comprehendunt, [[unitas|unitatibus]] [[quantitas constans|constantis]] [[constans Planckianus imminutus|Planckiani imminuti]] (''ħ'') expressas. Electron est [[fermion]] ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aequatio Diraciana|aequatione Diraciana|en|qid=Q272621}} sive [[mare Diracianum|mare Diraciano]] descripta. Electron est minimae [[massa]]e particula quae [[onus electricum]] habere potest. Ei [[onus electricum]] est ''–e.'' [[Massa]] electronis est massa protonis divisa in partes circiter 1852. Plurimi electrones in [[spatium|spatio]] circum [[nucleus atomi|nucleum atomi]] inveniuntur. Electronum fluxus inter [[atomus|atomos]] in [[conductrum|filis conductoribus]] est quod [[fluxus oneris electrici|fluxum electricum]] efficit. Sicut cum aliis particulis elementariis accidit, electronis massa quam minima est, ita ut electrones simul coniuncti particularum et undarum compartiantur. Quemadmodum [[mechanica quantica]] docet. {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:J.J Thomson.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[J. J. Thomson]], [[physicus]] [[Britannia|Britannicus]], qui electron [[inventio|invenit]].]] [[Fasciculus:Millikan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Robertus A. Millikan|Robertus Andreas Millikan]], physicus [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|onus elementarium|onera elementaria|en|qid=Q2101}} invenit .]] {{div col|3}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Anodum||en|qid=Q181232}}{{dubsig}} * [[Anyon]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cathodum||en|qid=Q175233}}{{dubsig}} * [[Celeritas lucis]] * [[Paulus Dirac]] * [[Effectus Zeemanianus]] * [[Electrum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Exemplar Normativa||en|qid=Q18338}} * [[Factor g]] * [[Fermion]] * [[Beniaminus Franklinius]] * [[Lepton]] * [[Magnetismus]] * [[Mechanica quantica]] * [[Microscopium electronicum]] * [[Neutron]] * [[Volfgangus Pauli]] * [[Physica particularum minimarum]] * [[Positron]] * [[Radiatio beta]] * [[Relativitas specialis]] * [[Spintronica]] * [[Tubus undarum progredientium]] * [[Vinculum chemicum]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Arabatzis, T. [[2006]]. ''Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02421-9. *Buchwald, J. Z., et A. Warwick. [[2001]]. ''Histories of the Electron: The Birth of Microphysics.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52424-7. *Coff, Jerry. [[2010]]. "What Is An Electron?" ''Universe Today,'' 10 Septembris. [http://www.universetoday.com/73323/what-is-an-electron Textus interretialis.] *Curtis, L. J. [[2003]]. ''Atomic Structure and Lifetimes: A Conceptual Approach.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53635-6. *Eichten, E. J., M. E. Peskin, et M. Peskin, M. [[1983]]. "New Tests for Quark and Lepton Substructure." ''Physical Review Letters'' 50 (11): 811–14. Bibcode:1983PhRvL..50..811E. {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.811}}. *Rakov, V. A., et M. A. Uman. [[2007]]. ''Lightning: Physics and Effects.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03541-5. [https://books.google.com/?id=TuMa5lAa3RAC&pg=PA4 Textus apud Google.com.] *Thomson, J. J. [[1897]]. "Cathode Rays." ''Philosophical Magazine'' 44 (269): 293–316. {{doi|10.1080/14786449708621070}}. == Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Electrons|electron}} {{Tabula particularum}} [[Categoria:Leptones]] [[Categoria:Physica atomica]] {{Myrias|Physica}} ayomyp3js8vhbepmf7sx4mt0e09ukb6 0 748 3954630 3836995 2026-04-14T18:13:20Z Grufo 64423 +{{Titulus ad litteram}} 3954630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} [[Fasciculus:Madonna of the Magnificat.png|thumb|''Magnificatio [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae, matris Iesu]], a [[Alexander Botticelli|Alexandro Botticelli]] picta.]] {{lres|Magnificat}} (secundum verba prima nominatum) in [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Evangelio secundum Lucam]] (1:46–55) in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] est [[prex]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae, matri Iesu]]. ==Verba poematis== Verba sunt: :Magnificat anima mea Dominum, :Et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo salutari meo, :quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae; :ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes, :quia fecit mihi magna qui potens est :et sanctum nomen eius; :et misericordia eius a progenie in progenies timentibus eum. :Fecit potentiam in brachio suo; :dispersit superbos mente cordis sui. :Deposuit potentes de sede, et exaltavit humiles. :Esurientes implevit bonis, et divites dimisit inanes. :Suscepit Israel puerum suum, recordatus misericordiae suae, :sicut locutus est ad patres nostros, Abraham et semini eius in saecula. (Tonus VIII G in Liber usualis p.212: [[Media:Magnificat1.mid|Magnificat1.mid]]) == Musica == “Magnificat” est nomen operis [[Ioannes Sebastianus Bachius|Ioannis Sebastiani Bachii]] et [[Antonius Vivaldi|Antonii Vivaldi]]. [[Georgius Philippus Telemannus]] fecit duo: in lingua Latina et in [[lingua Theodisca]]. Alia opera notabilia fecerunt [[Orlandus Lassus]], [[Ioannes Petrus Aloysius Praenestinus]], [[Thomas Tallis]], [[Nicolaus Zieleński]]. {{Hymni et preces Christiani}} [[Categoria:Evangelium secundum Lucam]] [[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]] [[Categoria:Preces Christianae]] [[Categoria:Musica ecclesiastica]] i6liwe7hsq8j0h1kwwey9fwkg9m4zvu 3954631 3954630 2026-04-14T18:13:46Z Grufo 64423 3954631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} [[Fasciculus:Madonna of the Magnificat.png|thumb|''Magnificatio [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae, matris Iesu]], a [[Alexander Botticelli|Alexandro Botticelli]] picta.]] {{lres|Magnificat}} (secundum verbum primum nominatum) in [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Evangelio secundum Lucam]] (1:46–55) in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] est [[prex]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae, matri Iesu]]. ==Verba poematis== Verba sunt: :Magnificat anima mea Dominum, :Et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo salutari meo, :quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae; :ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes, :quia fecit mihi magna qui potens est :et sanctum nomen eius; :et misericordia eius a progenie in progenies timentibus eum. :Fecit potentiam in brachio suo; :dispersit superbos mente cordis sui. :Deposuit potentes de sede, et exaltavit humiles. :Esurientes implevit bonis, et divites dimisit inanes. :Suscepit Israel puerum suum, recordatus misericordiae suae, :sicut locutus est ad patres nostros, Abraham et semini eius in saecula. (Tonus VIII G in Liber usualis p.212: [[Media:Magnificat1.mid|Magnificat1.mid]]) == Musica == “Magnificat” est nomen operis [[Ioannes Sebastianus Bachius|Ioannis Sebastiani Bachii]] et [[Antonius Vivaldi|Antonii Vivaldi]]. [[Georgius Philippus Telemannus]] fecit duo: in lingua Latina et in [[lingua Theodisca]]. Alia opera notabilia fecerunt [[Orlandus Lassus]], [[Ioannes Petrus Aloysius Praenestinus]], [[Thomas Tallis]], [[Nicolaus Zieleński]]. {{Hymni et preces Christiani}} [[Categoria:Evangelium secundum Lucam]] [[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]] [[Categoria:Preces Christianae]] [[Categoria:Musica ecclesiastica]] 2rhmrzlstatol2hczvqbeb5lyj73fl7 3954653 3954631 2026-04-14T18:25:28Z Grufo 64423 /* Verba poematis */ +{{Versus numerati}} 3954653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} [[Fasciculus:Madonna of the Magnificat.png|thumb|''Magnificatio [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae, matris Iesu]], a [[Alexander Botticelli|Alexandro Botticelli]] picta.]] {{lres|Magnificat}} (secundum verbum primum nominatum) in [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Evangelio secundum Lucam]] (1:46–55) in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] est [[prex]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae, matri Iesu]]. ==Verba poematis== Verba sunt:<ref>(Tonus VIII G in Liber usualis p.212: [[Media:Magnificat1.mid|Magnificat1.mid]])</ref> {{Versus numerati| Magnificat anima mea Dominum, Et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo salutari meo, quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae; ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes, quia fecit mihi magna qui potens est et sanctum nomen eius; et misericordia eius a progenie in progenies timentibus eum. Fecit potentiam in brachio suo; dispersit superbos mente cordis sui. Deposuit potentes de sede, et exaltavit humiles. Esurientes implevit bonis, et divites dimisit inanes. Suscepit Israel puerum suum, recordatus misericordiae suae, sicut locutus est ad patres nostros, Abraham et semini eius in saecula. }} == Musica == “Magnificat” est nomen operis [[Ioannes Sebastianus Bachius|Ioannis Sebastiani Bachii]] et [[Antonius Vivaldi|Antonii Vivaldi]]. [[Georgius Philippus Telemannus]] fecit duo: in lingua Latina et in [[lingua Theodisca]]. Alia opera notabilia fecerunt [[Orlandus Lassus]], [[Ioannes Petrus Aloysius Praenestinus]], [[Thomas Tallis]], [[Nicolaus Zieleński]]. {{Hymni et preces Christiani}} [[Categoria:Evangelium secundum Lucam]] [[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]] [[Categoria:Preces Christianae]] [[Categoria:Musica ecclesiastica]] q6ct8zuibwpjwehw2ma7gfu12hwnbn4 0 3022 3954678 3945780 2026-04-15T04:15:16Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3954678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} {{Opus Politica Franciae}} {{FA stella}}'''Francia'''<ref>Etiam ''Gallia.''</ref>, seu '''Francogallia'''<ref>Vide vocabulum [https://de.pons.com/%C3%BCbersetzung/latein-deutsch/Francogallia "Francogallia" apud ''Pons Wörterbuch Latein-Deutsch].</ref>, rite '''Respublica Francica''' ([[Francice]] ''République française''), est [[natio]] in [[Europa Occidentalis|Europa Occidentali]] sita ac [[civitas sui iuris]], cui adiunguntur nonnullae [[Territoria Franciae transmarina|regiones, praefecturae et territoria transmarina]] in aliis [[continens|continentibus]] et [[oceanus|oceanis]] sita. Quibus territoriis exceptis, [[Francia metropolitana]], maxima ex parte in finibus [[Gallia]]e antiquae sita, a [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mari Mediterrananeo]] ad [[Oceanus Britannicus|Oceanum Britannicum]] et [[Mare Germanicum]], et a [[Rhenus|Rheno]] flumine ad [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] patet, aliquando ''L'Hexagone'' (scilicet '[[hexagonum]]') ob [[geometria|geometricam]] terrae formam appellata. Finitur ([[modus horologicus|modo horologii]] a parte septentrio-orientali incipiens) a [[Belgica]], [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgo]], [[Germania]], [[Helvetia]], [[Italia]], [[Monoecus|Monoeco]]; ad meridiem ab [[Hispania]] et [[Andorra]]. Ad [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] [[insula]]m trans [[Mare Britannicum|Manicam]] (aut denuo sub eandem per [[Cuniculus Freti Gallici|Cuniculum Freti Gallici]]) itur. Francia, civitatum [[Europa]]earum (sine [[Russia]] et [[Ucraina]]) amplissima, est una e [[Unio Europaea#Civitates sociae|rebus publicis Unionis Europaeae]] conditricibus et omnium maxima quod ad [[area (geometria)|aream]] attinet; cuius fines incolunt ad sescenties octogies centena milia [[homo|hominum]]. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] et princeps [[urbs|urbium]] Francicarum est [[Lutetia]]. Francia [[Historia Franciae|nonnulla per saecula]] fuit [[magna potestas]] grave habens pondus [[cultura]]le, [[oeconomia|oeconomicum]], [[militia|militare]], [[civilitas|politicum]] tam in [[Europa]] quam in [[tellus|orbe terrarum]]. Saeculis [[saeculum 17|XVII]] et [[saeculum 18|XVIII]], Francia [[colonia]]s in magnis [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] regionibus deducebat; saeculis quidem [[saeculum 19|XIX]] et [[saeculum 20|XX]] ineunte [[Imperium Francicum|imperium]] magnitudine illorum temporum secundum constituit ([[Imperium Britannicum|Britannico]] enim maximo), magnis [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africae Septentrionalis]], [[Africa Occidentalis|Occidentalis]], [[Media Africa|Mediaeque]] et [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiae Meridio-Orientalis]] partibus et multis [[Insulae Pacificae|insulis Pacificis]] comprehensis. Haec natio summa optabilia expressa in [[Charta Hominis ac Civis Iurum]] habet. Res publica Francica indivisibilis, [[laicismus|laica]], [[democratia|democratica]] socialisque sua [[constitutio]]ne definitur.<ref>Articulus I Constitutionis Francicaa: ... ''La France est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale''.</ref> Francia est apud [[civitas evoluta|nationes evolutissimas]] in toto orbe terrarum est,<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development] (Anglice).Relatio Progressūs Humani anni 2009. Programma Progressūs Nationum Unitarum. Novi Eboraci. ISBN 978-0-230-23904-3.</ref> quintam maximam oeconomiam secundum [[Productus domesticus generalis|productum domesticum generalem]] (PDG) nominalem, nonam maximam oeconomiam secundum [[par acquierendi potestas|paritatem pecuniae virium]] et secundam oeconomiam totius Europae possidet.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081004071135/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2195.html Field listing – GDP (official exchange rate) (Anglice), archivatum in Wayback Machine] die 4 Octobris anni 2008. Liber Factorum Mundanorum CIA.</ref> Natio alta [[qualitas victus|qualitate victus]] non minus quam magno frequentationis scholarum publicarum gradu gaudet, praeter habendam unam maximas apud [[exspectatio vitae|exspectationes vitae]] in mundo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110310193910/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf «World Population Prospects – The 2006 Revision»] (PDF) (Anglice). [[Nationes Unitae|NU]]. Inspectum die 27 Aprilis anni 2010. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 10 de março de 2011</ref> Francia putatur natio optimam salutem publicam in toto orbe terrarum praebens ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|OMS]].<ref>[https://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/ «World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems»] (Anglice, Arabice, Sinice, Francice, Russice et Hispanice). Relatio OMS. Die 8 Decembris anni 2010. Inspectum die 16 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> Etiam est natio invisissima in toto orbe terrarum, accipiens 82 milliones peregrinorum periegetarum quotannis. Huic nationi est tertia dispensatio oeconomica militaris in toto orbe terrarum,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213004/http://milexdata.sipri.org/ «The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) military expenditure database»] (Anglice). Milexdata.sipri.org. Inspectum die 16 Iulii anni 2011.</ref>, tertia maxima vis militaris intra [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociationem ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] (CFAS) et maximus exercitus intra [[Unio Europaea|Unionem Europaeam]] (UE); praeterea, Francia unum e membris perpetuis quinque [[Consilium securitatis|Consilii securitatis]] est et tertium maximum [[arma nuclearia|armorum nuclearium]] numerum possidet.<ref>[https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/ «Federation of American Scientists : Status of World Nuclear Forces»] (Anglice). Fas.org. Die 26 Maii anni 2010. Inspectum die 9 Augusti anni 2010.</ref> Haec natio membrum Unionis Europaeae conditorium est et maximam aream et secundam maximam huius consociationis oeconomiam possidet. Quoque est membrum conditorium [[Nationes Unitae|Ordinis Nationum Unitarum]], non minus quam [[Francophonia]]e, [[G8|Gregis Octo Civitatum]], [[G20|Gregis Viginti Civitatum]], [[Ordo oeconomicae cooperationi et evolutioni favendis|Ordinis oeconomicae cooperationi et evolutioni favendis]] (OCDE), [[Ordo mercaturae mundanae|Ordinis mercaturae mundanae]] (OMC) et [[Unio Latina|Unionis Latinae]]. == Nomen == [[Francia metropolita|Francia hexagonalis]] easdem fere terras habet quibus nomen apud [[Graece|Graecos]] antiquos ''Celtice'' fuit, apud [[Romani antiqui|Romanos]] ''[[Gallia]]'': propter expugnationem [[Franci|Francorum]] plenius interdum ''Francogallia''<ref>Sic [[Ephemeris]].</ref> (appellatio e nominibus Latinis ''[[Franci]]'' et ''[[Gallia]]'' [[Medium Aevum|tempore mediaevali]] adhibitis composita.<ref>Lugge (1960).</ref> appellatur, brevius ''Francia''<ref>"[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0304a.html Francia]" in {{Lexfons}}</ref> secundum nomen vulgare, sed [[antiquitas|historiae antiquae]] causa apud nonnullos hodiernos ''Gallia.''<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/sinodo/documents/bollettino_20_x-ordinaria-2001/xx_plurilingue/b01_xx.html Synodus Episcoporum Bollettino].</ref> Incolae ipsi [[Britonice]] tali modo ''Bro-C'hall'' ('Terra Gallorum') appellant, sed [[Vasconice]] ''Frantzia'', [[Occitanice]] ''França,'' et in [[lingua publica|lingua civitatis]] (iisdem rationibus aut [[Francogallice|Francogallica]] aut Francica sive Gallica nuncupata) ''France'' {{IPA|/ˈfʁɑ̃s/}}. Civitas publicitus et plenius ''La république française'' ('respublica Francica') nuncupatur. Nomen ''Francia'' [[saeculum 7|saeculo fere septimo]] primum reperitur, quo aevo regionem a flumine [[Liger]]i ad aquilonem conversam designavit ubi [[Franci|Francus]] populus, migratorius [[Germani]]cus, sedem constituerat regnumque condiderat. Finibus huius regni prolatis appellatio regiones plures comprehendit. Linguis vernacularibus iam in carminibus antiquis sub formis ''France'' et ''Fransa'' invenitur, e.g. in ''[[La chanson de Roland|Carmine Rolandi]]'' ''Li empereres Carles de France dulce'' scil. "ille imperator [[Carolus Magnus|Carolus]] Franciae dulcis"<ref>''[[La chanson de Roland]]'' v. 16.</ref> atque in carmine epico Occitanico ''En doussa Fransa nostres cors sejournier'' ('in dulci Francia corpora nostra reponere').<ref>''[[Rollan a Saragossa]]'' v. 278.</ref> == Historia == {{Vide-etiam|Historia Francogallica}} ===Aetas Praehistorica=== [[Fasciculus:France-Carnac-Alignement_de_Kermario.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Carnac|Saxa erecta Carnacensia]].]] Antiquissima [[Hominidae|hominidarum]] vestigia ubi in praesenti Francia est originem trahunt propemodum a 1,8 millionibus annorum abhinc.<ref name="Carpentier">Ioannes (Jean) Carpentier (dir.), Franciscus (François) Lebrun (dir.), Alanus (Alain) Tranoy, Elizabetha (Élisabeth) Carpentier et Ioannes Maria (Jean-Marie) Mayeur cum Iacobi(Jacques) Le Goff praefatione, Histoire de France (Francice), Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Lutetiae, 2000 (I ed. anno 1987), p. 17 ISBN 2-02-010879-8.</ref> Hi homines severo variabilique climate, notato aliquot [[Aevum glaciale|aetatibus glacialibus]], obversari debuerunt. Primae hominidae [[nomades|nomadicam]] [[venatio et collectio|venatorum collectorumque]] vitam agebant.<ref name="Carpentier">Ioannes (Jean) Carpentier (dir.), Franciscus (François) Lebrun (dir.), Alanus (Alain) Tranoy, Elizabetha (Élisabeth) Carpentier et Ioannes Maria (Jean-Marie) Mayeur cum Iacobi(Jacques) Le Goff praefatione, Histoire de France (Francice), Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Lutetiae, 2000 (I ed. anno 1987), p. 17 ISBN 2-02-010879-8.</ref> Francia magnum [[caverna]]rum ornatarum numerum a [[Palaeolithicum|Palaeolithico]] habet, apud quas, una clarissimarum optimeque servatarum est [[Spelunca Lascaux]] (propemodum ab anno 18 000 a.C.n.).<ref name="Carpentier">Ioannes (Jean) Carpentier (dir.), Franciscus (François) Lebrun (dir.), Alanus (Alain) Tranoy, Elizabetha (Élisabeth) Carpentier et Ioannes Maria (Jean-Marie) Mayeur cum Iacobi(Jacques) Le Goff praefatione, Histoire de France (Francice), Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Lutetiae, 2000 (I ed. anno 1987), p. 17 ISBN 2-02-010879-8.</ref> Exeunte [[Tempus glaciale recentissimum|tempore glaciali recentissimo]] (anno 10 000 a.C.n.), clima lene factum est.<ref name="Carpentier">Ioannes (Jean) Carpentier (dir.), Franciscus (François) Lebrun (dir.), Alanus (Alain) Tranoy, Elizabetha (Élisabeth) Carpentier et Ioannes Maria (Jean-Marie) Mayeur cum Iacobi(Jacques) Le Goff praefatione, Histoire de France (Francice), Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire," Lutetiae, 2000 (I ed. anno 1987), p. 17 ISBN 2-02-010879-8.</ref> Circa annum 7000 a.C.n., haec [[Europa Occidentalis|Europae Occidentalis]] pars [[Neolithicum]] inivit et eius incolae sedentarii facti sunt, ingentem post progressum demographicum agriculturalemque inter [[Millennium 4 a.C.n.|IV]] et [[Millennium 3 a.C.n.|III millennium a.C.n.]]. [[Metallurgia]] apparuit exeunte III millenio a.C.n., initio cum operibus [[aurum|aureis]], [[cuprum|cupreis]], [[Aes (mixtura)|aëneis]] et serius [[ferrum|ferreis]].<ref>Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> Franciae innumeri situs [[megalithus|megalithici]] a Neolithico aevo, apud quos est exceptionaliter spissus situs [[Carnac|Saxorum erectorum Carnacensium]] circa annum 3 300 a.C.n.<ref>[http://menhirs.tripod.com/intro.html «Megaliths of Carnac: Introduction»] (Anglice). menhirs.tripod.com. Inspectum die 7 Ianuarii anni 2010.</ref> ===Antiquitas=== {{Vide-etiam|Celtae|Gallia|Gallia Narbonensis}} [[Fasciculus:Lionel Royer - Vercingetorix Throwing down His Weapons at the feet of Julius Caesar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Vercingetorix]] [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulio Caesari]] se dedit per [[Bellum Gallicum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Maison Carree in Nimes (16).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Maison Carrée|Domus Quadrata]] (Francice ''Maison Carrée'' et Occitanice ''Ostau Cairat''), templum Gallo-Romanae urbis [[Nemausus|Nemausi]] (Francice ''Nîmes'' et Occitanice ''Nimes'') et unum optime conservatorum vestigiorum [[Romani antiqui|Romanorum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Arles-arenes.jpg|210px|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Interiora [[Amphitheatrum|amphitheatri Romani]] urbis [[Arelate|Arelatis]], in praefectura [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiis Rhodani]] (Francice ''Bouches-du-Rhône'' et Occitanice ''Bocas de Ròse'').]] Anno [[600 a.C.n.]], [[Graeci]] [[Iones]], e [[Phocaea]] oriundi, [[colonia]]m [[Massilia]]m ([[Francice]] ''Marseille'', [[Occitanice]] ''Marselha'', [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]] Μασσαλία) iuxta [[Mare Mediterraneum|Maris Mediterranei]] litus condiderunt, quod eam antiquissimam urbem in Francia facit.<ref>''[https://books.google.es/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Cambridge ancient history] (Anglice). [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 754. ISBN 978-0-521-08691-2. Inspectum die 23 Ianuarii anni 2011.''</ref><ref>Claudius (Claude) Orrieux (1999). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62&redir_esc=y A history of ancient Greece]''. [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-631-20309-4. Inspectum 23 Ianuarii anni 2011.</ref> Simul, aliquae tribus [[Celtae]] [[Galli]] praesentis Franciae territorii partes pervaserunt et haec occupatio reliquam in Franciam inter [[saeculum IV a.C.n.|saecula IV]] et [[saeculum III a.C.n.|III a.C.n.]] se expandit.<ref>Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 29.</ref> Circa annum [[125 a.C.n.]], [[Gallia]]e meridies a [[Res Publica Romana|Re publica Romana]] capta est, quae hanc regionem [[Gallia Narbonensis|Provinciam Nostram]] nominavit, unde per tempora ortum est toponymum [[Comitatus Provinciae|Provincia]] (Francice ''Provence'', Occitanice ''Provença'' seu ''Prouvènço'').<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77&redir_esc=y&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false «Provence in Stone»]. ''Life''. Die 13 Iulii anni 1953. p. 77.</ref> [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulius Caesar]] reliquam Galliam cepit et prinicpis Galli [[Vercingetorix|Vercingetorigis]] rebellionem anno [[52 a.C.n.]] sedavit.<ref>Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gallia in aliquot [[Index provinciarum Romanarum Imperii|provincias Romanas]] ab [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusto]] divisa est.<ref name="Carpentier 53">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> Plurimae urbes conditae sunt Gallo-Romanam per periodum, apud quas est [[Lugdunum]] (Francice ''Lyon'' et [[lingua Arpitanica|Arpitanice]] ''Liyon''), putatum Gallorum caput.<ref name="Carpentier 53">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> Hae urbes traditionali modo Romano constructae sunt; cum [[forum|foro]], [[theatrum|theatro]], [[circus|circo]], [[Amphitheatrum|amphitheatro]] et [[Thermae Romanae|balneis thermalibus]].<ref name="Carpentier 53">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> Galli Romanis cum colonis se miscuerunt et Romanas culturam linguamque ([[Lingua Latina|linguam latinam]], e qua [[lingua Francica]] progressa est) denique adoptaverunt. [[Religio Romana|Polytheismus Romanus]] cum [[Religio Celtica|Paganismo Gallico]] confusus est in eodem [[syncretismus|syncretismi]] processu.<ref>Woolf, G. (1998). ''Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul'' (Anglice). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ex [[anni 250|annis 250]] usque ad [[anni 280|annos 280]], Gallia Romana magnam crisin passa est, eius limites munitionibus instructos incursantibus [[barbarus|barbaris]] pluriens.<ref>Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> Nihilominus, status melioravit primo [[saeculum 4|saeculi IV]] dimidio, ubi fuit periodus revivificationis prosperitatisque Galliae Romanae.<ref>Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 79–82</ref> Anno [[312]], [[Index Imperatorum Romanorum|imperator]] [[Constantinus I|Constantinus]] ad [[Religio Christiana|Christianismum]] se convertit. Postea, christiani, qui usque ad illud tempus exagitati erant, cito creverunt totum per [[Imperium Romanum]].<ref>Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 81.</ref> Sed, ex ineunte [[saeculum 5|saeculo V]], [[Migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium|invasiones barbaricae]] denuo rediverunt<ref>Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 84.</ref> et tribus barbaricae, sicuti [[Vandali]], [[Suebi]] et [[Alani]], [[Rhenus|flumen Rhenum]] transiverunt et constiterunt in Gallia, [[Hispania]] et in aliis [[Occasus Imperii Romani Occidentalis|Imperii Romani Occidentalis occidentis]] partibus.<ref> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Medium aevum=== {{Vide-etiam|Regnum Francorum|Carolingorum stirps|Stirps Capetiana|Gens Burbonia|Reges Franciae}} [[Fasciculus:Franks expansion.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Franci|Francorum]] expansio inter annos 481 et 843/870.]] [[Antiquitas posterior|Exeunte Antiquitatis periodo]], antiqua [[Gallia]] in aliquot [[Germani (antiquitas)|Germanica]] reina et reliquum Gallo-Romanum territorium, [[Regnum Syagrii]] nuncupatum, divisa erat. Simul, [[Celtae]] [[Britanni]], cum ab [[Anglosaxones|Anglosaxonicā]] [[Britannia Maior|Britanniae Maioris]] invasione fugissent, in occidentali [[Armorica]]e parte consederunt. Sic, paeninsula Armorica [[Britannia Minor]] denuo nominata est, Celtica cultura revivificata est et aliquot parva regna independentia orta sunt hac in regione. [[Franci]] [[paganismus|pagani]], a quibus nomen "Francia" derivatum est, initio in septentrionali Galliae parte consederunt; sed, [[Chlodovechus I (rex Francorum)|Chlodovecho]] rege, pleraque alia regna septentrionalis mediaeque regionis ceperunt. Anno [[498]], Chlodovechus primus Germanicus expugnator factus est post [[Occasus Imperii Romani Occidentalis|Occasum Imperii Romani]] qui ad [[Christianismus|Christianismum]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicum]] se convertit, magis quam ad [[Arianismus|Arianismum]]; itaque, Francia titulum "filiae antiquissimae Ecclesiae" (Francice ''la fille aînée de l'Église'') a [[papa|papatu]] accepit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html «Faith of the Eldest Daughter – Can France retain her Catholic heritage?»] (Anglice). ''Wf-f.org''. Inspectum die 17 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> Franci culturam Gallo-Romanam Christianam susceperunt et denique antiqua Gallia rursus nominata est Francia, scilicet "Terra Francorum". Franci Germanici [[Linguae Romanicae|linguas Romanicas]] adoptaverunt, praeter Galliae septentrionem, ubi Romanae coloniae minus densae erant et ubi ortae sunt [[linguae Germanicae]]. [[Chlodovechus I (rex Francorum)|Chlodovechus]] [[Lutetia]]m suum [[caput (urbs)|caput]] fecit et [[dynastia Merovingica|dynastiam Merovingicam]] stabilivit, sed regnum non eius morti superesset. Franci terram simpliciter sicut privatam possessionem tractabant et eam inter heredes dividebant; tunc quattuor regna orta sunt, [[Chlodovechus I (rex Francorum)|Chlodovecho]] mortuo: [[Lutetia]], [[Aurelianum]], [[Augusta Suessionum]] et [[Durocortorum]]. [[Reges Franciae|Ultimi reges Merovingi]] potestatem suis pro [[maior domus|maioribus domis]] perdiderunt. Quorum unus, [[Carolus Martellus]], invasionem [[Islam]]icam Galliae in [[Pictavium|Proelio Pictaviensi]] (anno [[732]]) vicit et respectum potestatemque intra Regna Franca adeptus est. Eius filius, [[Pippinus III (maior domus)|Pippinus Iunior]], Franciae coronam occupavit, debilitatis [[Merovingi]]s et [[Carolingorum stirps|dynastiam Carolingicam]] stabilivit. Pippini filius, [[Carolus Magnus]], qui [[Saxonia (discretiva)|Saxoniam]], [[Bavaria]]m atque septentrionales partes [[Italia]]e subiecit, Regna Franca conglutinavit et vastum imperium in tota Europa occidentali mediaque construxit.<ref>Bradbury, Jim (2 Augusti anni 2004). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=3FRsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare]'' (Anglice). [S.l.]: Routledge. pag. 19–. ISBN 978-1-134-59847-2.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Aachen Domschatz Bueste1.jpg|thumb|left|Effigies [[Carolus Magnus|Caroli Magni]], primi [[Imperator Romanus Sacer|Imperatoris Francorum]], exposita in [[Cathedralis|Cathedrali]] [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgranensi]], in [[Germania]].]] [[Carolus Magnus]] [[Romanorum Imperator|Imperator]] a [[Leo III|Papa Leone III]] appellatus est et, sic, antiquam historicam coniunctionem inter gubernium Francicum et [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiam Catholicam]] denuo stabilivit.<ref> «[https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france France]» (Anglice). Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Inspectum die 14 Decembris anni 2011.</ref> Qui [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale]] et eius culturalem magnitudinem revivificare conatus est. Caroli Magni filius, [[Ludovicus I Pius (imperator)|Ludovicus I Pius]], imperans inter annos 814 et 840, imperium consociatum servavit; nihilominus, Imperium Carolingicum eius morti non superesset. Anno [[843]], secundum [[Foedus Virodunense]] (Francice ''Traité de Verdun''), imperium inter tres Ludovici filios divisum est: [[Regnum Francorum orientalium|Francia Orientalis]] cum [[Ludovicus (rex Francorum orientalium)|Ludovico Germanico]] mansit; [[Francia Media]] penes [[Lotharius I (imperator)|Lotharium I]] evenit, dum [[Francia Occidentalis]] penes [[Carolus II (imperator)|Carolum II Calvum]] evenit. Francia Occidentalis fere totam praesentis Franciae aream occupabat et eius praecursoria natio est.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm «Treaty of Verdun»] (Anglice). History.howstuffworks.com. Die 27 Februarii anni 2008. Inspectum 17 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> [[Carolingorum stirps|Dynastia Carolingica]] Franciam usque ad annum [[987]] regnavit, cum [[Hugo Capetius]], Dux Franciae et Comes Lutetiae, [[Reges Franciae|Rex Francorum]] coronatus est.<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc «History of France – The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328»] (Anglice). Historyworld.net. Inspectum die 21 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> Cuius posteri —[[Stirps Capetiana|Capetii]], [[Gens Valesia]] et [[Gens Burbonia]]— progressive nationem adunavit per bella et dynasticam hereditatem in Regnum Franciae, quod omnino declaratum est anno [[1190]] a [[Philippus II (rex Francorum)|Philippo II]]. Francica nobilitas prominens munus obivit plerisque [[Expeditio sacra|Cruciatis]], ut Christianus accessus ad [[Terra Sancta|Terram Sanctam]] restitueretur. Francici [[Expeditio sacra|milites crucesignati]] maxima pars continuae auxiliorum copiae per annorum 200 periodon Cruciatarum sic constituebant ut [[Arabes]] uniformiter milites crucesignatos فرنج (pronuntiatur ''franĝ'') nuncuparent, quamquam illorum parvum interest si crucesignati venirent e Francia.<ref name="Nadeau">Ioannes Benedictus (Jean-Benoit Nadeau); Iulia (Julie) Barlow (die 8 Ianuarii anni 2008). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Story of French]'' (Anglice). [S.l.]: St. Martin's Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-1-4299-3240-0. Inspectum pridie Idus Martias anni 2018.</ref> Francici milites cruciferi [[lingua Francica|linguam Francicam]] in [[Levans|Levantem]] etiam importaverunt, quae [[Civitates Crucesignatae|Civitatum Crucesignatarum]] [[lingua franca]] facta est.<ref name="Nadeau"/> Francici equites maximam copiam etiam constituebant in ordinibus [[Ordo Hospitalis|Hospitalariorum]] et [[Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici|Templariorum]]. Qui ultimi, praesertim, aliquot proprietates tota in Francia possidebant et, [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]], erant praecipui argentarii Coronae Francicae donec [[Philippus IV (rex Francorum)|Philippus IV Franciae]] hunc ordinem anno 1307 abolevit. [[Expeditio sacra in Albigenses]] anno 1209 effecta est, ut [[cathari|catharos]], [[Haeresis|haeretici]] putati, ex austroccidentali praesentis Franciae regione de medio tollerentur. Denique, cathari exterminati sunt et liber [[Comitatus Tolosanus]] (Francice ''Comté de Toulouse'' et Occitanice ''Comtat de Tolosa'') ad Coronae Francicae terras annexus est.<ref>«Massacre of the Pure». ''[[Time]]''. [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]. Die 28 Aprilis anni 1961.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Lenepveu, Jeanne d'Arc au siège d'Orléans.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Ioanna Arcensis]] in Proelio [[Aurelianum|Aurelianensi]].]] [[Carolus IV (rex Franciae)|Carolus IV]] mortuus est sine herede anno [[1328]].<ref name="Guerard">Albertus (Albert) Guerard, ''France: A Modern History'' (Anglice) (University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1959) pag. 100, 101.</ref> Secundum [[Lex Salica|Legem Salicam]], corona Francica feminae transmitti nequiebat nec stirps regia femineam per stirpem transmitti nequiret.<ref name="Guerard">Albertus (Albert) Guerard, ''France: A Modern History'' (Anglice) (University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1959) pag. 100, 101.</ref> Eapropter, corona [[Philippus VI (rex Francorum)|Philippo VI Valesio]], Caroli IV [[cosinus (familia)|cosino]], transmissa est nec femineam per stirpem Caroli IV nepto<ref>Neptus, Filius fratris, in Actis S. Rudesindi Episcopi tom. 1. Martii pag. 105. Apud [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220225709/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/NEPOS ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis]'', Du Cange et alii.</ref>, [[Eduardus III (rex Angliae)|Eduardo]], qui postea [[Eduardus III (rex Angliae)|Eduardus III Angliae]] fieret. Philippo VI rege, monarchia Francica maximum potestatis mediaevalis attigit.<ref name="Guerard">Albertus (Albert) Guerard, ''France: A Modern History'' (Anglice) (University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1959) pag. 100, 101.</ref> Sed [[Eduardus III (rex Angliae)|Eduardus III]], contra Legem Salicam, sibi iure successionis imperium Franciae esse postulavit, quare [[Bellum Centum Annorum]]<ref>Don O'Reilly. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109043743/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3031536.html "Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans"] (Anglice). ''TheHistoryNet.com''.</ref> ortum est inter [[Anglia]]m et Franciam anno 1337, pridie primae undae [[Mors atra|Mortis atrae]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090829034202/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761568934___117/France.html «France VII»] (Anglice). ''Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009''. Webcitation.org.</ref> et duravit usque ad annum 1453. Exacti limites multum per tempora mutaverunt, sed regum Anglorum Francicae proprietates extensae manserunt per decennia. Charismaticis cum principibus, sicuti [[Ioanna Arcensis|Ioanna Arcensi]] et [[La Hire]], potentes redintegrationes pugnae Francicae continentalia Anglorum territoria ceperunt. Ut reliqua Europa, Francia Morte atra valde percussa est; dimidium numeri incolarum Franciae mortuum est hoc in periodo.<ref> Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1987). [https://books.google.es/books?id=VT9rIMQFt2MC&pg=PA32&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''"The French peasantry, 1450–1660"''] (Anglice). University of California Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-520-05523-3.</ref><ref>Petrus (Peter) Turchin (2003). ''[Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall]'' (Anglice). Princeton University Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-691-11669-5.</ref> [[Gens Valesia]] (1328–1589), incursionibus [[Ducatus Burgundiae]] iuvantibus, [[Helvetii]]s feliciter propulsavit. Ea de causa postea crebrae querelae inter Franciam et [[Hispania]]m [[Domus Habsburgensis|Habsburgensem]] ortae sunt. ===Aevum modernum=== [[Fasciculus:Debat-Ponsan-matin-Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Catharina Medicaea]] [[Protestantes|Protestantium]] cadavera observat post [[Caedes Sancti Bartholomei|Caedem Sancti Bartholomei]], anno 1572, [[Bella religionis (Francia)|Bellorum religionis]] culmen in Francia. Francica pictura anni 1880.]] Francicum [[Renascentia litterarum|Renascentia]] magnificum progressum culturalem et primam [[lingua Francica|linguae Francicae]] [[normalizatio]]nem praebuit, quae [[lingua publica]] Franciae et lingua [[aristocratia]]e Europaeae fieret. Etiam exarserunt plurimi conflictus militares, [[Bella Italica]] nominati, inter Regnum Franciae et potens [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium]]. Francici exploratores, sicuti [[Iacobus Quarterius]] aut [[Samuel Camplenius]], Franciae terras in [[America]] vindicaverunt, quod futuram [[Primum Imperium coloniale Francicum|Primi imperii colonialis Francici]] (Francice ''Premier empire colonial français'') expansionem paravit. [[Protestantes|Protestantium]] [[Reformatio|surrectio]] in Europa Franciam in [[bellum civile]], [[Bella religionis (Francia)|Bella religionis]] nuncupatum, induxit, quorum notissimus casus fuit [[Caedes Sancti Bartholomei]] (Francice ''Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy'') anno 1572, ubi milia [[Hugenoti|Hugenotorum]] necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day «Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day»] (Anglice). Britannica.com. Inspectum die 21 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> [[Edictum Namnetense|Edicto Namnetense]] Protestantibus videlicet asseclis Ioanni Calvini et Hugenotis tolerantiam promissa est, quare status rerum internarum iterum quietus est. [[Ludovicus XIII|Ludovico XIII]] regnante, animosus [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus|cardinalis Richeliaeus]] Civitatis centralizationi favit et regalem potestatem corroboravit, cum domesticam potestatem in decennio 1620 tenentes dearmaret. Hic [[Castellum mediaevale|castella]] dominorum qui centralem potestatem provocaverant systematice ruit et privatae violentiae usum ([[duellum|duella]], armorum portationem et privati exercitus possessionem) declamavit. Exeunte anno [[1620]], Richeliaeus "regium vis monopolium" velut doctrinam stabilivit.<ref>Tilly, Carolus (Charles) (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime" (Anglice) in Bringing the State Back In, ed. P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> Sic, dum cardinalis [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus|Richelaeus]] (1624–42) et suus successor [[Iulius Mazarinus|Mazarinus]] (1642–1661) rebus moderabantur, potestas regiminis centralis aucta est. [[Bellum tricennale|Bello tricennale]] (1618–1648) facto Francogallia iterum supremam dominationem militarem atque culturalem nacta est. [[Fasciculus:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ludovicus XIV]], "Rex Solis", Franciae [[Monarchia absoluta|monarcha absolutus]] fuit et nationem praecipuam potentiam Europeam fecit.]] Monarchia suum culmen saeculum XVII attigit. Sic [[Ludovicus XIV]] (1661–1715) studio [[Absolutismus|Absolutismi]] adipiscendi maxime progressit atque successit, cum potentes [[feudalismus|dominos feudales]] in [[Castellum Versaliense|Castelli Versaliensis]] [[aulicus|aulicos]] transformaret. Eo regnante fines Francogalliae incommodo nationum adiacentium fortiter propagatae sunt et fecit Franciam praecipuam Europaeam potentiam; quare Francogalli inimicitias [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regni]] meruerunt; in quod cum confligendo opes regni magis magisque fatigatae sunt; imprimis [[Bellum de successione Hispanica|Belli de successione Hispanica]] inter annos [[1701]] et [[1713]] gesti causa. Sed, natio populosissima in Europa facta est et ingens pondus in continentis civilitate, oeconomia et cultura habuit. [[Lingua Francica]] maioris usus lingua facta est [[diplomatia]]e, [[scientia]]e, [[litterae|litteris]] et [[relationes internationales|relationibus internationalibus]] et hoc modo usque ad saeculum XX mansit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230406202845/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/%7C%C2%ABLanguage and Diplomacy»]. Nakedtranslations.com. Inspectum die 21 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> [[Ludovicus XV|Ludovico XV]], [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovici XIV]] [[pronepos|pronepote]], regnante; Francia [[Nova Francia|Novam Franciam]] et maiorem [[India Francica|Indiae Francicae]] partem amisit post cladem in [[Bellum Septem Annorum|Bello Septem Annorum]], anno 1763 confecto. Nihilominus, Europaeum eius territorium crescere perrexit, insignibus cum adeptionibus, sicuti [[Lotharingia (regio Franciae recentior)|Lotharingia]] (1766) et [[Corsica]] (1770). Debile impopulareque Ludovici XV gubernium, ob suas pecuniarias, politicas et militares decretiones male excogitatas —non minus quam ob suae domi regiae prodigentiam— monarchiam infamavit, quamobrem indubitabiliter patuerunt [[Res novae Francicae]], quae annos quindecim mortuum post regem acciderent.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml «BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774)»] (Anglice). [[BBC]]. Inspectum die 21 Iulii anni 2011.</ref><ref>[http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf «Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)»] (PDF) (Anglice). Inspectum die 21 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> ===Res novae Francicae=== {{Vide-etiam|Res novae Francicae}} Pecuniaria ob problemata, rex [[Ludovicus XVI]] [[Ordines generales]]<ref>Vide [https://neolatinlexicon.org/silva-old/ neolatinlexicon.org], ubi dicitur "legislature: Estates-General (as in early modern Holland or France) / ordines (v. potestates) generales (Milton)".</ref> (Francice ''États généraux'') convocavit, congregatis tribus [[stamentum|regni stamentis]]<ref>Vide ''[Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis]'' in interrete, ubi dicitur "STAMENTUM, Ordo, Gall. Etat, Hisp. Estamento. Constitut. Eccl. Valent. inter Concil. Hispan. tom. 4. pag. 188".</ref> Maio anni 1789, ut proponerentur solutiones gubernio. Desperatam per rem, [[Ordo tertius|Ordinis tertii]] (Francice ''Tiers état'') legati [[Conventus civitatis Francicae|Conventum nationalem]] (Francice ''Assemblée nationale'') constituerunt, quod [[Res novae Francicae|Rerum novarum Francicarum]] ortum indicat. [[Agricola (munus)|Agricolae]] operariique itaque gradatim ad egestatem redacti sunt, simul cives urbani [[libertas|libertatem]] rerum suarum libere gerendarum expetiverunt quasi postulaverunt. Incursus in [[Bastilia|Bastiliam]] die [[14 Iulii]] [[1789]] factus tamquam impulsus initiale fuit [[Res novae Francicae|rerum novarum Francicarum]] exarsarum interitique monarchiae Francogallicae. Ineunte Augusto 1789, [[Conventus nationalis constituens]] nobilitatis privilegia abolivit,<ref>Robinson, Iacobus (James) Harvey (1906). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=Yl4AAAAAYAAJ&dq=J.H.+Robinson+(1906).+Readings+in+European+History&pg=PA435&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=August%20Decrees&f=false Readings in European History]'' (Anglice). Bostoniae: Ginn. pp. 435ff. OCLC 870461. Inspectum die 16 Ianuarii anni 2011.</ref> sicuti personalem servitutem et exclusiva venationis iura. Per[[ Declaratio iurum hominis| Declarationem iurum hominis]] (Francice ''Déclaration des droits de l'homme''), die 27 Augusti anni 1789, Francia iura fundamentalia hominibus stabilivit. Declaratio naturalia libertatem, proprietatem, securitatem et impedimentum contra oppressionem inexstinguibiliaque hominis iura aestimat. [[Libertas exprimendi]] et [[Libertas imprimendi|imprimendi]] declarata est et arbitrariae custodiae prohibitae sunt. Etiam aristocraticorum privilegiorum destructionem sollicitavit et libertatem et iurum aequalitatem omnibus hominibus non minus quam accessum ad publica munera secudum ingenium et haud secundum nativitatem nuntiavit.<ref>Fremont-Barnes, Gregorius (Gregory) (2007). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=6_2wkP4j-EsC&pg=PA190&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815]'' (Anglice). [S.l.]: Greenwood. p. 190. Inspectum pridie Idus Martias anni 2018.</ref> [[Imago:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|left|[[Expugnatio Bastiliae|Expugnatio]] carceris [[Bastilia|Bastiliae]] anno 1789, unus praecipuorum eventuum in [[Res novae Francica|Rebus novis Francicis]].]] Novembre anni [[1789]], [[Conventus civitatis Francicae|Conventus]] omnia [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] bona publicare vendereque decrevit, quae erat maximus proprietarius in natione erat. Iulio anni [[1790]], [[Constitutio civilis cleri]] (Francice ''Constitution civile du clergé'') Ecclesiam Catholicam Francicam denuo ordinavit, tollenda Ecclesiae auctoritate recipendorum tributorum alias inter res.<ref>D., Popkin, Ieremias (Jeremy) (Kalendis Ianuarii anni 2010). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/short-history-of-the-french-revolution/oclc/780111354A short history of the French Revolution]'' (Anglice). [S.l.]: Pearson Education. ISBN 0205693571. OCLC 780111354</ref> Quae res magnam indignationem in Franciae partibus causaverunt, quod ad bellum civile finem annos postea habiturum induceret. Quamquam rex [[Ludovicus XVI]] adhuc satis favoris populi habebat, calamitosa eius [[fuga in Varennas]] (Iunio anni [[1791]]) rumores ut is suas politicae salutis spes in peregrinae invasionis ambitu firmaret probare videtur. Quamobrem, eius fides sic labefacta est, ut [[monarchia]] dissoluta et instituta [[res publica]] sensu stricto crescens possibilitas facta sint.<ref>Thompson, Iacobus Matthaeus (James Matthew) (1943), [https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003745/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/7400914 The French Revolution] (Francice), Oxoniae.</ref> Die [[10 Augusti]] anni [[1792]], irata turba regiam regis [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovici XVI]] periclitata est, qui ad [[Conventus nationalis legislativus|Conventum legislativum]] (Francice ''Assemblée législative'') confugit.<ref name="Shusterman">Noë (Noah) Shusterman – ''De Franse Revolutie'' (Batavice). Veen Media, Amstelodami, anno 2015.</ref><ref>Censer, Iacobus (Jack) R. et Hunt, Lynna (Lynn). ''Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution'' (Anglice). in Consaepto Universitatis, in Pennsilvaniā: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004.</ref> [[Borussia|Borussus]] exercitus in Franciam Augusto anni [[1792]] invasit. Ineunte Septembre, [[Lutetia|Parisienses]], propter [[Virodunum]] a Borusso exercitu occupatum et propter contrarevolutionarios motus Septentrionali in Francia irati, inter 1000 et 1500 captorum interfecerunt cum impetum facerent Parisienses in carceres. [[Conventus nationalis legislativus|Conventus]] et [[Commune Parisiorum (Res novae Francicae)|concilium urbis]] [[Lutetia]]e inepta continendo huic sanguinis effusioni videbantur.<ref name="Shusterman">Noë (Noah) Shusterman – ''De Franse Revolutie'' (Batavice). Veen Media, Amstelodami, anno 2015.</ref><ref>Doyle, Gulielmus (William). ''The Oxford History of The French Revolution''. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 1989. pag. 191–192.</ref> [[Conventio nationalis (Res novae Francicae)|Conventio nationalis]] (Francice ''Convention nationale''), primis comitiis per [[suffragium universale]] masculinum<ref name="Shusterman">Noë (Noah) Shusterman – ''De Franse Revolutie'' (Batavice). Veen Media, Amstelodami, anno 2015.</ref> die [[20 Septembris]] anni [[1792]] electa, Conventui legislativo successit et, die [[21 Septembris]], monarchiam abolevit, declaranda [[Prima res publica (Francia)|Prima re publica Francica]]. Quondam rex, Ludovicus XVI, de perduellione damnatus est et guillotiniana machina Ianuario anni 1793 necatus est. Francia [[Anglia]]e atque [[Res Publica Coniunctarum Provinciarum|Rei Publicae Batavae]] Novembre anni 1792 et [[Hispania]]e Martio anni 1793 bellum decrevit; vere anni 1793, [[Austria]], [[Britanniarum regnum]] et Res publica Batava in Franciam invaserunt; Francia "rem publicam sororem" in "[[Res publica Moguntina|Re publica Moguntina]]" ([[Theodisce]] ''Mainzer Republik'') creavit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040444/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=408 «Der 18. März 1793. Der Rheinisch-deutsche Nationalkonvent in Mainz»]. Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz. Die [[18 Martii]] anni 2003. Inspectum die [[6 Aprilis]] anni 2012 (Theodisce).</ref> ===Napoleo et saeculum XIX=== {{Vide-etiam|Primum Imperium Francicum}} [[Fasciculus:Napoleon_in_1806.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo Bonapars]] et suus [[Magnus Exercitus]] (Francice ''Grande Armée'').]] [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo]] die [[9 Novembris]] [[1799]] omnium rerum in Re publica potitus est, cum Primus consul et deinde Imperator [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Primi Imperii Francici]] (inter annos 1804 et 1814/1815) factus esset. Secutis bellis ab Europaeis monarchiis contra Rem publicam gestis, Europaeorum foederum iuncturae bellum Imperio Napoleonico declaraverunt. Francici exercitus, attamen, pleramque Europam continentalem celeribus victoriis subegerunt, sicuti in proeliis [[Proelium Ienense|Ienensi]] aut in [[Pugna apud Slaucoviam|apud Slaucoviam]]. Familiae Bonapartis membra aliquibus regnis nuper ortis monarchas nominata sunt.<ref name="Blanning">Blanning, Timotheus (Tim) (Aprile anni 1998). «Napoleon and German identity» (Anglice). ''History Today''. '''48'''. Londinii.</ref> Istae victoriae ut maxima optabilia et res novae revolutionariae —talis [[mensura metrica]], Codex Napoleonicus et [[Charta Hominis ac Civis Iurum|Charta hominis ac civis iurum]]— per totum orbem terrarum expansa essent induxerunt. Post calamitosam [[Bellum Patrium|Expeditionem Russicam]] et Europaearum monarchiarum impetum contra Francicum gubernium, Napoleo victus est et [[Gens Burbonia|monarchia Burbonica]] [[Restauratio (Francia)|restaurata est]]. Propemodum millio Francicorum per Bella Napoleonica interfecti sunt.<ref name="Blanning">Blanning, Timotheus (Tim) (Aprile anni 1998). «Napoleon and German identity» (Anglice). ''History Today''. '''48'''. Londinii.</ref><ref>Franciscus (Frank) W. Thackeray (1996). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century]'' (Anglice). [S.l.: s.n.] p. 6. ISBN 9780313290763. Inspectum [[14 Martii|pridie Idus Martias]] anni 2018.</ref> [[Centum Napoleonis dies|Brevem post domitionem ex exsilio]], Napoleo denique victus est die [[18 Iunii]] [[1815]] in [[Proelium Waterlooense|Proelio Waterlooënsi]]. Quo anno, in Europa in [[Consilium Vindobonense|Consilio Vindobonense]] ordo gentium ac populorum restitutus est. Verum monarchia Francica reimposita est. [[Ludovicus XVIII]] [[Gens Burbonia|Burbonicus]] rex Franciae creatus est, constitutionalibus cum limitationibus. Eruptis tumultis [[Res novae Iuliae (1830)|Rerum novarum mensis Iulii]] anni [[1830]], [[Gens Burbonia]] demum potestate amota est, quod [[Monarchia Iulii|Monarchiam Iulii]] peperit, quae duravit usque ad [[1848]], cum [[Secunda res Publica Francica]] proclamata est, in ambitu [[Res novae anni 1848|Rerum novarum anni 1848]]. Servitudinis et [[suffragii universalis]] masculini abolitio, promulgata breviter per Res novas Francicas, denuo promulgata est anno 1848.<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] (ed.). [https://www.britannica.com/place/France/The-Napoleonic-era «The Napoleonic Era»] (Anglice). Inspectum [[14 Martii|pridie Idus Martias]] anni 2018.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Imperium coloniale Francicum.png|thumb|left|400px|Anachronica tabula territoriorum quae aliquando Imperii colonialis Francici pars fuerunt.]] Anno [[1852]], [[Index praesidum rei publicae Francicae|praeses Rei publicae Francicae]] [[Napoleo III (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo III Bonaparte]], [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleonis I]] adelphideos<ref>Confer vocabulum Graecum ἀδελφιδέος apud [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a%29delfide%2Fos&la=greek&can=a%29delfide%2Fos0&d=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058:entry=a)delfide/os&i=1 Perseus].</ref>, [[Secundum Imperium Francicum|Secundi Imperii Francici]] imperator Napoleo III proclamatus est. Qui interventus peregre multiplicavit, praesertim in [[Bellum Crimaeanum|Crimaea]], in [[Secunda Interventio Francica in Mexico|Mexico]] et in [[Bellum alterum de libertate Italiae|Italia]], quod induxit in [[Ducatus Sabaudiae|Ducatum Sabaudiae]] et [[Comitatus Nicaeensis|Comitatum Nicaeënsem]]—tunc [[Regnum Sardiniae|Regni Sardiniae]] partem— ad Franciam adiunctos. Napoleo III amotus est post cladem in [[Bellum Germano-Francicum|Bello Germano-Francico]] anno [[1870]] et eius regimen substitutum est pro [[Tertia Res Publica (Francia)|Tertia Re Publica]].<ref> [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] (ed.). [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France «Napoleon III»] (Anglice). Inspectum [[14 Martii|pridie Idus Martias]] anni 2018,</ref> Eo fere tempore, in [[Europa]] duae factiones contrariae ortae sunt: ad unam partem, [[Foedus triplex]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Dreibund'', [[Hungarice]] ''Hármas szövetség'' et [[Italice]] ''Triplice alleanza'') —anno [[1879]] [[imperium Germanicum]] atque [[imperium Austro-Hungaricum]] se foedere iunxerunt; mense Maio 1882 [[Italia]] quoque pars eius facta est)—; ad alteram partem, [[Confoederatio triplex]] ([[Francice]] ''Triple-Entente'', [[Anglice]] ''Triple Entente'' et [[Russice]] Тройственная Антанта) —quae ex Francogallia, [[Regnum Unitum|Regnis Unitis]] atque [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russo]] constitit—, vigens inter annos [[1894]] et [[1907]]. Francia terras subactas [[Colonialismus|coloniales]] aliis modis habebat ex ineunte [[saeculum 18|saeculo XVII]]; sed, saeculis [[saeculum 19|XIX]] et [[saeculum 20|XX]], eius [[Imperium coloniale Francicum|imperium coloniale universum transmarinum]] plurimum patebat et factum est secundum maximum imperium, solum post [[Imperium Britannicum]]. Inclusa [[Francia metropolitana]], tota area penes Francogalliae paene tredecim [[millio]]nes [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] inter decennia [[Anni 1920|1920]] et [[Anni 1930|1930]] sive 8,6% areae [[Tellus (planeta)|totius orbis terrarum]] attigit.<ref>Robertus (Robert) Aldrich, ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) (Anglice).</ref> Nuncupata [[Pulchra Epocha]] (Francice ''Belle Époque''), saeculi commutatio periodus [[optimismus|optimismo]], regionali [[pax|pace]], oeconomica prosperitate ettechnologicis, scientificis culturalibusque innovationibus picta fuit. Anno [[1905]], publicus [[saecularismus]] officialiter constitutus est.<ref>[http://www.angelsmyth.com/belle_epoque.html «La Belle Époque»] (Anglice). Inspectum die 15 Ianuarii anni 2017.</ref> ===Saecula XX et XXI=== [[Fasciculus:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|Francici [[pedites]] in [[Primum bellum mundanum|Primo bello mundano]] (colloquialiter nuncupati Francice ''poilus'', scilicet "hirsuti") maximum necum numerum inter Alligatos seu Foederatos in [[Primum bellum mundanum|Primo bello mundano]].]] [[Fasciculus:Adolf Hitler, Eiffel Tower, Paris 23 June 1940.jpg|thumb|[[Adolfus Hitler]] et sui generales cum [[Turris Eiffeliana|Turri Eiffeliana]] in ima post [[Proelium Franciae]], per [[Secundum bellum mundanum]].]] Francia membrum [[Confoederatio triplex|Confoederationis triplicis]] (Francice Triple-Entente, Anglice Triple Entente et Russice Тройственная Антанта) —quae ex eadem, Regnis Unitis atque Imperio Russo consistebat— erat cum [[Primum bellum mundanum]] (inter [[1914]] et [[1918]]) exarsit. Parva septentrionalis Franciae pars occupata erat, sed denique Francia et suae [[Civitates foederatae Primi belli mundani|civitates foederatae]] victoriam adeptae sunt contra [[Imperia centralia]], ingente cum humana materialique aerumna. [[Primum bellum mundanum]] 1,4 milliones Francicorum militum interfectorum sive 4% omnium incolarum reliquit.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm «France's oldest WWI veteran dies»] (Anglice). Londinii: [[BBC News]], die [[20 Ianuarii]] anni 2008.</ref> Inter 27% et 30% conscriptorum militum e [[1912]] ad [[1915]] interfecti sunt.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History]'' (Anglice). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-420-2.</ref> [[Interbellum|Interbelli]] anni vehementibus internationalibus discordiis et socialium reformationum —de feriis laboralibus, diebus negotiosis horarum octo, feminis in gubernio, etc...— serie a gubernio [[Frons popularis (Francica)|Frontis popularis]] (Francice ''Front populaire'') introducta depicti sunt.<ref>Hadrianus (Adrian) Rossiter, "Popular Front economic policy and the Matignon negotiations" (Anglice). ''Historical Journal'' 30#3 (1987): 663-684.</ref> Anno [[1940]], per [[Secundum bellum mundanum]], Francia a [[Germania nazistica]] occupata est, quamquam [[Linea Maginot]] inter annos 1930–1940 exstructa erat ad evitandam ipsam occupationem. Exercitus Germanici die [[10 Maii]] [[1940]] terras ad occidentem Germaniae celeriter occupaverunt. Iam mense Iunio [[Lutetia]]m asecuti sunt. Die [[22 Iunii]] [[1940]], [[rectio|respublica]] Francica assentiri coacta est. Quamobrem Francia metropolitana divisa est in partes duas: zonam occupationis Germanicae ad aquilonem conversam et [[Regimen Viciacense|Franciam Viciacensem]], despoticum regimen nuper creatum in meridie et [[nazismus|nazisiticorum]] [[civitas neurospastica]]; dum [[Francia libera]] in exsilio recta et a [[Carolus de Gaulle|Carolo de Gaulle]] ducta, creata est [[Londinium|Londinii]].<ref>''[https://books.google.es/books?id=Q7ORlIpHKLEC&pg=PA368&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Vichy France and the Jews]''" (Anglice). Michaël Robertus (Michael Robert) Marrus, Robertus (Robert) O. Paxton (1995). Stanford University Press. p. 368.ISBN 0-8047-2499-7.</ref> E [[1942]] ad [[1944]], propemodum 160 milia Francicorum civium —inclusis propemodum 75 millionibus [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]]—<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp «The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies»] (Anglice).</ref><ref>[«BBC, The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation»]. Inspectum [[14 Martii|pridie Idus Martias]] anni 2018. </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429 France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum] (Anglice). Inspectum die [[16 Octobris]] anni 2014.</ref> in [[campus exterminatorius|campos exterminatorios]] et [[castra carceralia]] [[Germania]]e et [[Polonia]]e occupatae deportati sunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération] (PDF) (Francice). Inspectum [[14 Octobris|pridie Idus Octobres]] anni 2014.</ref> Die [[6 Iunii]] anni [[1944]], [[civitates foederatae Secundi belli mundani|Foederati seu Alligati]] in [[Normannia]]m [[Operatio Overlord|invaserunt]] et, in Augusto, [[Operatio Draco|invaserunt]] in [[Comitatus Provinciae|Provinciam]]. Insequenti anno, Alligati seu Foederati et [[Repugnatio Francica]] [[Potestates Axis|Potestates axis]] vicerunt et, [[Lutetia]] a Germanis recuperata, et [[suverenitas]] Francica restaurata est, constituta [[Administratio temporanea Rei Publicae Francicae|Administratione temporanea Rei Publicae Francicae]] (Francicis [[sigla|siglis]] ''GPRF'').<ref>[[Enciclopaedia Britannica]] (ed.). [https://www.britannica.com/place/France/France-since-1940 «France since 1940»] (Anglice). Inspectum [[14 Martii|pridie Idus Martias]] anni 2018.</ref> [[Administratio temporanea Rei Publicae Francicae|Haec administratio]] fundamenta novo constitutionali ordini statuit qui [[Quarta Res Publica (Francia)|Quarta Rem Publicam Francicam]] peperit. Quae mirum florem oeconomicum —Francice ''les Trente Glorieuses'' nuncupatum— passa est. Francia una fuit apud civitates [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociationem ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] anno [[1949]] condentes. Coloniae Francicae post annum [[1945]] uno corde libertatem expetiverunt. Francia dominatum [[Indosina Francica|Indosinae]] recuperare conata est, sed a [[Consociatio pro libertate (Vietnamia)|Consociatione pro libertate]]<ref>Vide articulum [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2004/historia/dien/index.php "DIEN BIEN PHU" apud ''Ephemeride Archivo''], ubi dicitur "Hic anno 1930 factionem communistarum Indosinensium constituerat et anno 1941 quandam 'consociationem pro libertate' sive 'Vietminh'.".</ref> ([[Vietnamice]] ''Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội'' seu breviter ''Việt Minh'') anno [[1954]] in [[Proelium Dienbienphuense|Proelio Dienbienphuensi]]<ref>Vide articulum [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2004/historia/dien/index.php "DIEN BIEN PHU" apud ''Ephemeride Archivo''], ubi dicitur "planitiem 'Dienbienphuensem".</ref> victa est. Solum aliquibus post mensibus, Francia alio [[antiimperialismus|anticoloniali]] conflictū obviam fuit in [[Algerium|Algerio]], tunc amplius millionis [[Pieds-Noirs|colonorum Europaeorum]] domo,<ref>Kimmelman, Michael (die [[4 Martii]] anni [[2009]]). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html?_r=1 «In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War»] (Anglice). ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> qui nationem divisit et paene eam in [[subitanea rerum conversio|subitaneam rerum conversionem]] et in [[bellum civile]] induxit.<ref>Crozier, Brianus (Brian); Mansell, Gerardus (Gerard) (Iulio anni 1960). «France and Algeria» (Anglice). Blackwell Publishing. ''[[International Affairs]]''. '''36''' (3): 310. JSTOR 2610008. doi:10.2307/2610008</ref> Anno [[1956]] [[Marocum]] et [[Tunisia]] se liberas res publicas esse declaraverunt. Anno [[1958]], debilis instabilisque Quarta Res Publica [[Quinta Res Publica (Francia)|Quintam Rem Publicam]] peperit, quae roboratum Praesidiatum inclusit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm «From Fourth to Fifth Republic»] (Anglice). Universitas Sunderlandensis.</ref> Finito bello independentiae (inter annos 1954 et 1962 durante), [[Algeria]] se oppressione Francogallica liberavit. Carolus de Gaulle praeses [[Quinta Res Publica (Francia)|Quintae Rei Publicae]] ex anno [[1958]] usque mensem Aprilem [[1969]] mansit. De Gaulle eo tempore rei publicae profuit eique prudenter praesidebat: veterem gloriam Francogalliae atque statum eius imperii mundani restituere in animo habuit; quare rem publicam suam [[bomba atomica|bombis atomicis]] instruxit. Interfuit eius etiam reconciliatio cum Germanis, quo ex motu demum [[Unio Europaea]] orta est. [[Fasciculus:European Parliament Strasbourg Hemicycle - Diliff.jpg|thumb|left|[[Parlamentum Europaeum|Parlamenti Europaei]] sedes [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]].]] Francia una evolutissimas apud oeconomias in toto orbis terrarum mansit, sed aliquot oeconomicis crisibus occurrit, quae magnis [[Inopia quaestus|inopiae quaestus]] indicibus et [[debitum publicum|debiti publici]] incrementum attulerunt. Exeunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] et ineunte [[saeculum 21|saeculo XXI]], Francogallia [[supranationalismus|supranationalis]] [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] evolutionem praecurrit cum [[Foedus Traiecti Mosae ictum]], Unionem Europaeam creaturum, anno [[1992]] obsignavisset et [[Euro|Euronis terram]] anno [[1999]] constituisset et [[Foedus Olisipone ictum]] anno [[2007]] obsignavisset.<ref>«Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council» (Anglice). Elysee.fr. Inspectum die [[21 Iulii]] anni 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html Copia] die [[25 Otobris]] anni [[2005]] in [[Wayback Machine]] servata.</ref> Natio quoque in [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociationem ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] gradatim redintegrata est et, ex illo tempore, pleraque bella participavit quibus haec consociatio favit.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140811164800/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO «France and NATO»] (Anglice). ''La France à l'Otan''.</ref> Ex impetibus contra [[Ferrivia metropolitana Parisiensis|ferriviam metropolinam]] [[Lutetia|Parisiensem]] anno [[1995]] factis, Francia a [[tromocratia islamica|globis tromocraticis islamicis]] sporadice impugnata est, praesertim praestant impetus factus contra diarium ''[[Charlie hebdo]]'' Ianuario anni [[2015]], qui maximas tumultuationes per vias (cum 4,4 millionibus hominum) attulit,<ref>Hinnant, Lori; Adamson, Thomas (die [[11 Ianuarii]] anni [[2015]]). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 «Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History»]. ''Associated Press''. Inspectum die [[11 Ianuarii]] anni [[2015]].</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824 «Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France»]. ''BBC News'', die [[11 Ianuarii]] anni [[2015]]. Inspectum die [[11 Ianuarii]] anni [[2015]].</ref> et [[Impetus Lutetiae Novembri 2015 facti|impetus Lutetiae Novembri anni 2015 facti]], qui 130 mortes attulerunt. Qui mortiferrimi impetus Francico in territorio e [[Secundum bellum mundanum|Secundo bello mundano]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help «Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions»] (Anglice). ''[[The Guardian]]'. Die [[14 Novembris]] anni [[2015]]. Inspectum die [[19 Novembris]] anni 2015.</ref><ref>Syeed, Nafeesa (die [[15 Novembris]] anni [[2015]]). [https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html «Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers»] (Anglice). ''The Irish Independent''. Inspectum die [[19 Novembris]] anni 2015.</ref> et mortiferrimi in Unione Europaea ex [[Impetus Matriti die 11 Martii 2004 facti|impetibus Matriti die 11 Martii 2004 factis]]<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 «Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism»] (Anglice). ''The Irish Times''. Die [[19 Novembris]] anni [[2015]]. Inspectum die [[19 Novembris]] anni 2015.</ref> fuerunt. == Geographia physica == [[Imago:Satellite image of France in August 2002.jpg|thumb|300px|Satellitalis imago [[Francia metropolitana|Franciae metropolitanae]].]] [[Imago:Chamonix valley from la Flégère,2010 07.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Campus Munitus]] cum [[Rupes Alba|Rupe Albā]] in abscedentiā, monte altissimo in [[Unio Europea|Unione Europaeā]].]] {{Vide-etiam|Corsica}} {{Vide-etiam|Martinica}} {{Vide-etiam|Guadalupia}} {{Vide-etiam|Guiana Francica}} {{Vide-etiam|Reunio}} {{Vide-etiam|Index fluminum Franciae}} Francia hexagonalis (qui autem de [[geographia|geographiā]] [[Corsica]]e, [[Martinica]]e, [[Guadalupia]]e, [[Guiana Francica|Guianae Francicae]], [[Reunio]]nis, regionumque aliarum longinquarum legere velit sub illis lemmatibus quaerat), chiliometra quadrata fere 547&nbsp;030 magna, est terra plerumque humilis in zona orbis terrarum temperata sita. E planitie latissimā constituitur quae a [[Baiona|Baionā]] sub [[Pyrenaeus Atlanticus|Pyrenaeis Atlanticis]] et praeter fines Hispanicos usque ad [[Argentoratum]], a [[Rhenus Inferior|Rheno inferiori]] irrigatum [[Germania]]mque observans, patet. Haec planities iugis magnis obliquis interrumpitur. Regio geologica ex amplis alveis sedimentariis ([[Alveus Parisiensis|Parisiensibus]], [[Alveus Aquitaniensis|Aquitaniensibus]]) atque veteribus [[mons|montibus]] valde erosis ([[massa Armoricana|massā Armoricanā]], [[Vosegus|Vosego]], [[Massa Media (Francia)|Massā Mediā]]) conficitur. Regio omnis lateribus euronotulis confinitur montibus excelsioribus, videlicet [[Alpes|Alpibus]] occidentalibus et [[Pyrenaei]]s. Hi super Aquitaniam eminent, illas autem a Massā Mediā [[Vallis Rhodani]] dividit. Summatim excellunt montes [[Alpes]], [[Arduenna]], [[Mons Cebenna]], [[Mons Forensis]], [[Iura (mons)|Iura]], [[Pyrenaei]] et [[Vosegus]]. [[Corsica]] iuxta litus [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]] est. Tota terrestris Franciae area, cum praefecturis et territoriis transmarinis (exceptā [[Terra Adeliae|Terrā Adeliae]]<ref>De voce ''Adeliae'' in contextu istius terrae vide speciem ''[[:species:Pygoscelis adeliae|Pygoscelis adeliae]]''.</ref>) chiliometra quadrata 674&nbsp;843 est, 0,45% totius areae [[Tellus (planeta)|terrestris]]. Nihilominus Francia secundam maiorem [[Zona oeconomica exclusiva|zonam oeconomicam exclusivam]] in toto orbe terrarum possidet,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110430124908/http://www.developpementdurable.com/economie/2010/07/A2769/mediterranee-la-france-prend-le-controle-en-creant-une-zone-economique-exclusive.html Méditerranée: la France prend le contrôle en créant une zone économique exclusive] (Francice).</ref> quae chiliometra quadrata 11,035 milliones, 8% superficiei totius omnium zonarum in toto orbe terrarum, comprehendit et solum superatur a [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] (chiliometra quadrata 11&nbsp;351&nbsp;000) et zonam [[Australia]]e (chiliometra quadrata 8&nbsp;232&nbsp;000) superat. E finibus Franciae boreo-orientalibus, oportet inter fluvios imprimis enumerare [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] qui ex Alpibus [[Helvetia]]e oriens et ad boream versus regiones Francicas [[Alsatia]]m et [[Lotharingia]]m a [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badeniā-Virtembergiā]] [[Germania]]e dividit, unde per Germaniam boreo-occidentalem et [[Nederlandia]]m in [[mare Germanicum]] effunditur. Tributarium habet [[Mosella]]m, cuius fons in monte Vosego reperitur. [[Spinalium]] pagosque Lotharingiae alluit et mox in fines Germaniae pergens cum Rheno iungitur ad urbem quae de hac re nomen [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]] habet. Inde ad occidentem versus flumina duo e Franciā orta per [[Belgia]]m et [[Nederlandia]]m in mare Germanicum seriatim effluunt, videlicet [[Mosa]] quae [[Sedan (Arduenna)|villam Sedensem]] alluit, [[Scaldis]] quae [[Cameracum]] [[Valencenae|Valencenasque]], duo insuper litora [[Flandria|Flandrica]] attingentes, [[Isera]] apud [[Castellum Menapiorum]] orta, [[Agnio]] apud fanum [[Sanctus Audomarus|S. Audomari]]. Huius ostium est in litore Flandrico Francico, illius autem in litore Flandrico Belgico. [[Flumen|Fluminum]] quae [[litus|litora]] Francica attingunt et in [[Oceanus Britannicus|Oceanum Britannicum]] effluunt [[Quantia]] et [[Alteia]] borealissima sunt, sed et modestiora; quibus succedit [[Samara flumen|Samara]], [[Picardia]]e flumen maximum, ad cuius ripas stant fanum [[Sanctus Quintinus in Viromandia|Sancti Quintini in Viromandia]], [[Ambianum]] (olim Samarobriva, quod nomen Gallice "pons Samarae" significat) et [[Abbatis Villa]]. Per [[Normannia Superior|Normanniam superiorem]] defluunt [[Brisella]] et [[Arcae (flumen)|Arcae]] flumen [[Manica]]mque attingunt, haec prope urbem [[Deppae|Deppas]], illa iuxta [[Ulterior Portus|Ultrisportum]]. Mox flumen multo longius nomine [[Sequana]] (prope [[Divio]]nem ortum) litora [[septentrio]]nalia inter [[Honnefluctus|Honnefluctum]] et [[Franciscopolis|Franciscopolim]] attingit, urbibus [[Barium ad Sequanam|Bario]], [[Novigentum ad Sequanam|Novigento]], [[Lutetia|Lutetiā]], [[Surisna|Surisnā]], [[Burgivallis|Burgivalle]], [[Medanta|Medantā]]. [[Rothomagus|Rothomago]] lotis, tributariis [[Axona|Axonā]], [[Matrona|Matronā]], [[Esia|Esiā]] vel Isarā, [[Ebura (flumen Franciae)|Eburā]], [[Icauna|Icaunā]] receptis. Denuo inter flumina minora per [[Normannia Inferior|Normanniam Inferiorem]] in Manicam defluentes [[Olina]]m nominare oportet, fluvium [[Sagii|Sagiorum]] et [[Cadomum|Cadomi]]. Litora [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceani Atlantici]] attingunt flumina [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae Minoris]] [[Alaunus (flumen Franciae)|Alaunus]] et [[Blavetum]], illa per aestuarium [[Brestia]]e, hae iuxta urbem [[Oriens (Mariculum)|Orientem]], et insuper [[Vicinonia]] quae urbem [[Condate Redonum|Redonum]] tangit. Longissima apud [[index fluminum Franciae|flumina]] viginti in Franciā excellunt [[Liger]], [[Sequana]], [[Rhodanus]], [[Garunna]], [[Maroni]] (in [[Guiana Francica|Guianā Francicā]]), [[Matrona]], [[Mosa]], [[Oltis]], [[Duranius]], [[Arar]], [[Dubis (flumen)|Dubis]], [[Mana (flumen)|Mana]] (in [[Guiana Francica|Guianā Francicā]]), [[Elaver]], [[Carantonus]], [[Tarnis]], [[Vigenna (flumen)|Vigenna]], [[Wiapoco]] (in [[Guiana Francica|Guianā Francicā]]), [[Carus (fluvius)|Carus]], [[Axona]] et [[Druentia]]. ===Clima=== [[Fasciculus:France climats carte 2010.png|thumb|[[Francia metropolitana|Franciae metropolitanae]] climatum tabula (Francice) sine [[Corsica|Corsicā]].]] Franciae metropolitanae [[clima]] valde afficitur [[Anticyclo Accipitrum|Anticyclone Accipitrum]] sed etiam [[Floridae flumen|Floridae Flumine]], sicuti reliqua [[Europa Occidentalis]],<ref>«Vos questions sur le climat» (Francice), in ''cnrs.fr'', die [[2 Aprilis]] anni [[2010]].</ref> regionalibus sive localibus cum variationibus satis evidentibus. Francia metropolitana aliquot climatica ponderis incommoda passa est: tempestates (tales decembris anni [[1999]] 7% arborum omnibus in silvis Francicis stratae sunt<ref name="Vincentius_Adoumie">Vincentius (Vincent) Adoumié (dir.), Christianus (Christian) Daudel, Desiderius (Didier) Doix, Ioannes Michael (Jean-Michel) Escarras et Catharina (Catherine) Jean, ''Géographie de la France'', Lutetiae, Hachette supérieur, coll. « HU Géographie », 2007, 288 p. (ISBN 978-2-011-45772-1)</ref>), [[dies caniculares]] (tales anni [[2003]] in Europā 15 000 mortuorum necaverunt<ref name="Vincentius_Adoumie">Vincentius (Vincent) Adoumié (dir.), Christianus (Christian) Daudel, Desiderius (Didier) Doix, Ioannes Michael (Jean-Michel) Escarras et Catharina (Catherine) Jean, ''Géographie de la France'', Lutetiae, Hachette supérieur, coll. « HU Géographie », 2007, 288 p. (ISBN 978-2-011-45772-1)</ref>), incendia et inundationes. [[Clima oceanicum]] strictum evidentissime ab occidente discriminari solet.<ref>[https://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/23155 Les types de climats en France, une construction spatiale] (Francice).</ref> Quod e [[Flandria|Flandriā]] in [[Vasconia (territorium)|Vasconiam]] patet, litorali super laciniā aliquot chiliometrorum decusses amplā (cuius limes definiendo difficilis est), angustiore et a septentrione et a meridiē, sed ampliore in [[Britannia Minor|Britanniā Minore]], quae paene tota hoc climate afficitur. Clima oceanicum Aquitanum austroafricum calidiua est quia est meridionalius.<ref>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=M9MZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22oc%C3%A9anique+aquitain%22&dq=%22oc%C3%A9anique+aquitain%22&lr=&cd=9 Bulletin du Centre d’études et de recherche scientifiques, Volume 11] (Francice).</ref> Litorum septentrio-occidentalium cluma oceanicum sed frigidius climate oceanico Aquitano; ibi ventorum occidentalium vis valde maior est. Planitiei clima oceanicum degradatum, in centro septentrionali situm, aliquando "Parisiense" nuncupatur, quia circiter [[fluentum Parisiense|fluenti Parisiensis]] (Francice ''bassin parisien'') proprium est, cui clima oceanicum magis tenuiter mutatur. Clima semicontinentale a septentrione orientali et a centro orientali (in [[Alsatia (regio Franciae recentior)|Alsatiā]]; planitiebus [[Arar]]is aut medii [[Rhodanus|Rhodani]]; planitiebus [[Delphinatus Viennensis|Delphinatūs]], [[Arvernia (regio recentior)|Arverniae]] aut [[Sabaudia (praefectura Franciae)|Sabaudiae]]) vicissim subdividitur et possidet characteres adhuc mutatiores propter montanarum molium vicinitatem. Clima semicontinentale meridionale climate calido distinctum et in Vallis Rhodani planitiebus, circum [[Lugdunum]], et in planitiebus [[Pagus Forensis|Pagi Forensis]]<ref>Vide [[:fr:Forez#Toponymie|partem de toponymiā in articulo "Forez" in Vicipaediā Francicā]].</ref> (Francice ''Forez'') est. [[Limane]]<ref name="Limane">"[http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0930c.html Limaigne]" in {{Hofmannus}}</ref> seu [[Limania]]<ref name="Limane"/> (Francice ''La Limagne'' et [[Occitanice]] ''Limanha'') et regio circum [[Augustonemetum]] idem clima propter [[ventus Föhn|effectum Föhn]] geographicumque locum in [[Meridianum Franciae|mediā Franciae meridiē]] experiuntur. Clima semicontinentale orientale territorio e [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus|Burgundiā]] usque ad [[Arduenna (praefectura Franciae)|Arduennam]] adest. Denique, [[clima alpinum]] praecipue locis superioribus in [[Alpes|Alpibus]], [[Pyrenaei montes|Pyrenaeis]], [[Montes Arvernienses|Montibus Arverniensibus]] (Francice ''Massif central''), [[Vosegus|Vosego]], [[Iura (mons)|Iurā]] et montibus [[Corsica|Corsicis]] adest. Pleraque [[Francia transmarina]] (Francice ''France d'outre-mer'') ad [[Zona tropica|climata tropica]] (magnis cum dissimilitudinibus)<ref name="Vincentius_Adoumie">Vincentius (Vincent) Adoumié (dir.), Christianus (Christian) Daudel, Desiderius (Didier) Doix, Ioannes Michael (Jean-Michel) Escarras et Catharina (Catherine) Jean, ''Géographie de la France'', Lutetiae, Hachette supérieur, coll. « HU Géographie », 2007, 288 p. (ISBN 978-2-011-45772-1)</ref> redigitur; quibus addenda sunt [[clima aequinoctiale]] [[Guiana Francica|Guianae Francicae]]<ref>[https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/incroyable-guyane/geographie.html «Géographie»]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Francice), in '''tourisme-guyane.com'' (inspectum die 2 Aprilis anni 2010).</ref>, [[clima subarcticum]] [[Insulae Sancti Petri et Miquelonensis|Insularum Sancti Petri et Miquelonensis]]<ref>«Questions courantes» (Francice), in ''st-pierre-et-miquelon.com'' (inspectum die 2 Aprilis anni 2010).</ref> et climata [[clima oceanicum|oceanicum]] et [[clima polare|polare]]<ref>«Terres australes et antarctiques françaises»(Francice), in ''tlfq.ulaval.ca'' (inspectum die 2 Aprilis anni 2010).</ref> [[Terrae australes antarcticaeque Francicae|Terrarum australium antarcticarumque Francicarum]]. Temperatura media in Franciā 0,1 ºC mediocriter pro decennio per [[saeculum 20|saeculum XX]] auxit.<ref name="Vincentius_Adoumie">Vincentius (Vincent) Adoumié (dir.), Christianus (Christian) Daudel, Desiderius (Didier) Doix, Ioannes Michael (Jean-Michel) Escarras et Catharina (Catherine) Jean, ''Géographie de la France'', Lutetiae, Hachette supérieur, coll. « HU Géographie », 2007, 288 p. (ISBN 978-2-011-45772-1)</ref> Die [[28 Iunii]], [[Veiranecae|Veiranecis]], [[thermometrum]] 46 ºC attigit, quod est maxima temperatura absoluta in Franciā metropolitanā postquam sunt tabulae.<ref>[https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/le-record-absolu-de-temperature-du-28-juin-reevalue-a-46-c-19-07-2019-8120094.php A C. D. cum AFP, die 19 Iulii anni 2019 horā 14:51, «Le record absolu de température du 28 juin réévalué à 46°C»] (Francice), in ''leparisien.fr'', die 19 Iulii anni 2019 (inspectum pridie Kalendas Octobres anni 2019).</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="100" style="font-size:88%;line-height:120%" caption="Clima Franciae"> Imago:Étretat, Frankreich10.jpg|Calcariae [[rupina]]e in [[Normannia|Normanniā]], prope [[Strusarda]]m. Imago:Lavender field.jpg|Virentia [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterranea]] ([[lavandula]]) in [[Comitatus Provinciae|Provinciā]]. Imago:Bellecote face nord.jpg|[[Clima alpinum]] in [[Sabaudia (discretiva)|Sabaudiā]] (aspicitur [[capra ibex|ibex]] sinistrorsum). Imago:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[Vinum Gallicum|Vineta]] [[Alsatia]]e prope [[Châtenois (Rhenus Inferior)|Villam Castinetum]]. Imago:Bora Bora.jpg|[[Bora-Bora]] in [[Polynesia Gallica|Polynesiā Gallicā]]. Imago:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|Parvi sinūs [[Piana]]e, in [[Corsica|Corsicā]]. </gallery> ===Conservatio circumiectorum=== Rei publicae administratores aliquibus e decenniis problematibus oecologicis obviam ire conantur. [[Saepta naturalia Franciae|Saeptis naturalibus]] (Francice ''réserves naturelles'') et [[Silvae publicae Franciae|silvis publicis]] (Francice ''parcs nationaux'') ex anno [[1967]] [[consaeptum naturale regionale Franciae|consaepta naturalia regionalia]] (Francice ''parcs naturels régionaux'')<ref>«Histoire» (Francice), in ''Fédération des Parcs naturels régionaux de France'' (inspectum die 20 Decembris anni 2018).</ref> additae sunt, quae naturale culturaleque patrimonium conservationem et existimationem coniungunt<ref name="Badower">Annie Badower et Augusta Cadars, ''La France, industries-services'' (Francice), Lutetiae, Dalloz, coll. «Sirey», 1994, 5e éd., 272 p. (ISBN 978-2-247-01703-4 et 2-247-01703-7)</ref> et 15% territorii Francici anno [[2018]] tegebant.<ref>«Les Parcs en chiffres» (Francice), in ''Fédération des Parcs naturels régionaux de France'' (inspectum die 20 Decembris anni 2018).</ref> [[Procuratio aquae (Francia)|Procurationes aquae]] (Francice ''agences de l'eau'') sex institutae sunt ad gerendas protegendasque opes aquae hac in natione.<ref>[http://www.lesagencesdeleau.fr/les-agences-de-leau/les-six-agences-de-leau-francaises/ «Les six agences de l’eau françaises|Les agences de l'eau»] (Francice), in ''www.lesagencesdeleau.fr'' (inspectum die 20 Decembris anni 2018).</ref><ref name="Vincentius_Adoumie">Vincentius (Vincent) Adoumié (dir.), Christianus (Christian) Daudel, Desiderius (Didier) Doix, Ioannes Michael (Jean-Michel) Escarras et Catharina (Catherine) Jean, ''Géographie de la France'', Lutetiae, Hachette supérieur, coll. « HU Géographie », 2007, 288 p. (ISBN 978-2-011-45772-1)</ref> [[Natura 2000|Rete Natura 2000]] [[habitatio|loca naturalia]] aut seminaturalia in [[Unio Europaea|Unione Europaeā]] cum magnā patrimoniali praestantiā propter [[fauna]]m et [[Flora (summatio)|floram]] excelsas quas continent congregat. Decembre anni [[2018]], rete Natura 2000 in Franciā 1779 locorum habebat, e quibus 212 loca marina sunt et quae comprehendunt: * 402 [[Zona protectionis specialis|zonarum protectionis specialis]] (ZPS) avibus; * 1377 [[Zona specialis conservationis|zonarum specialis conservationis]] (ZSC) [[habitatio]]nibus et [[Species (taxinomia)|speciebus]]. Tota superficies 200 364 chiliometrorum quadratorum lata est, 12,9% superficiei terrestri metropolitanae (sive milliones septem [[hectarea]]rum) et 33% superficiei in zonā oeconomicā exclusivā (sive 12,3 milliones hectarearum) repraesentans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210323025254/https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/reseau-europeen-natura-2000-1 «Réseau européen Natura 2000»] (Francice), ''Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire'', Iulio anni 2018, (inspectum die 14 Novembris anni 2018).</ref><ref name="Natura">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210320041651/http://www.natura2000.fr/chiffres-cles «Chiffres clés|Natura 2000»] (Francice), in ''www.natura2000.fr'' (inspectum die 14 Novembris anni 2018).</ref><ref>«[http://www.charente-maritime.gouv.fr/layout/set/print/Politiques-publiques/Environnement-risques-naturels-et-technologiques/Espaces-naturels-et-biodiversite/Natura-2000-sur-terre-et-sur-mer/Le-reseau-Natura-2000]» (Francice), in ''www.charente-maritime.gouv.fr'' (inspectum die 14 Novembris anni 2018).</ref><ref>[https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/natura-2000-barometer «Natura 2000 Barometer»] [archive], in ''European Environment Agency'' (inspectum idibus Februariis anni 2019).</ref> [[Fasciculus:Carrelets sur l'estuaire de la Gironde.jpg|thumb|center|700px|[[Aestuarium]] [[Girundia]] discribitur consaeptum naturale marinum et ad [[Natura 2000|rete Natura 2000]] pertinet. Sinistra ripa ad [[consaeptum naturale regionale Meduli]]<ref>[http://www.sc.edu/ltantsoc/medu0538.htm Meduli litus].</ref> (''parc naturel régional du Médoc'') pertinet. 635 chiliometrorum quadratorum latum, vastissimum aestuarium in Europā est.<ref>[https://www.estuaire-gironde.fr/mensurations.html] (Francice).</ref>]] ==Civilitas== [[Fasciculus:Palais Bourbon Nuit.jpg|thumb|[[Regia Burbonia]] (Francice ''Palais Bourbon''), [[Conventus civitatis Francicae|Coventi nationalis]] ([[Francice]] ''Assemblée nationale'') sedes.]] [[Fasciculus:Emmanuel Macron in Tallinn Digital Summit. Welcome dinner hosted by HE Donald Tusk. Handshake (36669381364) (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|left|[[Emmanuel Macron]], Praeses Rei publicae Francicae.]] Praesens [[Constitutio Francica anni 1958|Constitutio]], [[Quinta Res Publica (Francia)|Quintae Rei Publicae]], per [[referendum]] die [[28 Septembris]] anni [[1958]] probata sunt. Quā probatā, munus [[Praesides Franciae|Praesidis Rei Publicae]] auctoritatem super [[Potestas exsecutiva|potestate exsecutivā]] valde firmavit,<ref>[https://www.diariocritico.com/noticia/12138/noticias/la-quinta-republica-francesa-y-sus-presidentes.html "La Quinta República Francesa y sus Presidentes"] (Hispanice), ''Diario Crítico''. Inspectum die 29 Iunii anni 2017.</ref> quae a [[Primus minister|Primo Ministro]] et a [[gubernatio|Gubernio]] antea repraesentatur. Quod Praesidem verum Potestatis Exsecutivae legatum constituit quantum ad [[Parlamentum]] attinet. Secundum Constitutionem, Praeses [[suffragium|suffragio directo]] uni quinquennio (in principio tempori annorum septem) eligitur. Praesidis arbitrium constantem usum et Rei Publicae procuratorum aequabilitatem confirmat. Praeses [[primus minister|Primum Ministrum]] designat, qui Ministrorum Consilium praesidet, [[copiae militares|copias militares]] ducit et foedera paciscitur. Ministrorum Consilium a Praeside nominatur, Primo Ministro proponente. Hoc gubernii genus [[res publica semipraesidentialis]] nuncupatur. [[Conventus civitatis Francicae|Coventus nationalis]] ([[Francice]] ''Assemblée nationale'') praecipuum legisferum corpus. Cuius [[Legatus parlamentaris|deputati]] 577 uni quinquennio directe eliguntur et omnia subsellia suffragio singulis comitiis eliguntur. Altera camera [[Senatus (Francia)|Senatus]] ([[Francice]] ''Sénat'') est, cuius senatores 321 comitiali a collegio (per suffragium indirectum) eliguntur et suum munus novem annos servant. Tertia Senatūs pars in annos tres renovatur. Legisferae Senatūs potestates limitatae sunt et Conventus nationalis decretorium iudicium facit si accidit disceptatio ambas inter cameras. Gubernium maxime parlamentarios apud diurnos actūs valet. Praeterea, est [[Consilium constitutionale]] (Francice ''Conseil constitutionnel''),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170715221443/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/espanol/consejo-constitucional/presentacion-general/presentacion-general.25785.html "Consejo constitucional"] (Hispanice). Consilium constitutionale. Servatum ex originali Idibus Iuliis anni 2017. Inspectum die 29 Iunii anni 2017.</ref> membra novem habens, quod legum constitutionalitatem observat et de contentionibus decernit. Francici cives omnes homines annos duodeviginti aut amplius nati sunt. ===Politica externa=== [[Fasciculus:Diplomatic missions of France.PNG|thumb|left|400px|Francicae repraesentationes in toto orbe terrarum. [[Viridis|Viride]] Francia; [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]] nationes ubi Francia [[ambasciata]]s habet; [[Canus|cano]] alia territoria.]] Abusque [[Generalis|Generali]] [[Carolus de Gaulle|Carolo de Gaulle]] praeside (inter annos 1958 et 1969), Francica politica externa independentiae voluntate, praesertim a Civitatibus Foederatarum, depingitur;<ref name="Lasserre">Isabella (Isabelle) Lasserre (die 10 Martii anni 2009). [https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2009/03/11/01003-20090311ARTFIG00073-quand-mitterrand-deja-negociait-le-retour-dans-l-otan-.php "Quand Mitterrand, déjà, négociait le retour dans l’Otan"]. ''lefigaro.fr'' (Francice). Inspectum die 10 Martii anni 2009.</ref> quamobrem, Francia [[arma nuclearia]] evolvit et e manipulis integratis de [[CFAS]] inter annos 1966 et 2009 decessit.<ref name="Lasserre"/> Francicarum [[ambasciata]]rum rete tertium maximum in toto orbe terrarum est, cum ambasciatis 156 et consulis sedibus 97 per [[continens|continentes]] quinque.<ref>Ministerium rerum externarum. [https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/le-ministere-et-son-reseau/annuaires-du-ministere-de-l-europe-et-des-affaires-etrangeres/ambassades-et-consulats-francais-a-l-etranger/#sommaire_3 "Ambassades et consulats"]. ''diplomatie.gouv.fr'' (Francice). Inspectum pridie Kalendas Martias anni 2010.</ref> Francia [[civitas ad progressionem nitens|civitates ad progressionem nitentes]] praecipue [[Africa]]s, adiuvat. Officiale auxilium pro progressione 0,36% [[productus nationalis generalis|productūs nationalis generalis]] Francici anno 2014 repraesentabat, qui minor quam [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] aut [[Germania|Germanicus]] est.<ref>[[Ordo oeconomicae cooperationi et evolutioni favendis]]. [https://www.oecd.org/fr/developpement/stats/documentupload/ODA%202014%20Technical%20Note%20FR.pdf "Synthèse de l'aide publique au développement en avril 2015"] (PDF Francice). ''oecd.org''. Inspectum die 24 Decembris anni 2015.</ref> ===Iura humana=== [[Fasciculus:Declaration of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|Res publica Francica in [[Charta Hominis ac Civis Iurum|Declaratione iurum hominis et civis]] anni [[1789]] fundata est.]] Respectū [[Iura humana|iurum humanorum]] et consociationis cum corporibus [[Charta internationalis iurum humanorum|Chartae internationalis iurum humanorum]], quae [[Commissum Iurum Humanorum Consociationis Nationum|Commissum Iurum Humanorum]] includunt, Francia [[Pactio internationalis de iuribus oeconomicis, socialibus et culturalibus|Pactionem internationalem de iuribus oeconomicis, socialibus et culturalibus]]; [[Pactio internationalis de iuribus civilibus et politicis|Pactionem internationalem de iuribus civilibus et politicis]]; [[Conventio internationalis de abroganda omniformi discriminatione rassistica|Conventionem internationalem de abrogandā omniformi discriminatione rassisticā]]; [[Conventio de abroganda omnis generis discriminatione mulierum|Conventionem de abrogandā omnis generis discriminatione mulierum]]; [[Conventio contra Torturam, alteram Atrocem, Inhumanam seu Humiliantem Tractationem seu Poenam|Conventionem contra torturam, alteram atrocem, inhumanam seu humiliantem tractationem seu poenam]]; et [[Conventio de Iuribus Impuberum|Conventionem de iuribus impuberum]] obsignavit et sanxit. Alterā ex parte, [[Pactio de iuribus hominum invalidorum|Pactionem de iuribus hominum invalidorum]] solum obsignavit sed non sanxit, dum Francia de [[Conventio internationalis de protegendis hominibus omnibus a decessione coacticia|Conventione internationali de protegendis hominibus omnibus a decessione coacticiā]] non refert et [[Pactio internationalis de omnium peregrinorum operariorum eorumque familiarium iuribus protegendis|Pactionem internationalem de omnium peregrinorum operariorum eorumque familiarium iuribus protegendis]] nec obsignavit nec sanxit.<ref>[[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis]]. [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/newhvstatusbycountry?OpenView&Start=1&Count=250&Expand=87 "Status by country"] (Anglice). Servatum ex originali die 14 Augusti anni 2013.</ref> ===Vires armatae=== [[Fasciculus:French military images.jpg|thumb|left|500px|alt=see description|Francicarum rerum militarium exempla. Dextrorsus ex apice laevo: nuclearis [[navis aëroplanigera]] [[Carolus de Gaulle (navis aëroplanigera)|Carolus de Gaulle]]; a [[aeroplanum insectatorium|aëroplanum insectatorium]] [[Dassault Rafale]]; Francici [[Venatores Alpini]] (Francice ''Chasseurs Alpins'') valles [[Afgania|Afganicae]] provinciae [[Kapisa]]e ([[Lingua Dari|Darice]] et [[Lingua Afganica|Afganice]] کاپيسا) explorantes; [[autocurrus armatus]] [[Autocurrus Leclerc|Leclerc]].]] [[Vires armatae]] Francicae seu Exercitus Francicus (Francice ''Forces armées françaises'' seu ''Armée française'') potestatem exsecutivam in [[Index praesidum rei publicae Francicae|Praeside Rei publicae Francicae]], Ducis exercituum (Francice ''Chef des Armées'') munus habente, conglobant. Nihilominus Constitutio Francica gubernium (scilicet, ministeria exsecutiva, quae haud necessarie ad Praesidis [[Factio politica|factionem politicam]] pertinent) publicis, civilibus et militaribus viribus armatis uti sinit. Ministerium Exercituum (Francice ''Ministère des Armées''), ex anno [[2017]] a [[Florentia Parly|Florentiā Parly]] gestum, pro pecuniae praestatione, opium assignatione et operationibus spondet.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210224231709/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/content/download/219706/2444262/file/Chiffres%20cl%C3%A9s%20de%20la%20d%C3%A9fense%20-%202013.pdf «Les chiffres clés de la défense 2013» (PDF) (Francice). ''Defense.gouv.fr''.</ref> Vires armatae Francicae primae sunt quae nationalismum in [[Res novae Francicae|Rebus novis Francicis]] foverunt, quia nationalismus se vilior et efficacior Civitati quam copiae [[Miles mercennarius|mercennariae]] monstravit.<ref>[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=The+idea+of+a+mass,+%E2%80%9Cvoluntary%E2%80%9D+army+was+born+out+of+the+French+Revolution.+The+new+soldiers+turned+out+to+be+cheaper+and+more+loyal+than+mercenaries,+and+they+fought+well.&source=bl&ots=yPK6sIAx9F&sig=lStp3DnlmAjcAxff4qd53Jybo0s&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj73K_jqOvMAhVFKh4KHUY0DN4Q6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=The%20idea%20of%20a%20mass%2C%20%E2%80%9Cvoluntary%E2%80%9D%20army%20was%20born%20out%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution.%20The%20new%20soldiers%20turned%20out%20to%20be%20cheaper%20and%20more%20loyal%20than%20mercenaries%2C%20and%20they%20fought%20well.&f=false Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: War and National Security] (Anglice).</ref> Cum 215 000 militorum suo munere, Francia in praesenti maxima potentia militaris intra [[Unio Europaea|Unionem Europaeam]] et tertia maxima intra [[CFAS]] est. Cuius copiae in [[Asia occidentalis|Asiā occidentali]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/26/france-military-base-uae France opens military base in UAE despite Iranian concerns] (Anglice).</ref> et totā [[Africa|Africā]]<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/frances-military-is-all-over-africa-2015-1 France's Military Is All Over Africa] (Anglice)</ref> agunt. Vires armatae Francicae dividuntur in ramos quinque, qui sunt: * [[Exercitus terrestris (Francia)|Exercitus terrestris]] (Francice ''Armée de terre''), ubi includuntur: ** [[Venatores Alpini]] (Francice ''Chasseurs Alpins'') ** [[Legio Externa Francica|Legio externa seu extranea]] (Francice ''Légion étrangère'') ** [[Copiae classis (Francia)|Copiae classis]] (Francice ''Troupes de marine'') ** [[Classis aeria levis Exercitus terrestris|Classis aëria levis Exercitūs terrestris]] (Francice ''Aviation légère de l'Armée de terre'' seu ''ALAT'') * [[Regimentum ingeniariae Francicae]] (Francice ''Régiment du génie français''), ubi includitur: ** [[Brigada munitorum siphonariorum Parisiensis]] (Francice ''Brigade de sapeurs-pompiers de Paris'') * [[Classis nationalis (Francia)|Classis nationalis]] (Francice ''Marine nationale''), ubi includuntur: ** [[Vis maritima aeronauticae navalis|Vis maritima aëronauticae navalis]] (Francice ''Force maritime de l'aéronautique navale'') ** [[Manuballistarii classiarii]] (Francice ''Fusiliers marins'') ** [[Manus classiaria|Manūs classiariae]] (Francice ''Commandos marine'') * [[Classis aeria et sideralis|Classis aëria et sideralis]] (Francice ''Armée de l'air et de l'espace''), ubi includitur ** Defensio aëria territorialis * [[Chorophylace nationalis (Francia)|Chōrophylacē nationalis]]<ref>Confer Neograecum nomen "Εθνική Χωροφυλακή".</ref> (Francice ''Gendarmerie nationale''), [[vigil]]es militares vim exercentes sicuti vigiles publici et reali et generali contextū. ==Divisio administrativa== {{Vide-etiam|Tabula administrativa Franciae}} [[Fasciculus:Regiones Francicae.png|thumb|500px|Francicarum regionum duodeviginti [[tabula geographica]].]] Ex anno [[2016]], Francia in duodeviginti administrativas regiones (Francice ''régions'') praecipue divisa est: regiones tredecim in [[Francia metropolitana|Franciā metropolitanā]] (inclusā collectivitate territoriali [[Corsica|Corsicā]])<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151230075909/http://www.gouvernement.fr/action/la-reforme-territoriale "La réforme territoriale"] (Francice). Gubernium Franciae. Die 18 Decembris anni 2015. Archivatum ex originali die 30 Decembris anni 2015. Inspectum Kalendis Ianuariis anni 2016.</ref> et quinque trans maria.<ref name="Europe">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220316080837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ "Europe :: France"] (Anglice). Liber Factorum Mundanorum CIA. Die 3 Ianuarii anni 2018.</ref> Regiones divisae sunt vicissim in unam et centum praefecturas (Francice ''départements''), quae praecipue litterarum ordine dispositae sunt. His numeris [[numerus cursualis|numeri cursuales]] adaequant et olim [[notaculum|notacula]] eis usa sunt. Apud unam et centum praefecturas Francogallicas, quinque —[[Guadalupia (praefectura)|Guadalupia]], [[Guiana Francica|Guiana Francica seu Gallica]], [[Martinica]], [[Reunio]], [[Maiota]]— regiones et quoque praefecturae transmarinae (Francice ''départements et régions d'outre-mer'' seu ''DROM'') sunt, quae eodem statū quam praefecturae metropolitanae fruuntur et integrales [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] partes sunt. Una et centum praefecturae in [[Circumdarium|circumdaria]] (Francice ''arrondissements'') 335 subdivisae sunt, quae vicissim in [[canto]]nes (Francogallice ''cantons'') 2054 subdivisa sunt.<ref name="Circonscriptions">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140430033500/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=t_0203R "Circonscriptions administratives au 1er janvier 2015 : comparaisons régionales"] (Francogallice). [[INSEE]]. Archivatum ex originali pridie Kalendas Maias anni 2014. Inspectum die 5 Iulii anni 2015.</ref> Hi cantones etiam divisi sunt in [[commune|communia]] (Francice ''communes'') 36658, quae sunt [[municipium|municipia]] electo cum consilio municipali.<ref name="Circonscriptions"/> Communia tria —[[Lutetia]], [[Lugdunum]], [[Massilia]]— in [[circumdarium municipale|circumdaria municipalia]] (Francogallice ''arrondissements municipaux'') 45 subdivisa sunt. Regiones, praefecturae et communia omnia [[collectivitas territorialis|collectivitates territoriales]] (Francogallice ''collectivités territoriales'') nuncupantur; scilicet, haec conventūs locales non minus quam potestatem exsecutivam possident. Circumdaria et cantones mere administrativae divisiones sunt. Nihilominus, non semper hoc modo fuere. Usque ad annum [[1940]], circumdaria collectivitates territoriales electo cum conventū erant, sed a [[Regimen Viciacense|Regimine Viciacensi]] ad tempus amota et modo terminali a [[Quarta Res Publica (Francia)|Quartā Republicā]] anno [[1946]] abrogatae sunt. ===Territoria et collectivitates transmarina=== [[File:Terrae Rem publicam Francicam constituentes.png|thumb|500px|Terrae Rem publicam Francicam constituentes.]] Praeter regiones duodeviginti et praefecturas unam et centum, Res publica Francica [[Collectivitas Transmarina Francica|collectivitates transmarinas]] quinque —[[Polynesia Gallica|Polynesiam Gallicam]], [[Insula Sancti Bartholomaei|Sanctum Bartholomaeum]], [[Collectivitas Sancti Martini|Sanctum Martinum]], [[Insulae Sancti Petri et Miquelonensis|Sanctum Petrum et Miquelonem]], [[Uvea et Futuna|Uveam et Futunam]]—, unam sui generis collectivitatem —[[Nova Caledonia|Novam Caledoniam]]—, unum territorium transmarinum (Francogallice ''territoire d'outre-mer'' seu ''TOM'') —[[Terrae australes antarcticaeque Francicae|Terras australes antarcticasque Francicas]]— et unam insularem possessionem in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] —[[Insula Clippertonensis|Insulam Clippertonensem]]— habet. Collectivitates et territoria transmarina Rei publicae Francicae, sed non [[Unio Europaea|Unioni Europaeae]] aut eius fiscali areae (excepto Sancto Bartholomaeo, qui e Guadalupiā anno 2007 secessit) intersunt. Collectivitates Pacifici Polynesiae Gallicae, Uvea et Futuna, Nova Caledonia [[francus CFP|franco CFP]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717034857/http://www.thetahititraveler.com/touristinfo/moneycurr.asp "Currency and Exchange Rate"] (Anglice). Thetahititraveler.com. Inspectum die 21 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> (Francogallice ''franc CFP'') uti pergunt, cuius valor stricte ei [[euro]]nis conexus est. Immo vero, regiones transmarinae quinque [[Francus Francicus|franco Francico]] utebantur et nunc [[euro]]ne utuntur.<ref>[ttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2085rank.html?countryName=France&countryCode=fr&regionCode=eu&rank=7#fr "2085rank"] (Anglice).Liber Factorum Mundanorum CIA.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- ! Nomen ! Constitutionalis status ! Caput |- | [[Fasciculus:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Insula Clippertonensis]]<ref>Confer binomen "Epinephelus clippertonensis".</ref> | Civitatis privata possessio penes directam auctoritatem [[Ministerium Franciae transmarinae|Gubernii Francogallici]]. ! Sine incolis |- | [[Fasciculus:Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg|25px]] [[Polynesia Gallica]]<ref>''Just's Botanischer Jahresbericht'', vol. 34, pars 1 (Lipsiae: 1907), [https://books.google.com/books?id=2HNCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA293&q=polynesia+gallica p. 293].</ref> | Pagus transmarinus designata (Francogallice ''pays d'outre-mer'' sive POM), statum eundem habet quam collectivitas transmarina. ! [[Papeete|Urbs Papeetensis]]<ref>Vide [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dpape.html "Archidioecesis Papeetensis" apud Hierarchiam Catholicam].</ref> |- | [[File:Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg|25px]] [[Terrae australes antarcticaeque Francicae]] | Territorium transmarinum (Francice ''territoire d'outre-mer'' sive TOM) ! [[Portus Francicorum]]{{Convertimus}}<ref>Francogallice ''Port-aux-Français''.</ref> |- | [[File:Flag_of_FLNKS.svg|25px]] [[Nova Caledonia]] | Collectivitas [[Sui generis]] ! [[Numea]]<ref>Vide [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnoum.html "Dioecesis Numeana" apud Hierarchiam Catholicam].</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of Saint Barthélemy (local).svg|25px]] [[Insula Sancti Bartholomaei|Sanctus Bartholomaeus]]<ref>"I[nsulae] Bartholomaei ... Margaritta ... Barbuda, S. Christophori, Newis, Antiqua, Dominica, S. Luciae ... S. Vincentii" {{Google Books|iXZYAAAAcAAJ|p. 179}}</ref> | Collectivitas transmarina (Francice ''collectivité d'outre-mer'' sive ''COM'') ! [[Gustavia]] |- | [[File:Insigne Insulae Sancti Martini (Francia).svg|25px]] [[Collectivitas Sancti Martini|Sanctus Martinus]] | Collectivitas transmarina (Francice ''collectivité d'outre-mer'' sive ''COM'') ! [[Marigot (Sancti Martini)|Marigot]] |- | [[File:Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg|25px]] [[Insulae Sancti Petri et Miquelonensis|Sanctus Petrus et Miquelo]]<ref>Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|iles|Vicariatus Apostolicus Insularum S. Petri et Miquelonensis}}</ref> | Collectivitas transmarina (Francice ''collectivité d'outre-mer'' sive ''COM''). Adhuc ''collectivitas territorialis'' allusa. ! [[Oppidum Sancti Petri (insula Sancti Petri)|Oppidum Sancti Petri]] |- | [[File:Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg|25px]] [[Uvea et Futuna]]<ref>Vide [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dwafu.html "Dioecesis Uveana et Futunensis" apud Hierarchiam Catholicam].</ref> | Collectivitas transmarina (Francice ''collectivité d'outre-mer'' sive ''COM''). Adhuc ''territorium'' allusa. ! [[Mata Utu]] |} ==Demographia== [[Fasciculus:Franciae spissitudo incolarum.png|thumb|Franciae spissitudo incolarum per [[pagus|pagum]] (Francice ''arrondissement''). Praecipua urbana territoria visibila sunt, praesertim [[Lutetia]] (in centro a Septentrione), [[Insulae (urbs Franciae)|Insulae]] (a Septentrione), [[Massilia]] (inter meridiem et orientem) et [[Lugdunnum]] (in centro inter meridiem et orientem).]] Aestimato cum [[numerus incolarum|numero incolarum]] 64 millionum,<ref name="People">People. France (Anglice). Liber Factorum Mundanorum CIA. Inspectum die 25 Augusti anni 2008.</ref> Francia sita est vicesimo primo loco secundum numerum incolarum in toto orbe terrarum.<ref>Rank Order. Population (Anglice). Liber Factorum Mundanorum CIA. Inspectum die 25 Augusti anni 2008</ref> Territoria urbis maiore cum numero incolarum [[Lutetia]], [[Lugdunum]], [[Tolosa]], [[Insulae (urbs Franciae)|Insulae]], [[Burdigala]], [[Nicaea (Francia)|Nicaea]], [[Portus Namnetum]], [[Argentoratum]], [[Condate Redonum]] sunt. Francia demographicum incrementum naturale (migrationem excludens) maius passa est quam pleraeque [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] nationes et anno 2003 causa fuit maioris partis huius incrementi naturalis consociatas apud has nationes. Anno [[2008]], aestimata natalium index 1,273 filiorum pro feminā erat —Francia est loco secundo secundum fecunditatem in Europā, post [[Hibernia]]m—<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/accueil#inter3INSEE 2006 : "La France, toujours l'un des pays les plus féconds d'Europe"] (Francice).</ref> et demographici incrementi index 0,574% erat.<ref name="People">People. France (Anglice). Liber Factorum Mundanorum CIA. Inspectum die 25 Augusti anni 2008.</ref> Aestimatus purus [[migratio]]nis index positivus est anno [[2008]], 1,48 migratorum pro 1000 incolarum.<ref name="People">People. France (Anglice). Liber Factorum Mundanorum CIA. Inspectum die 25 Augusti anni 2008.</ref> Anno [[2006]], [[INSEE|Institutum nationale statisticae et studiorum oeconomicorum seu INSEE]] 4,9 milliones immigratorum, scilicet 8% omnium incolarum, Franciam incolere aestimavit. Quia pueri immigratoribus e parentibus Francogallicā in terrā nati Francici putantur, civium peregre oriundorum numerus 6,7 milliones (secundum aestimationem anni 1999), scilicet 10% omnium Francicorum incolarum, erat. ===Ethnographia=== [[Praehistoria|Praehistoricis]] ex aevis, Francia copulatio commercii, migrationum, occupationum est. Praecipui greges ethnici quattuor in Franciā sunt: Praeceltae, [[Celtae]], [[Latini]], [[Germani (antiquitas)|Germani]] ([[Franci]], [[Visigothi]], [[Burgundiones]], [[Viccingi]]). Has "historicas" ob gentes, novi populi in Franciam e [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] immigravere: [[Belgica|Belgae]], [[Italia|Itali]], [[Hispania|Hispani]], [[Portugallia|Lusitani]], [[Polonia|Poloni]], [[Romania|Dacoromani]], [[Graeci]], [[Iudaei]] ab [[Europa Orientalis|Europā Orientali]] et [[Barbaria (Africa)|Barbariā]], [[Arabes]] ac [[Mazaces]] a [[Barbaria (Africa)|Barbariā]], [[Nigricolores]] a Franciā et [[Seres]] apud alios. 40% incolarum Francicorum migratoriis ab his gregibus originem trahere -disparibus proportionibus- aestimantur, quod Franciam unam [[Europa]]eas apud civitates ethnice diversiores facit, non obstante usitatā stereotypiā Franciae sicuti nationis [[Gallia|Gallicae]]. Nihilominus, Europaeorum populorum integratio facilior quam haud Europaeorum populorum fuit, quod culturales obices et discrimen sociale causavit. ===Linguae=== [[Fasciculus:Langues de la France.svg|thumb|Diffusio linguarum regionum in Francia.]] [[Lingua Francogallica]] seu [[lingua Francica]] ex Francicā mediaevali progressa est, quā [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] incolae regionis hodiernae [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insulae Franciae]] locuti sunt. Ut reges Franciae imperium protenderent, sic lingua Francogallica diffusa est. Iam anno [[1539]] [[Franciscus I (rex Franciae)|Franciscus I]] rex constituit ut lingua Francogallica sit unica regni sui lingua publica. Nihilominus, [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] exeunte, tantum fere media regi subiectorum pars Francogallice locuti sunt.<ref>Haensch et Tümmers 1993:247.</ref> [[Res novae Francicae|Rebus novis Francicis]] confectis, linguae regionales publice oppugnatae sunt; anno [[1951]] demum per [[Lex Deixonne|Legem Deixonne]] (Francice ''Loi Deixonne'') ut linguae regionales docerentur concessum est.<ref>Günther et Tümmers 1993:251.</ref> Etiam his diebus, articulo altero constitutionis anni [[1958]] constitutum est ut [[lingua Francica]] sit unica publica reipublicae lingua. Non solum est lingua in Franciā passim adhibita, sed etiam instrumentum [[cultura]]e Francicae in [[tellus|toto orbe terrarum]]. Linguae regionales propter migrationes et nimiam linguae Francogallicae gravitatem (etiam in [[Media communicationis socialis|mediis commonicationis socialis]]) periclitantur. Francia [[Europaea de linguis regionalibus ac minoribus Charta|Europaeam de linguis regionalibus ac minoribus Chartam]] quidem subscripsit, pactum tamen non sanxit, quod partes chartae cum constitutione Franciae non conveniunt. Ab anno [[2008]], linguae regionales in articulo 75-1 constitutionis Franciae hereditas culturalis dicuntur.<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Constitution/Constitution-du-4-octobre-1958#eztoc2178_0_14_96 Litterae constitutionis (Francice) in pagina legifrance.gouv.fr].</ref> Linguae regionum in Francia sunt * Linguae Francogallicae ([[Langues d’oïl]]) in Franciā septentrionali, quae partim [[dialectos|dialecti]] [[lingua Francogallica|linguae Francogallicae]] habentur, utputa [[Lingua Picardica|Picardica]], [[Lingua Normannica|Normannica]], [[Lingua Gallonica|Gallonica]], [[lingua Pictavino-Santonica|Pictavino-Santonica]], [[lingua Vallonica|Vallonica]] et [[lingua Campanica|Campanica]] * [[Lingua Arpitanica|Arpitanica]] ((''Franco-Provençal'') in Franciā in pristinā regione [[Sabaudia|Sabaudiā]] (sed etiam in [[Italia|Italiā]] et [[Helvetia|Helvetiā]]) adhibita * [[Lingua Occitana|Occitana]] in Franciā meridianā * [[Lingua Catalana|Catalana]] in praefecturā [[Pyrenaeus Orientalis|Pyrenaeo Orientali]] * [[Lingua Alemannica|Alemannica]] in [[Alsatia|Alsatiā]] * [[Lingua Lotharingica (Theodisca)|Lotharingica (Theodisca)]] in Franciā boreoccidentali * [[Lingua Vasconica|Vasconica]] cum dialectis suis in Franciā austro-occidentali * [[Lingua Britonica|Britonica]] in [[Britannia Minor|Britanniā Minore]] * [[Lingua Corsica|Corsica]] in insulā [[Corsica|homonymā]] * [[Lingua Batava|Batava Belgica]] in Franciā septentrionali * Praeterea multae aliae linguae ab illis, qui in Franciam immigraverunt, necnon ab incolis territoriorum transmarinorum adhibentur. === Religiones === [[Fasciculus:Facade de Notre Dame de Reims.png|thumb|left|alt=Notre-Dame de Reims façade, gothic stone cathedral against blue sky|[[Ecclesia cathedralis Remensis]] cathedralis Catholica Romana est ubi [[Reges Franciae]] usque ad annum [[1825]] coronati sunt.]] Francia est res publica [[laicismus|laicistica]], id est: [[civitas]] et [[religio]]nes plane separatae sunt. Cum a magistratibus nulla de religionibus fidelibusque indicia colligantur, numeri eorum, qui singulis religionibus adhaerent, non nisi taxatione circumscribi possunt. Indicia communitatum religiosarum inter se saepe valde differunt, quare etiam numeri sequentes non nisi cautelā tractandi sunt. Secundum [[periodicum]] ''Le Monde des religions,'' 51 centesimae Francogallorum se esse [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicos]], 31 centesimae nulli religioni adhaerere, fere 9 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmanos]], 3 centesimae se esse [[Protestantes]] affirmant. Paene omnes ecclesiae Protestantes Franciae, quarum [[Ecclesia Reformata Franciae]] (Francice ''L’Église réformée de France'') est maxima, in [[Foederatio Protestantica Franciae|Foederatione Protestanticā Franciae]] (Francice ''Fédération protestante de France'') collaborant. Fere 1 centesima incolarum se [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] esse confitentur. Ex his indiciis, sequitur in Francia esse 32 milliones Catholicorum, 5.7 milliones Musulmanorum, 1.9 milliones Protestantium et 600&thinsp;000 [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]], praeterea 20 milliones hominum, qui nulli religioni adhaerent. 6% quaesitorum alia vel nihil dicunt. Catholicorum, ut ex quaestionibus concluditur, tantum parva pars re verā inter credentes numerari potest vel [[liturgia]]s frequentat, sed contra sunt etiam, qui traditionem Catholicam cum magno rigore ac diligentissime sequantur. Praeterea sunt in Franciā plus quam decies centena milia hominum, qui [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Ecclesiis Orthodoxis]] aut [[Ecclesiae orthodoxae orientales|Orthodoxis Orientalibus]] adhaerent, fere 600&thinsp;000 [[Buddhismus|Buddhistarum]] necnon magnus numerus ad [[Hinduismus|Hindiusmum]] pertinentium. === Urbes === {{Vide-etiam|Index Urbium Franciae}} Francia multum urbanizata natio est et [[Index Urbium Franciae|maiores urbes]] (quoad numerum incolarum in territorio urbis anno [[2016]])<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190206035205/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3682672#tableau-Figure5 "Aires urbaines"]. ''Insee'' (Francice). Archivatum ex originali die 6 Februarii anni 2019. Inspectum Idibus Maiis anni 2019.</ref> in ordine [[Lutetia]] (cum 12 568 755 incolarum), [[Lugdunum]] (cum 2 310 850 incolarum), [[Massilia]] (cum 1 756 296 incolarum), [[Tolosa]] (cum 1 345 343 incolarum), [[Burdigala]] (cum 1 232 550 incolarum), [[Insulae (urbs Franciae)|Insulae]] (cum 1 187 824 incolarum), [[Nicaea (Francia)|Nicaea]] (cum 1 006 402 incolarum), [[Portus Namnetum]] (cum 961 521 incolarum), [[Argentoratum]] (cum 785 839 incolarum) et [[Condate Redonum]] (cum 727 357 incolarum) sunt (nota: significativa dissimilitudo inter numeros incolarum in territoriis urbis supra citatos et numeros inferiori in tabulā est, quae indicat numerum incolarum in [[commune|communibus]]). [[Exodus ruralis]] perenne politicum problema fuit fere toto [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]]. {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin-left:0px; font-size:85%" |- ! align=center style="background:#B9D5E4;" | Positio ! align=center style="background:#B9D5E4;" | [[Urbs]] ! align=center style="background:#B9D5E4;" | [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|Regio]] ! align=center style="background:#B9D5E4;" | [[Numerus incolarum|Incolae]] ! align=center style="background:#B9D5E4;" | Photographema |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 1 ||align=left | '''[[Lutetia]]''' || [[Insula Franciae (regio hodierna)|Insula Franciae]] || 2 190 327 || [[Fasciculus:La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques,_Paris_août_2014_(2).jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 2 ||align=left | '''[[Massilia]]''' || [[Provincia Alpes Litus Lazuli]] || 862 211 || [[Fasciculus:Marseille_20160813_20.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 3 ||align=left | '''[[Lugdunum]]''' || [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes]] || 515 695 || [[Fasciculus:Lyon_cityscape_from_Notre-Dame_de_Fourvière_-_from_Flickr.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 4 ||align=left | '''[[Tolosa]]''' || [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]] || 475 438 || [[Fasciculus:Vue_de_Toulouse_2007.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 5 ||align=left | '''[[Nicaea (Francia)|Nicaea]]''' || [[Provincia Alpes Litus Lazuli]] || 342 637 || [[Fasciculus:Une_plage_à_Nice.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 6 ||align=left | '''[[Portus Namnetum]]''' || [[Pagi Ligeris]] || 306 694 || [[Fasciculus:Ile_de_Nantes.JPG|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 7 ||align=left | '''[[Monspessulanus]]''' || [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]] || 281 613 || [[Fasciculus:Montpellier(France)1.JL.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 8 ||align=left | '''[[Argentoratum]]''' || [[Magnus Oriens]] || 279 284 || [[Fasciculus:Absolute_Pl_marche_aux_cochons_01.JPG|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 9 ||align=left | '''[[Burdigala]]''' || [[Nova Aquitania]] || 252 040 || [[Fasciculus:Bordeaux Place de la Bourse de nuit.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 10 ||align=left | '''[[Insulae (urbs Franciae)|Insulae]]''' || [[Alta Franciae]] || 232 440 || [[Fasciculus:Lille_bourse_profil.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 11 ||align=left | '''[[Condate Redonum]]''' || [[Britannia Minor (regio recentior)|Britannia Minor]] || 216 268 || [[Fasciculus:Rennes_Opéra.JPG|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 12 ||align=left | '''[[Durocortorum]]''' || [[Magnus Oriens]] || 183 113 || [[Fasciculus:Subé_Fountain,_Reims,_France.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 13 ||align=left | '''[[Sanctus Stephanus de Furano]]''' || [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes]] || 171 924 || [[Fasciculus:Tram_st_etienne_place_fourneyron.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 14 ||align=left | '''[[Franciscopolis (Francia)|Franciscopolis]]''' || [[Normannia (regio hodierna)|Normannia]] || 170 352 || [[Fasciculus:Le_Havre_Vue_Plage_14_07_2005.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 15 ||align=left | '''[[Telo Martius]]''' || [[Provincia Alpes Litus Lazuli]] || 169 634 || [[Fasciculus:Gare_de_Toulon.JPG|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 16 ||align=left | '''[[Gratianopolis]]''' || [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes]] || 158 180 || [[Fasciculus:Grenoble_july_2009.JPG|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 17 ||align=left | '''[[Divio]]''' || [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus]] || 155 090 || [[Fasciculus:Toits-dijonnais.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 18 ||align=left | '''[[Andecavis]]''' || [[Pagi Ligeris]] || 151 229 || [[Fasciculus:La_Maine_a_Angers.jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 19 ||align=left | '''[[Nemausus]]''' || [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]] || 151 001 || [[Fasciculus:Nîmes,_Maison_Carrée_(1._Jhdt.n.Chr.)_(46785244294).jpg|100px]] |- | align=center style="background:#DCE9F0;" | 20 ||align=left | '''[[Villa Urbana (Lugdunensis)|Villa Urbana]]''' || [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes]] || 149 019 || [[Fasciculus:Place_lazare_goujon.jpg|100px]] |}{{clear}} ==Oeconomia== [[Fasciculus:La Défense depuis La Garenne-Colombes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|''[[La Défense]]'', [[Lutetia]]e, maxima [[regio mercatoria]] in [[Europa|Europā]].<ref>[http://ecohearth.com/eco-blogs/eco-international/835-la-defense-europes-largest-business-district-sets-a-new-standard-for-sustainable-development.html La Défense: Europe largest buisiness district Sets a New Standart for Sustainable Devloment] (Anglice) {{Wayback|url=http://ecohearth.com/eco-blogs/eco-international/835-la-defense-europes-largest-business-district-sets-a-new-standard-for-sustainable-development.html |date=20110205112759 }} - EcoHeart</ref>]] Francica oeconomia e divite modernāque oeconomiā ubi gubernii munus interventioque significativa erant in alteram plurimā cum participatione societatum privatarum et secundum [[Mercatus (oeconomia)|mercatūs]] vias fungentem transit.<ref name="Oeconomia">Economy. France. CIA - The World Factbook (Anglice). Inspectum 28 Augusti anni 2008.</ref> Gubernium ad privatam administrationem partim aut omnino aliquas praecipuas societates -sicuti [[Air France]], [[Renault]], [[Thales (societas)|Thales]]- transtulit, quamquam gubernium adhuc dominium in campis energiae, publicae vectationis et industriae militaris servat.<ref name="Oeconomia">Economy. France. CIA - The World Factbook (Anglice). Inspectum 28 Augusti anni 2008.</ref> Francia [[capitalismus|capitalismo]] favet, sed socialem aequalitatem per leges, stipendiarias per rationes et socialia per impensa attingere ad deminuendam redituum dissimilitudinem quaerit.<ref name="Oeconomia">Economy. France. CIA - The World Factbook (Anglice). Inspectum 28 Augusti anni 2008.</ref> Ut membrum [[G8|Gregis Octo Civitatum]], gregis nationum industrializatissimarum; Francica oeconomia loco octavo est in toto orbe terrarum, mensurato [[Productus domesticus generalis|productū domestico generali]] iuxta cum [[Par acquirendi potestas|par acquirendi potestate]]<ref>Rank Order of GDP PPP. CIA - The World Factbook (Anglice). Inspectum die 24 Augusti anni 2008.</ref>, et est loco sexto nominalibus terminis.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/abe2ffc4-c08b-11dc-b0b7-0000779fd2ac«UK slips behind France on economy»]. ''[[Financial Times]]'' (Anglice), 11-01-2008. [Inspectum die 23 Maii anni 2008].</ref> Francia est loco quinto apud nationes bona exportantes et loco quarto apud nationes servitia in toto orbe terrarum exportantes.<ref name="Sheet">[https://www.economist.com/search?q=France France Fact Sheet]. ''[[The Economist]]'' (Anglice). (Die 8 Augusti anni 2008). Inspectum die 25 Augusti anni 2008.</ref> Nihilominus, sumptūs reditūsque ratio 53 400 millionum dollariorum lacunam anno 2007 passa est.<ref name="Sheet"/> Praecipuus Francicus index bursarius [[CAC 40]] est. [[Ordo oeconomicae cooperationi et evolutioni favendis]], cuius socia Francia est, apud [[G8|Gregis octo civitatum]] nationes Franciam productivitatis (secundum [[PDG]] pro laboris horis) ordini praeesse anno 2005 retulit.<ref>[[Ordo oeconomicae cooperationi et evolutioni favendis]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070123075528/http://ocde.p4.siteinternet.com/publications/doifiles/012005061G006.xls «Labour productivity 2003»] ([[Microsoft Excel]]) (Anglice), anno 2005. Archivatum ex originali die 2007-01-23. [Inspectum die 20 Aprilis anni 2006].</ref> Verumtamen, [[PDG]] per capita Francicus 30% minor est quam [[Statunitensis]], quod [[facultas laborandi|facultatis laborandi]] centesimae rationi attribui potest; anno [[2004]], facultatis laborandi 68,8% inter 15 et 64 annos natos laborabant, adversus 80% in [[Iaponia|Iaponiā]], 78,9% in [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]], 77,2% in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] et 71% in [[Germania|Germaniā]].<ref>[[Ordo oeconomicae cooperationi et evolutioni favendis]]. [https://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/35024561.pdf «OECD Employment Outlook 2005 - Statistical Annex»] (Formā [[PDF]]) (Anglice), anno 2005.] [Inspectum die 29 Iunii anni 2006].</ref> Anno [[2007]], gubernium reformationem laboralem inchoavit. Francicum onus tributarium apud maiora in Europā est, prope 20% PDG anno [[2005]].<ref name="Oeconomia">Economy. France. CIA - The World Factbook (Anglice). Inspectum 28 Augusti anni 2008.</ref> Cum 82 millionibus periegetarum anno [[2007]], Francia est primus locus destinatus periegeticus in toto orbe terrarum.<ref>Rectio periegeseōs. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195206/http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/tis/att00018288/TIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf «Le tourisme international en France en 2007»] (Francice). Gubernium Franciae. Archivatum ex originali die 2008-12-28. [Inspectum Nonis Iuniis anni 2008].</ref> ==Infrastructura== ===Energia et vectura=== [[Fasciculus:Creissels_et_Viaduct_de_Millau.jpg|thumb|[[Viaeductus Aemiliaci|Viaeductus Aemiliaci]] (Francice ''Viaduc de Millau''; [[Occitanice]] ''Viaducte de Milhau''), unus apud altissimos duos in toto orbe terrarum, pars est [[autovia]]e A75-A71, e [[Lutetia|Lutetiā]] in [[Baeterrae|Baeterras]] et [[Monspessulanus|Montempessulanum]].]] [[Fasciculus:SNCF 253.JPG|thumb|[[Tramen]] [[TGV]] [[Lutetia]]e.]] Francia natio minimam [[Carbonii dioxidum|carbonii dioxidi]] quantitatem emittens evolutissimas apud civitates septem in toto orbe terrarum est, quia multa pecunia collocata est in [[Energia nuclearis|energiā nucleari]].<ref>[https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_co2_emissions.htm «CO2 emissions per capita in 2006»] (Anglice). Gasiorum thermocepicorum emissiones. ''Environmental Indicators''. Nationes Unitae. Augusto anni 2009. Inspectum die 10 Martii anni 2011.</ref> Ut effectus magnarum collocationum pecuniae in technologiā nucleari, pleraque [[electricitas]] in Franciā producta a [[Ergasterium atomicum|ergasteriis atomicis]] 59 creatur (78% anno 2006, e solum 8% anno 1973, 24% anno 1980, et 75% anno 1990).<ref>DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (die 7 Decembris anno 2016). [https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/production-delectricite «La production d'électricité»] (Francice). Inspectum pridie Idus Martias anni 2018.</ref> Francicum [[ferrivia]]rum rete, chiliometrorum 29 213 patens, longissimum in totā [[Europa Occidentalis|Europā Occidentali]]. A societate [[SNCF]] geritur et apud [[tramen|tramina]] perquam celeria inveniuntur [[Thalys]], [[Eurostar]] et [[TGV]], quod iter facit velocitate chiliometrorum horalium 320 usū commerciali. Eurostar, iuxta cum Diakoniā Translationis Cuniculi Freti Gallici, Franciam cum [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] per [[Cuniculus Freti Gallici|Cuniculum Freti Gallici]] conectit. Ferriviarum connexiones ad omnes vicinas nationes, [[Andorra|Andorrā]] exceptā, expanduntur. Intraurbanae connexiones quoque bene evoluta sunt, cum [[Ferrivia subterranea|ferriviae subterraneae]] et [[Currus electricus|curruum electricorum]] diakoniis diakonias [[laophorium|laophoriorum]] perficientibus. Circiter 893 300 chiliometrorum [[autovia]]rum utilium in Franciā. Regio [[Lutetia]]e denso [[via]]rum autoviarumque reti circumdatur, quod eam cum paene totā natione connectit. Francicae viae ingentem internationalem transitum etiam sustinent, connexae cum urbibus finitimorum [[Belgica]]e, [[Hispania]]e, [[Andorra]]e, [[Principatus Monoeci|Monoeci]], [[Helvetia]]e, [[Germania]]e et [[Italia]]e. non est tributum notaculi annuum; nihilominus, autoviarum quadripertitarum usus per [[portorium|portoria]] est, exceptis vicinitatibus municipiorum magnae dimensionis. Novorum [[autocinetum|autocinetorum]] mercatus domesticis insignibus regitur, sicuti [[Renault]] (27% autocinetorum in Franciā anno 2003 venditorum), [[Peugeot]] (20,1%) et [[Citroën]] (13,5%).<ref>L'automobile magazine, hors-série 2003/2004 paginā 294 (Francice).</ref> Amplius 70% autocinetorum novorum anno 2004 venditorum Diseliana [[motrum|motra]] habebant, valde plus quam habentia [[benzinum|benzini]] aut [[gasium liquefactum e petroleo|gasii liquefacti e petroleo]] motra.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006095330/http://www.ademe.fr/particuliers/fiches/voiture/rub3.htm «Guide pratique de l' ADEME, la voiture»] (Francice). Ademe.fr. Inspectum die 22 Octobris anni 2008. Archivatum ex originali pridie Nonas Octobres anni 2008.</ref> Francia altissimum [[viaeductus|viaeductum]] in toto orbe terrarum, [[Viaeductus Aemiliaci|Viaeductum Aemiliaci]] (Francice ''Viaduc de Millau''; [[Occitanice]] ''Viaducte de Milhau''), quoque possidet et ponderis pontes, sicuti [[Pons Normanniae]] (Francice ''Pont de Normandie''), aedificavit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074119/http://www.planete-tp.com/en/IMG/pdf/3_cle67bb35-5.pdf «The Normandy bridge: The bridge in figures»] (PDF) (Anglice). Inspectum die 10 Augusti anni 2014.</ref><ref>[«Construction Facts - The Sourcebook of Statistics, Records and Resources»] (PDF) (Anglice), McGraw Hill, ''Engineering News Record'', vol. 251, No. 20a, Novembre anni 2003, inspectum die 9 Augusti anni 2014.</ref> Sunt circa 478 [[aëroportus|aëroportuum]] in Franciā, inclusis [[Aërodromus|aërodromis]]. [[Aëroportus Lutetiae Carolus de Gaulle]] (Francogallice ''Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle''), in [[Lutetia]]e vicinitatibus situs, maximus et operosissimus aëroportus est totā in natione et plerumque popularem commercialemque transitum huius nationis sustinet et Lutetiam cum paene omnibus magnis [[urbs|urbibus]] in toto orbe terrarum connectit. [[Air France]] nationalis aëronautica societas, quamquam plurimae privatae aëronauticae domesticorum internationaliumque volatuum diakonias praebent. Sunt praecipui [[portus|portūs]] decem in Franciā, quorum maximus [[Massilia]]e est, qui etiam est maximus limes cum [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mari Mediterraneo]]. 14 932 chiliometrorum [[via aquaria|viarum aquariarum]] Franciam transeuntium, incluso [[Canalis Australis|Canali Australi]] (Francogallice ''Canal du Midi''), Mare Mediterraneum cum [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] per [[Garunna|flumen Garunnam]] connectente.<ref>Patrimonium totius mundi UNESCO. [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/770/ «Canal du Midi»] (Anglice et Francice). whc.unesco.org. Inspectum pridie Idus Martias anni 2018.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Centrale de Cruas.jpg|center|700px|thumb|Paene 80% matricis energeticae Francicae de [[energia nuclearis|energiā nucleari]] orta est, maxima centesima ratio in toto orbe terrarum.<ref>EnerPub (die 8 Iunii anni 2007). [https://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idarticle=9839&t=France%3A+Energy+profile&idarticle=9839&t=France%3A+Energy+profile «France: Energy profile»] (Anglice). ''Spero News''. Inspectum die 25 25 Augusti anni 2007.</ref> Hac imagine, [[ergasterium atomicum]] [[Crudatium|Crudatii]].]] ===Educatio=== [[Fasciculus:Absolute BNUS 01.JPG|thumb|Bibliotheca nationalis [[Universitas Argentinensis|Universitatis Argentinensis]], educationis superioris institutio anno [[1538]] condita.]] In Franciā, schola publica [[laicismus|laica]] gratuitaque est.<ref>[https://www.education.gouv.fr/le-budget-et-les-finances-du-systeme-educatif-89252 «Le coût d'une scolarité»] (Francice).</ref> Quamquam non solum educatio et remuneratio docentium sed etiam programmata ad Civitatis officium pertinent, ludorum litterariorum et [[collegium (Francia)|collegiorum]] et [[lyceum (Francia)|lyceorum]] aedes ad [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|collectivitates territoriales]] spectant.<ref>[«Les collectivités territoriales»], in ''education.gouv.fr'' (inspectum die 22 Februarii anni 2010).</ref> Praeceptio obligatoria est pueris e sex ad sedecim annos natis. Martio anni [[2018]], praeses [[Emmanuel Macron]] se aetatem scholarizationis obligatoriam ad tres annos e regressū anni [[2019]] deminuere velle nuntiavit.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/education/article/2018/03/26/macron-doit-annoncer-que-la-scolarisation-des-enfants-sera-rendue-obligatoire-a-3-ans_5276773_1473685.html «Macron veut cesser « de considérer l'école maternelle comme une option»»] (Francice), in ''lemonde.fr'' (inspectum die 29 Aprilis anni 2018).</ref> [[Educatio primaria]] phasibus duabus evolvitur: primum, [[schola materna]] (Francice ''école maternelle''), quae novissimos pueros recipit eorum initio in scholā, eorum conformationi ad socialis vitae normas, eorum initiationi fundamentalia ad instrumenta sicuti sermonem et numeros;<ref>[https://www.education.gouv.fr/l-ecole-maternelle-11534 «L'école maternelle»] (Francice), in ''education.gouv.fr'' (inspectum die 22 Februarii anni 2010).</ref> deinde, ad sex annos natos aetatis, pueri [[schola elementaria|scholā elementariā]] (Francice ''école élémentaire'') recipiuntur, cuius primus scopus lecturam, scriptionem, calculum et educationem civicam discere est.<ref>«L'école élémentaire»] (Francice), in ''education.gouv.fr'' (inspectum die 22 Februarii anni 2010).</ref> [[Fasciculus:École normale supérieure de Paris, 26 January 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola normalis superioris]] (Francice ''École normale supérieure'' seu ''ENS'') [[Lutetia]]e, exeunte [[saeculum 18|saeculo XVIII]] condita, plures [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemio Nobeliano]] laureatos [[per capita]] quam quaelibet institutio in toto orbe terrarum generat.<ref>Tom Clynes, [https://www.nature.com/news/where-nobel-winners-get-their-start-1.20757 Where Nobel winners get their start] (Anglice), [[Nature]], die 7 Octobris anni 2016.</ref>]] [[Educatio secundaria]] etiam cyclis duobus evolvitur: primus [[collegium (Francia)|collegio]] datur et inducit in [[diploma nationale breveti]] (Francice ''diplôme national du brevet'').<ref>[https://www.education.gouv.fr/le-college-4940 «Le collège»] (Francice), in ''education.gouv.fr'' (inspectum die 22 Februarii anni 2010).</ref>; secundus autem cyclus [[Lyceum (Francia)|lyceo]] datur et inducit in examina finalia et nationalia: in [[baccalaureatus professionalis|baccalaureatum professionalem]] (Francice ''baccalauréat professionnel''), [[baccalaureatus technologicus|technologicum]] (Francice ''baccalauréat technologique'') aut [[baccalaureatus generalis|generalem]] (Francice ''baccalauréat général'') et in [[testimonium habilitatis professionalis]] (Francice ''certificat d'aptitude professionnelle'') aut in [[testimonium habilitatis professionalis agrariae]] (Francice ''certificat d'aptitude professionnelle agricole'' seu ''CAPA'') educationi agriculturali.<ref>[https://www.education.gouv.fr/le-lycee-41642 «Le lycée»] (Francice), in ''education.gouv.fr'' (inspectum die 22 Februarii anni 2010).</ref> Ceterum, fere 17% alumnorum educationis primariae secundariaeque scholas privatas, plerasque cum Civitate consociatas et crebro confessionales, frequentant.<ref>[https://www.education.gouv.fr/les-etablissements-d-enseignement-scolaire-prives-2942 «Les établissements d'enseignement privés»] (Francice), in ''education.gouv.fr'' (inspectum die 22 Februarii anni 2010).</ref> Francogallica [[educatio superior]] ostendit singularitatem cogendi ut [[universitas|universitates]] (Francice ''universités'') et [[schola grandis|scholarum grandium]] (Francogallice ''grandes écoles'') systema inter se congruant, quo accessus habetur plerumque per idoneitatis probationem post classes praeparatorias (Francice ''classes préparatoires'').<ref name="supérieur">[https://www.education.gouv.fr/l-enseignement-superieur-10085 «L'enseignement supérieur»]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Francice) in ''education.gouv.fr'' (inspectum 22 Februarii anni [[2010]]).</ref> Educatio superior [[brevetum technici superioris|breveto technici superioris]] (Francice ''brevet de technicien supérieur'') et classibus praeparatoriis ad scholas grandes in [[Lyceum (Francia)|lyceis]] docetur<ref name="supérieur"></ref> aut in sedibus privatis. Omnia diplomata in Franciā concessa in [[index diplomatum in Francia|repertorio nationali testimoniorum professionalium]] (Francice ''répertoire national des certifications professionnelles'' seu ''RNCP'') porrigenda sunt. Francia, se ipsā [[Liberatio Franciae|liberatā]], ingens incrementum in fequentatione scholarum cognovit. Anno [[1936]], minus quam 3% classis cuiuslibet [[baccalaureus|baccalaureūs]] titulum adipiscuntur; haec centesimarum ratio in 30% anno [[1985]] et in 60% anno [[1995]] transivit.<ref name="Maurin">Ludovicus (Louis) Maurin, ''Déchiffrer la société française'', [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]], [[La Découverte]], [[2009]], 368 p. ([[ISBN]] 978-2-707-15413-2, [[LCCN]] 2009503665).</ref> Quomodocumque, haec educationis democratizatio inaequalitatem socialem non delevit: solum 25% filiorum fabrorum inter [[1974]] et [[1978]] natorum educationis superioris diplomate honorati sunt, aliter ac 77% filiorum moderatorum.<ref name="Maurin"></ref> Hae inaequalitates adhuc maiores sunt in scholis grandibus: solum 2,9% studentium a [[Schola nationalis administrationis (Francia)|Scholā nationali administrationis]] (Francice ''École nationale d'administration'' seu ''ENA'') anno [[2008]] admissorum parentem fabrum habebant.<ref name="Maurin"></ref> Secundum [[PISA|programma PISA]] ad comparanda systemata educativa nationalia, Francici systematis educativi eventūs deceptorii sunt, comparati ad alias Civitates socias [[Ordo oeconomicae cooperationi et evolutioni favendis|Ordinis oeconomicae cooperationi et evolutioni favendis]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190603012105/http://orientation.blog.lemonde.fr/2013/12/07/enquete-pisa-2012-la-france-decroche-en-maths-mais-remonte-en-comprehension-de-lecrit/ «Résultats de la France à l'enquête PISA 2012 scolaires]» (Francice), ¡¡[[Le Monde]]'' die 07/12/2013, ab Olivario (Olivier) Rollot.</ref> imprimis ob inaequali incrementum, factā investigatione PISA anni [[2003]]. Non obstantibus cautionis consiliis, [[analphabetismus]] 3,1 milliones hominum attingebat, id est, 9% incolarum inter 18 et 65 annos natorum et qui scholam in Franciā frequentaverant.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121211143413/http://anlci.gouv.fr/fileadmin/Medias/PDF/EDITIONS/ivq_4pages.pdf Agence nationale de lutte contre l'illettrisme, des chiffres pour éclairer les décisions] (Francice).</ref> Socialis alumnorum origo scholares eorum fructūs valdissime afficit. In [[cursus elementaris secundi anni|cursū elementari secundi anni]] (Francogallice ''Cours élémentaire 2e année'' seu ''CE2''), alumni ad pauperrimam quartam portionem pertinentes media puncta credita 57 e 100 in [[lingua Francica|linguā Francicā]] et 58 in [[mathematica|mathematicā]] obtinuerunt, contra 87 et 85 respective eis ad divetissimam quartam portionem pertinentibus. Haec inaequalitas augetur post [[collegium (Francia)|collegium]], cum indice accessūs ad secundum cursum baccalaureatūs generalis aut technologici bis altiore alumnis ad ambitūs divitiores pertinentibus quam aliis alumnis.<ref name="lefigaro">[https://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/en-france-les-pauvres-vivent-13-ans-de-moins-que-les-riches-20190604 «En France, les pauvres vivent 13 ans de moins que les riches»] (Francice), in ''www.lefigaro.fr'', die [[4 Iunii]] [[2019]].</ref> Prima [[Ministerium Educationis nationalis (Francia)|Ministerii Educationis nationalis]] evaluatio "continuitatem paedagogicam" positivam per interclusionem tempore [[pandemia]]e [[COVID-19]] esse revelavit. Secundum demoscopiam, magistri septem e decem et parentes octo e decem contenti putati sunt.<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/confinement-scolaire-un-bilan-officiel-tres-positif-sauf-en-education-prioritaire-20200724 «Confinement scolaire: un bilan officiel plutôt positif sauf en éducation prioritaire»], in ''Le Figaro'' (inspectum die 24 Iulii anni 2020).</ref> ===Valetudo=== [[Fasciculus:P1000513 Paris XIII Salpetrière reductwk.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Valetudinarium Pitié-Salpêtrière]] (Francice ''Hôpital de la Salpêtrière''), [[valetudinarium]] docens [[Lutetia]]e.]] Francogallicum valetudinis systema primo loco in toto orbe terrarum collocabatur secundum [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|OMS]] anno [[1997]]<ref>[https://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html The ranking, see spreadsheet details for a whole analysis] (Anglice) in ''photius.com''.</ref> et postea rursus anno [[2000]].<ref>[https://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper30.pdf Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries] (Anglice).</ref> Valetudinis systema plerumque gratuitum est hominibus [[morbus|morbis]] chronicis (Francice ''affections de longues durées'') affectis; sicuti [[Cancer (morbus)|cancro]], [[Morbus deficientiae immunitatis acquisitae|sidā]] aut [[fibrosis cystica|fibrosi cysticā]]. Media [[exspectatio vitae]] in natū 77 anni viribus et 84 anni feminis sunt, apud altiores in [[Unio Europaea|Unione Europaeā]].<ref>[Espérance de vie, taux de mortalité et taux de mortalité infantile dans le monde] (Francice), [[INSEE]].</ref> Sunt 3,22 medici pro milibus incolarum in Franciā,<ref>[https://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/ Nombre de médecins pour 1000 habitants] in ''statistiques-mondiales.com'' (Francice).</ref> dum medius valetudinis sumptus per capita 4 719 [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] anno [[2008]].<ref>[https://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/ Dépenses de santé par habitants] (Francice) in ''statistiques-mondiales.com''.</ref> Anno [[2007]], erant circiter 140 milia incolarum (0,4%) in Franciā quae [[sida]]m aut [[HIV]] patebantur.<ref name="France FactBook">«France» (Anglice). ''The World Factbook''. [[CIA]]. 2009. Inspectum [[10 Martii]] anni 2011.</ref> Quamquam Francici unam strigosioribus e gentibus apud nationes progressas esse putantur,<ref name="NY Times">[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/04/world/europe/even-the-french-are-fighting-obesity.html Even the French are fighting obesity] (Francice), pridie Kalendas Maias in ''[[The NY Times]]''.</ref><ref name="Daily Finance">[https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_6151c126-3e53-47ce-b584-044d64b244d6 France's obesity crisis: All those croissants really do add up, after all]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (Anglice), pridie Kalendas Aprilis anni 2010, in ''[[Daily Finance]]''.</ref> Francia, sicuti aliae nationes divites, crescentem recentemque [[obesitas|obesitatis]] [[epidemia]]m obit, praesertim propter [[Cibus promptus|cibi prompti]] substitutionem in locum salutaris traditionalis coquinae Francicae alimentatiis in moribus Francicis.<ref name="NY Times"></ref><ref name="Daily Finance"></ref><ref name="France heading">[https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2006/02/01/France-heading-for-US-obesity-levels-says-study France heading for US obesity levels says study] (Anglice), in ''Food Navigator''.</ref> Nihilominus, Francicus index obesitatis valde inferior est [[Statunitensis|Statunitensi]] (verbi gratiā, index obesitatis in Franciā idem Statunitensi erat in annis 1970)<ref name="Daily Finance"></ref> et adhuc infimus est in [[Europa|Europā]]<ref name="France heading"></ref> sed ab auctoritatibus nunc putatur unum praecipua apud problemata valetudinis publicae<ref>[https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2006/09/14/New-French-food-guidelines-aimed-at-tackling-obesity «New French food guidelines aimes at tabkling obesity»] (Anglice). ''Nutraingredients.com''. Inspectum die 9 Augusti anni 2010.</ref> et auctoritates ferociter obesitati obviam eunt; index obesitatis infantilis in Franciā deminuitur, dum adhuc crescit aliis in nationibus.<ref>Petah Marianus (Marian) (23 Maii anni 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220108001242/https://www.just-food.com/analysis/france-urged-to-get-tough-on-child-obesity «France urged to get tough on child obesity»] (Anglice) in ''just-food.com''. Inspectum die 9 Augusti anni 2010.</ref> ===Scientia et technologia=== [[Fasciculus:Ariane 5 Le Bourget FRA 001.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Rocheta]] [[Ariane 5]], [[Systema enissionis deponibilis|spatiale vehiculum reciprocum deponibile]], a societate [[Airbus Defence and Space|Airbus]] fabricata.]] Abusque [[Medium aevum|Medio aevo]], Francia praecipuas apud nationes scientifica in bona contribuentes est. Ineuns circa [[saeculum 11|saeculum XI]], [[Papa]] [[Silvester II]] [[abacus|abacum]] et [[sphaera armillaris|sphaeram armillarem]] denuo introduxit et [[Numeri Arabici|numeros Arabicos]] et [[horologium|horologia]] [[Europa Septentrionalis|Europae Septentrionali]] et [[Europa Occidentalis|Occidentali]] obtulit.<ref>Gulielmus (William) Godwin (1876). [https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog «Lives of the Necromancers»]. p. 232. Inspectum pridie Kalendas Iunias anni 2014.</ref> [[Universitas Parisiensis]] (Francogallice ''Université de Paris''), medio [[saeculum 12|saeculo XII]] condita, adhuc est una praecipuas apud [[universitas|universitates]] in [[Humanus Cultus Occidentalis|Mundo Occidentali]].<ref>Andreas (André) Thuilier, ''Histoire de l’université de Paris et de la Sorbonne'', Lutetiae, Nouvelle librairie de France, 1994.</ref> [[Saeculum 17|Saeculo XVII]], [[Renatus Cartesius]] [[Rationalismus|methodum recte regendae rationis et veritatis in scientiis investigandae]] definivit, dum [[Blasius Pascalis]] praeclarus factus est sua propter opera de [[Probabilitas|probabilitate]] et [[mechanica|mechanicā]] [[fluidum|corporum fluidorum]]. Ambo egregii [[Revolutio scientifica|Revolutionis scientificae]] viri fuerunt quae in [[Europa|Europā]] eodem tempore exarsit. [[Academia Scientiarum Francica]] (Francice ''Académie des sciences'') a [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovico XIV]] condita est ad incitandum et protegendum animum Gallicae investigationis scientificae. Apud progressūs scientifici praecursores in Europā [[saeculum 17|saeculis XVII]] et [[saeculum 18|XVIII]]. Cui est una praecipuas apud academias scientiarum.<ref>Moak, David, ed. (2007). ''[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/did2222.0000.874?view=text;rgn=main The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project]''. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library. pp. 54–55.</ref> [[Illuminismus|Illuminismi]] tempus biologi [[Georgius Ludovicus Leclerc de Buffon|Buffoni]] et chemici [[Antonius Lavoisierius]] operibus notatum est, qui [[Oxygenium|oxygenii]] munus in [[combustio]]ne invenit, dum [[Dionysius Diderotus]] et [[Ioannes Baptista Le Rond d'Alembert]] ''[[Encyclopédie|Encyclopediam]]'' in lucem dederunt, quae ad praebendum accessum ad "cognitionem utilem" populo ordinatur, cognitionem quae cotidianae vitae adhibere possint.<ref>Burke, Petrus (Peter), ''A social history of knowledge: from Gutenberg to Diderot'', Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2000, p.17.</ref> Per [[Conversio industrialis|Conversionem industrialem]], [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]], magnifici processūs scientifici in Franciā evenerunt cum scientificis sicuti [[Augustinus Ioannes Fresnel|Augustino Ioanne Fresnel]], hodiernae [[optica]]e conditore; [[Nicolaus Leonardus Sadi Carnot|Nicolao Leonardo Sadi Carnot]], [[thermodynamica]]e bases divulgante; aut [[Ludovicus Pasteur|Ludovico Pasteur]], uno apud [[microbiologia]]e praenuntios. Alii Francici egregii [[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]] scientifici sua nomina in [[Turris Eiffeliana|Turri Eiffelianā]], [[Lutetia]]e, inscripta habent.<ref>[https://www.toureiffel.paris/fr «The 72 Scientists»] (aliquot linguis). Turris Eiffeliana. Inspectum pridie Kalendas Februarias.</ref> Francicos apud claros [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] scientificos, sunt mathematicus physicusque [[Henricus Poincaré]]; physici [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] et [[Petrus Curie|Petrus]] et [[Maria Curie]], celebres ob opera de [[Radioactivitas|radioactivitate]]; physicus [[Paulus Langevin]]; aut virologus [[Lucas Montagnier]], [[Virus immunodeficientiae humanae|vīri HIV]] et [[sida]]e coinventor. Usque ad annum [[2012]], Galli 68 [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemio Nobeliano]]<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/ «All Nobel Prizes»] (Anglice). Nobel Media. Inspectum die 10 Octobris anni 2012.</ref> laureati sunt et undecim [[Numisma Fieldianum]]<ref>[https://www.mathunion.org/imu-awards/fields-medal «List of Fields Medallists»] (. [Unio mathematica internationalis]. Inspectum die 10 Octobris anni 2012.</ref> acceperunt. ===Media communicationis=== Apud [[diarium|diaria]] venditione in Franciā praecellentissima ''[[Le Parisien|Le Parisien Aujourd'hui en France]]'' (cum 460 000 quotidie venditorum), ''[[Le Monde]]'' et ''[[Le Figaro]]'', circiter cum 300 000 exemplarium quotidie venditorum, sunt; sed etiam ''[[L'Équipe]]'', [[ars athletica|artium athleticarum]] nuntiis dedicatum.<ref>(Francice) OJD, ["Observatoire de la Presse", [https://web.archive.org/web/20100507013851/http://observatoire.ojd.com/report/visu/obs/20/do/GP_PQN/ Presse Quotidienne Nationale].</ref> Antehac, diaria gratuita optime perruperunt, cum magis quam diariorum ''[[Metro International|Metro]]'', ''[[20 minutes (Francia)|20 minutes]]'' et ''[[Direct Plus]]'' exemplarium 650 000 respective distributa essent.<ref>(Francice) OJD, Presse Gratuite d'Information. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101204123544/http://www.ojd.com/pgi/section Archivatum] pridie Nonas Decembres in [[Wayback Machine]]. Novembre anni 2011.</ref> Nihilominus, maximus exemplarium numerus regionali diario ''[[Ouest-France]]'' attactus est, cum plus quam 750 000 exemplarium venditorum, dum alii regionalia diaria quinquaginta quoque magnas venditiones habent.<ref>(Francice) Observatoire de la Presse, Presse Quotidienne Régionale et Départementale. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100507014206/http://observatoire.ojd.com/report/visu/obs/20/do/GP_PQRD/ Archivatum] Nonis Maiis anni 2010 in [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Commentariorum hebdomadalium campus diversificatior potentiorque est, cum amplius 400 specialium commentariorum hebdomadalium hac in natione typis editorum.<ref> (Francice) Observatoire de la Presse, Presse Magazine – Synthèse. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100929204536/http://observatoire.ojd.com/report/visu/obs/20/do/GP_PMAG Archivatum] die 29 Septembris anni 2010 in [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Validissimos apud nuntiorum commentarios, sunt partium sinistrarum ''[[L'Obs]]'', centristicus ''[[L'Express]]'' et partium dexterarum ''[[Le Point]]'' (cum amplius exemplarium 400 000),<ref>(Francice) Observatoire de la Presse, Presse News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100929204512/http://observatoire.ojd.com/report/visu/obs/20/do/GP_NEWS Archivatum] die 29 Septembris anni 2010 in [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> sed maximus exemplarium numerus apud commentarios hebdomadales attingitur televisificis muliebribusque commentariis, apud quos ''[[Marie Claire]]'' et ''[[Elle (commentarius)|Elle]]'' sunt, peregrinas versiones habentes. Validos apud commentarios hebdomadales etiam sunt investigationis satiricique commentarii ''[[Le Canard enchaîné]]'', ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'' non minus quam ''[[Paris Match]]''. Ad instar plerorumque industrializatarum nationum, [[impressio|scripta typis edita]] magnā difficultate praeterito decennio affecta sunt. Anno [[2008]], gubernium praecipium ad impulsum incubuit ut iuvet huic campo ad se emendadum et ad fiendum pecuniarie independentem;<ref>(Anglice) ''The Telegraph'', [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/3125110/Nicolas-Sarkozy-French-media-faces-death-without-reform.html Nicolas Sarkozy: French media faces 'death' without reform]. Die 2 Octobris anni 2008.</ref><ref>(Francice) Francici gubernii propylon, Lancement des états généraux de la presse. [[Archivatum]] die 25 Iunii anni 2010 in [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> sed anno [[2009]] 600 000 [[euro]]num scriptis typis editis dare debuit ut [[crisis oeconomica|crisi oeconomicae]] opponerentur, exsistentia praeter subsidia.<ref>(Anglice) Angelica (Angelique) Chrisafis Lutetiae (die 23 Ianuarii anni 2009). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jan/23/sarkozy-pledges-state-aid-to-newspapers "Sarkozy pledges €600m to newspapers"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. Londinii. Consultum die 21 Iunii anni 2012.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Le Figaro logo.png|thumb|left|alt=masthead of Le Figaro newspaper|''[[Le Figaro]]'' anno 1826 conditum est; multi insignioribus ex auctoribus in Franciā in eius columnis per decennia scripserunt et adhuc praecipuum habetur.<ref>(Anglice) [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Figaro "Le Figaro"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref>]] Anno [[1974]], post annos centralizati monopolii super radiophoniā televisioneque, publica procuratio [[Office de radiodiffusion-télévision française|ORTF]] scissa est aliquot in nationalia instituta, sed iam exsistentes stationes televisificae tres et radiophonicae stationes quattuor penes civitatem manserunt.<ref>(Francice) Radio France, "L'entreprise", [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004341/http://www.radiofrance.fr/lentreprise/reperes/statuts/ Repères].</ref><ref name="Vie Publique">(Francice) [https://www.vie-publique.fr/eclairage Vie Publique, Chronologie de la politique de l'audiovisuel].</ref> Fuit anno [[1981]] cum gubernium liberam emissionem hac in natione sivit, sic finito publico radiophoniae monopolio.<ref name="Vie Publique"/> Francica televisio insequentibus duobus decenniis partim [[Liberatio oeconomica|liberata]] est, creatis aliquot commercialibus stationibus, imprimis gratiā televisionis caplaris satellitalisque. Anno [[2005]], nationalis diakonia Télévision Numérique Terrestre televisionem digitalem totam in nationem introduxit, quod aliarum stationum creationem sivit. Exsistentes nationales stationes quattuor proprietas sunt publicae societatis [[France Télévisions]], cuius pecunia praeconialibus reditibus et permissionum televisificarum tributis suppeditatur. Publica societas emissoria [[Radio France]] nationales radioponicas stationes quinque gerit. Publica apud haec media sunt [[Radio France Internationale]], programmata Francice totum per orbem terrarum emittens, non minus quam Francica-Germanica statio televisifica [[TV5 Monde]]. Anno [[2006]] gubernium universa statio nuntiorum televisificorum [[France 24]] creavit. Longinquae stationes televisificae [[TF1]] (anno 1987 privatizata), [[France 2]] et [[France 3]] maiores spectatorum numeros habet, dum stationes radiophonicae [[RTL]], [[Europe 1]] et publica [[France Inter]] apud minus auditas sunt. == Cultura et artes == [[Fasciculus:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|thumb|left|[[Marianna]] (Francice ''Marianne'') in picturā ''[[Libertas populum ducens]]'', ab [[Eugenius Delacroix|Eugenio Delacroix]].]] Francia multa saecula est sedes [[cultura]]e confectae: multi artifices Francici fuerunt inter celeberrimis eorum temporis, et Francia iam cognoscitur et admirationi est ob suam copiosam [[cultura]]e memoriam. Continua regimina politica [[ars|artis]] fabricationem semper promoverunt, et inauguratio [[Ministerium Culturae (Francia)|Ministerii Culturae]] anno [[1959]] culturale civitatis patrimonium conservare adiuvat et in publicum prodit. Ministerium Culturae subsidia artificibus concedit, culturam Francicam per mundum promovet, ferias et alios [[cultura]]e eventūs sustinet, [[Monumentum historicum|monumenta historica]] tutatur. Praeterea, gubernatio Francica [[exceptio culturae|legitimam culturae exceptionem]] prospere sustentat, ut opera [[audiovisualis|audiovisualia]] intra rem publicam confecta defendat. Francia est civitas quae maximum mundi numerum [[periegesis|peregrinatorum]] quotannis accipit, praecipue ob [[institutum|instituta]] [[cultura]]e et [[aedificium|aedificia]] [[historia|historica]] omnem per terram inserta. Reipublicae sunt circa mille ducenta [[museum|museorum]], quae plusquam quingenties centena milia hominum quotannis invisunt.<ref>Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, "Cultura statistics," [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118171647/http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/culture/deps/2008/pdf/minichiffrescles2010-en.pdf Graves numeri.]</ref> Gravissimi culturae sitūs a gubernatione administrantur, exempli gratiā ab officio publico [[Centrum monumentorum nationalium|Centro monumentorum nationalium]] (Francice ''Centre des monuments nationaux''), quod circa [[centum]] [[monumentum historicum|historica civitatis monumenta]] procurat. Fere 43&thinsp;180 [[aedificium|aedificia]] ut [[monumentum|monumenta]] historica protecta, plerumque domicilia (multa [[castella]]) et [[templum|templa]] religiosa ([[ecclesia cathedralis|cathedrales]], [[basilica|basilicas]], [[ecclesia]]s), sed etiam signa, [[monumentum|lapides memoriales]], et [[hortus|hortos]] comprehendunt. ===Bellae artes=== [[Fasciculus:Claude_Monet_023.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Claudius Monet]] [[Impressionismus|motum impressionisticum]] condidit. (''Femme avec un parasol'', anno [[1886]], in [[Museum Orsay|Museo Orsay]]).]] Primae artificiosae manifestationes [[Praehistoria|Praehistorico]] a tempore, Francocantabrico stilo, oriuntur. [[Renovatio Carolingiana|Carolingianum tempus]] natum scholae [[Manuscriptum illuminatum|illuminatorum]] signat, quae totum [[Medium aevum]] perdurabit et ad culmen perveniet cum [[Manuscriptum illuminatum|illuminatione]] libri ''[[Les très riches heures du duc de Berry]]''. Classici Francici [[saeculum 17|saeculi XVII]] pictores [[Nicolaus Poussin]] et [[Claudius Lorrain]] sunt.<ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica">[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] (ed.). [https://www.britannica.com/place/France/The-fine-arts «The Fine Arts»] (Anglice). Inspectum die [[13 Martii]] anni 2018.</ref> [[Saeculum 18|Saeculo XVIII]] [[Genus conchatum]] praeeminet, cum [[Antonius Watteau|Antonio Watteau]], [[Franciscus Boucher|Francisco Boucher]] et [[Ioannes Honoratus Fragonard|Ioanne Honorato Fragonard]]. Exeunte hoc saeculo, incipit [[Classicismus]] [[Iacobus Ludovicus David|Iacobi Ludovici David]]. In [[Romanticismus|Romanticismo]] peritissimi sunt clari [[Theodorus Géricault]] et [[Eugenius Delacroix]]. [[Realismus (artes)|Realistica]] [[Schola Barbitionensis|Scholae Bartionensis]] (Francice ''École de Barbizon'') [[pictura topiaria]] perrecta est ab artificibus cum realismo testimonialiore de realitate illius temporis sociali, sicuti [[Ioannes Franciscus Millet|Ioanne Francisco Millet]] et [[Gustavus Courbet|Gustavo Courbet]].<ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica"></ref> In Franciā, [[sculptura]] multimodis evoluta est, sed omnibus in generibus eminens: [[Aevum praehistoricum|Praehistorico]], [[Ars Romana|Romano]], [[Ars Romanica|Romanico]], [[Ars Gothica|Gothico]], [[Renascentia litterarum|Anagenetico]]<ref>{{DAEL}}</ref>, [[Barocus|Baroco]] ac [[Genus conchatum|Conchato]], [[Neoclassicismus|Neoclassico]] (ubi eminet [[Fridericus Augustus Bartholdi]] cum ''[[Statua Libertatis|Statuā Libertatis]]''), [[Romanticismus|Romantico]] (ubi eminet [[Augustus Rodin]] cum ''[[Cogitator]]e'') et [[Ars hodierna|Hodierno]].<ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica"></ref> Secundo [[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]] dimidio, Franciae influxus in picturam adhuc maioris ponderis factus est, cum nova sculpturae genera evolverentur sicuti [[Impressionismus]] et [[Symbolismus (artes)|Symbolismus]]. Impressionistas apud pictores in illo tempore clarissimos [[Camillus Pissarro]], [[Eduardus Manet]], [[Edgarus Degas]], [[Claudius Monet]] et [[Petrus Augustus Renoir]] sunt.<ref name="Guide">[https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/learn-about-art/guide-to-impressionism «Guide to Impressionism»]. Nationalgallery.org.uk (Anglice). Inspectum die 22 Iulii anni 2011.</ref> In secundā Impressionistarum pictorum aetate, quoque artificiosarum evolutionum praecursores erant [[Paulus Cézanne]], [[Paulus Gauguin]], [[Henricus de Toulouse-Lautrec]] et [[Georgius Seurat]]; non minus quam [[Fauvismus|Fauvistae]] artifices [[Henricus Matisse]]], [[Andreas Derain]] et [[Mauritius de Vlaminck]].<ref name="NGA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101105195501/http://www.nga.gov/feature/artnation/fauve/index.shtm National Gallery of Art (United States)], (Anglice). Inspectum Idibus Martiis anni 2018.</ref><ref name="RFI">(Francice) RFI, Vlaminck, version fauve. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010120345/http://www.rfi.fr/culturefr/articles/098/article_63189.asp Archivatum] die 10 Octobris anni 2017, in [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Multa [[museum|musea]] in Franciā sculpturis et picturae operibus totim aut partim dedicantur. Ingens antiquorum operum ante aut per [[saeculum 18|XVIII]] creatorum collectio in [[Museum Luparense|Museo Luparensi]] exhibetur, sicuti pictura ''[[Iucunda]]'', usitatissime ''Mona Lisa'' appellata. Dum [[Lupara (palatium)|Palatium Luparense]] diu museum fuit; [[Museum Orsay]] anno [[1986]] antiquā in [[statio ferriviaria|statione ferriviariā]] inauguratum est, ut denuo ordinarentur magnae nationales artis collectiones et Francicae secundi [[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]] dimidii picturae, praesertim motuum Impressionismi et Fauvismi, congregarentur.<ref name="Orsay">(Francice et Anglice) [https://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr Musée d'Orsay (official website), History of the museum – From station to museum]. Inspectum die 14 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> [[Ars moderna|Moderna opera]] in [[Museum nationale Artis modernae|Museo nationali Artis modernae]] (Francice ''Musée national d'Art moderne'') exhibentur, cuius domicilium anno [[1976]] immutatum est in [[Centrum nationale artis et culturae Georgii Pompidou|Centro Pompidou]] (Francice ''Centre Pompidou''). Ista tria publica musea propemodum 17 [[millio]]nes hominum quotannis recipiunt.<ref name="Ministerium Turismi Franciae">(Francice) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511093631/http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/stat_etudes/memento/2009/sites.pdf Ministerium Turismi Franciae]. Inspectum die 14 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> Alia apud nationalia musea picturas continentia [[Magnum Palatium]], cum 1,3 [[millio]]nibus salutatorum, est; sed etiam sunt plurima musea ad urbes pertinentia, apud quae eminet [[Museum Artis modernae Lutetiae]] (Francice ''Musée d'Art moderne de Paris''), cum 800 milibus salutatorum anno 2008, [[Ars hodierna|opera hodierna]] continens.<ref name="Ministerium Turismi Franciae"/> ===Litterae=== {{Vide-etiam|Litterae Franciae}} [[Fasciculus:Molière_-_Nicolas_Mignard_(1658).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Molière]], unus apud [[satura|satiricae]] [[comoedia]]e magistros putatus.]] [[Fasciculus:Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876 - full.jpg|upright|left|thumb|[[Victor Hugo]], unus clarissimos apud viros in [[Litterae|litteris]] Franciae, cuius solletia cum eā [[Ludovicus Camonius|Camonii]] et eā [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperii]] confertur.]] [[Litterae Franciae]] antiquissimae originem trahunt a [[medium aevum|medio aevo]], cum [[terra]] quae hodie praesens Francia habetur communem uniformemque sermonem etiam non habebat.<ref>(Anglice) [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]. [https://www.britannica.com/art/French-literature «French literature»]. Inspectum die 15 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> [[Franciscus Rabelaesus]] insignis [[saeculum 16|saeculi sexti decimi]] scriptor Rabelaesus fuit, cuius [[mythistoria]] ''[[Gargantua (Rabelaesus)|Gargantua]]'' clara aestimataque usque ad hodiernum tempus manet. [[Michael Montanus]] alius litterarum Francicarum clarus vir fuit idem per saeculum, cuius celeberrimum opus, ''[[Progymnasmata]]'' (Francice ''Essais''), litterarum genus [[progymnasma]] creavit.<ref>(Anglice) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110525201508/http://www.humanistictexts.org/montaigne.htm "Montaigne."] Humanistictexts.org, inspectum die 15 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> Per [[saeculum 17|saeculum XVII]], [[Domina de La Fayette]] mythistoriam ''[[Principissa Cliviae]]'' (Francice ''La Princesse de Clèves'') anonyme typis edidit, quae una primarum [[mythistoria psychologica|psychologicarum mythistoriarum]] unquam habetur.<ref>(Anglice) [http://www.radiodramareviews.com/id438.html "La Princesse de Cleves by Madame de Lafayette, adapted by Jo Clifford."] Radiodramareviews.com. Pridie Kalendas Martias 2010. Inspectum die 15 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> [[Ioannes Fontana]] est clarissimos apud [[apologus|fabulatores]]<ref>{{DAEL}}</ref> illius temporis, auctor apologorum sicuti ''[[De cicada et formica|De cicadā et formicā]]''. Cuius apologi a Francicorum alumnorum aetatibus disci debuerunt, qui iuvenes ad sapientiam sesumque communem docendos adiuvare credebantur. Quorum quoque aliquot versūs in sermonem cottidianum intraverunt ut proverbia fierent, sicuti "''À l'oeuvre, on connaît l'artisan''", quod significat "In opere, fabrem cognoscimus".<ref>Ioannes Fontana, ''Fables'' (1668–1679), I., 21, Les Frelons et les Mouches à miel; reported in Thomas Benfield Harbottle and Philip Hugh Dalbiac, Dictionary of Quotations (Francice, Italice et Anglice) (1904), p. 1.</ref> [[Ioannes Racine]], cuius mirifica [[versus Alexandrinus|versūs Alexandrini]] et [[lingua Francica|linguae Francicae]] calliditas per saecula laudata est, ludos scaenicos sicuti ''[[Phèdre (Racine)|Phaedra]]'' et ''[[Britannicus (Racine)|Britannicus]]'' creavit. Qui, iuxta cum [[Petrus Cornellius|Petro Cornellio]] (et suo ludo scaenico ''[[Le Cid (Cornellius)|Sidi]]'') et [[Molière]], unus magnos apud tres dramaturgos aetatis aureae Francicae habetur. [[Molière]], qui unus apud maiores [[comoedia]]e scriptores [[litterae|litterarum]] [[Humanus Cultus Occidentalis|Occidentalium]] putatur,<ref>(Anglice) Hartnoll, Phyllis (ed.). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre, 1983, Oxford University Press, p. 554.</ref> [[Ludus scaenicus|fabularum scaenicarum]] decusses scripsit, apud quas excellunt ''[[Le Misanthrope ou l'Atrabilaire amoureux|Misanthropus]]'', ''[[Avarus]]'', ''[[Le Malade imaginaire|Aeger simulatus]]'' et ''[[Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme|Burgensis Vir Nobilis]]''. Cuius fabulae scaenicae sic populares in toto orbe terrarum sunt ut lingua Francica aliquando "lingua de Molière" appelletur.<ref>(Anglice) Randall, Colinus (Colin) (25 Octobris anni 2004). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1475046/France-looks-to-the-law-to-save-the-language-of-Moliere.html «France looks to the law to save the language of Molière»]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Londinii. Inspectum die 19 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> Litterae et [[poësis]] Francicae vel magis [[saeculum 18|saecula XVIII]] et [[saeculum 19|XIX]] floruerunt. Clarissima [[Dionysius Diderotus|Dionysii Dideroti]] opera ''[[Jacques le fataliste|Iacobus fatalista]]'' et ''[[Le neveu de Rameau|Nepos de Rameau]]'' sunt. Nihilominus, is clarior est quia fuit praecipuus scriptor ''[[Encyclopédie|Encyclopaediae]]'', cuius propositum erat omnia eius saeculi cognita (in campis sicuti artibus, scientiis. linguis aut philosophiā) colligi et vulgo exponi ut [[ignorantia]]e et [[obscurantismus|obscurantismo]] obstetur. Idem per saeculum, [[Carolus Perraultius]] prolificus insginium [[Fabella puerilis|fabellarum puerilium]] scriptor fuit, apud quas excellunt ''[[:fr:Le_Maître_chat_ou_le_Chat_botté|Catto Cothurnato]]'', ''[[Cinerella]]'', ''[[:fr:La_Belle_au_bois_dormant|Bella Puella in Silva Sopita]]'', ''[[:fr:Le_Petit_Poucet|Polliculo]]'', ''[[:fr:La_Barbe_bleue|Barba Caerulea]]'' aut ''[[Lacernella Rubra]]''. Ineunte [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]], [[poësis]] [[Symbolismus (artes)|symbolistica]] praecipuus motus in litteris Francicis erat, cum poëtis sicuti [[Carolus Baudelaire|Carolo Baudelaire]], [[Paulus Verlaine|Paulo Verlaine]] et [[Stephanus Mallarmé|Stephano Mallarmé]].<ref>(Francice) [https://web.archive.org/web/20180307192737/http://users.skynet.be/litterature/symbolisme/symbolismefrancais.htm Le symbolisme français]. Archivatum Nonnis Martiis anni 2018, in [[Wayback Machine]]. Inspectum die 20 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> [[Saeculum 19|Saeculo undevicensimo]], orti sunt plurimi egregii auctores Francici. [[Victor Hugo]] pluries "maximus Francicus scriptor omnium temporum" describitur quia eminuit omnibus in [[Genus litterarum|generibus litterarum]].<ref>(Francice). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130723121408/http://www.lecavalierbleu.com/images/30/extrait_75.pdf «Victor Hugo est le plus grand écrivain français»] (PDF). Archivatum ex originali PDF die 23 Iulii anni 2013 in [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Cuius [[ludus scaenicus|ludi scaenici]] ''[[Cromwell (Hugo)|Cromwell]]'' prooemium praeconium [[Romanticismus|motūs Romantici]] putatur. ''[[Les contemplations|Contemplationes]]'' et ''[[La légende des siècles|Legenda saeculorum]]'' poëtica summa opera putantur.<ref name="Enotes">[https://www.enotes.com/topics/victor-hugo/critical-essays/hugo-victor «Victor Hugo 1802–1885»]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Enotes.com''. Inspectum die 20 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> Victoris Hugo [[versiculus]] cum eo [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Gulielmi Shakesperii]], [[Dantes Alagherius|Dantis Alagherii]], et [[Homerus|Homeri]] collatus est.<ref name="Enotes"></ref> Cuius [[mythistoria]] ''[[Les misérables|Miseri]]'' valde putatur una maiores apud mythistorias iam scriptas.<ref>(Anglice). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180318194508/http://www.adherents.com/people/100_novel.html «All-Time 100 Best Novels List»]. ''Adherents.com''. Inspectum die 20 Aprilis anni 2022. Archivatum die 18 Martii anni 2018 in [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> [[Praemium Goncourt]] Francicum litterarum praemium anno [[1903]] creatum est.<ref>(Francice). [https://www.academiegoncourt.com/?article=1229174089 La première Académie Goncourt]. Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2022 – [https://www.academiegoncourt.com/ Site officiel de l'Académie Goncourt] Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> Praecipuos apud [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] scriptores, [[Marcellus Proust]], [[Ludovicus Ferdinandus Céline]], [[Albertus Camus]] et [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre]] sunt. [[Antonius de Saint-Exupéry]] opus ''[[Regulus (Saint-Exupéry)|Regulus]]'' scripsit, quod per decennia apud pueros adultosque in toto orbe terrarum pervulgatum mansit.<ref>(Anglice) [https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232031/http://www.completelynovel.com/books/50599 «The Little Prince»]. ''Completelynovel.com''. Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2022. Exemplar archivatum pridie Kalendas Octobres anni 2018.</ref> Francia magis [[Praemium Nobelianum litterarum|Praemio Nobeliano Litterarum laureatos scriptores]] quam quaevis alia natio habet.<ref name="Modiano">(Anglice). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141018105721/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/141009/modiano-strengthens-frances-literature-nobel-dominance Modiano strengthens France's literature Nobel dominance]. Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2022. Exemplar archivatum die 18 Octobris anni 2014 in [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Primus Praemio Nobeliano Litterarum laureatus Francicus fuit, dum ultimus Francicus Nobeliano Litterarum laureatus [[Patricius Modiano]] fuit, qui hoc praemium anno [[2014]] accepit.<ref name="Modiano"></ref> [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre]] etiam primus candidatus in [[Consilium Nobelianum Sueticum|Consilii Nobeliani]]<ref>{{DAEL}}.</ref> historiā fuit qui hoc praemium abnuit.<ref name="Modiano"></ref> ===Musica=== [[Fasciculus:DaftAlive.jpeg|thumb|[[Daft Punk]], [[musica domestica Francica|musicae domesticae Francicae]] (Francice ''French touch'' sive ''French house'') praenuntii.]] Francicā in [[musica|musicā]], post ante annum [[1000]], eminuit [[cantus Gregorianus]] quo [[liturgia]]e utebantur. In Franciā [[polyphonia]] creata est. Nuncupatā in [[Ars antiqua|Arte antiquā]], [[Carolus Magnus|Carolo Magno]] [[Schola cantorum|scholae cantorum]] tributae sunt anno [[783]]. ''[[Sacramenta Argentoratensia]]'' Francicum lyricum opus est maximi ponderis in [[Medium aevum|Medio aevo]], cum evoluta sunt [[carmen epicum|carmina epica]] sicuti ''[[La Chanson de Roland|Carmen Rolandi]]''.<ref>(Francice et Anglice). [https://books.google.es/books?id=Iy66sWy4-QMC&pg=PR1&dq=%22la+chanson+de+roland%22+student&lr=&redir_esc=y&hl=es#v=twopage&q&f=false La Chanson De Roland: Oxford Text and English Translation]. (Fracica Editio) (v. 1) a Gerardo J. Brault (1984).</ref> Francia [[trobator]]um<ref>De vocabulo "trobator" vide [https://archive.org/stream/RevistaLusitana21/Revista_Lusitana_21_djvu.txt Revista Lusitana], ubi dicitur "(...) Stephanus Gomecij Aluazilis. Johannes Martinj miles dictus Trobator(...)"; "(...) et omnibus aliis que fuerunt Martini suerii trobatoris in villa in terminis de Riuuolo maiori (...)".</ref> cunabula in [[saeculum 12|saeculo XII]] fuit, non minus quam [[Ars nova|Artis novae]] posteriorum saeculorum.<ref>(Anglice). Duffin, Ross W. [ttps://books.google.es/books?id=z9xDFnIMRssC&pg=PA190&dq="ars+nova"&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1980&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=2009&as_brr=3&hl=pt-BR&cd=4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q="ars nova"&f=false ''A Performer's Guide to Medieval Music'']. Indiana University Press, 2000. p. 190.</ref> Per [[Romanticismus|Romanticismum]], [[Lutetia]] musicale in centrum in toto orbe terrarum mutata est et, in praesenti, Francia privilegiatum locum in musicalis creationis campo servat gratiā novarum aetatum [[compositor]]um. Clarissimos apud Francicae [[Musica popularis|musicae popularis]] cantores, excellunt [[Editha Piaf]], [[Mireille Mathieu|Mirella Mathieu]], [[Dalida]], [[Carolus Aznavour]], [[Vanessa Paradis]], [[Sergius Gainsbourg]] et [[Gilbertus Bécaud]].<ref>(Anglice). Sweeney, Regina M. (2001). ''Singing Our Way to Victory: French Cultural Politics and Music During the Great War'', Wesleyan University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8195-6473-7.</ref> ===Architectura=== [[Fasciculus:Ste Chapelle Basse s.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sancta Capella|Sanctae Capellae]] (Francice ''Sancte-Chapelle'') tectum a [[Ludovicus IX (rex Francorum)|Ludovico IX]].]] Quod ad [[architectura]]m attinet, [[Celtae]] sua vestigia etiam reliquerunt cum [[Monolithus|monolithi]] et [[megalithus|megalithi]] erecti essent; non minus quam [[Graeci|Graecorum]] praesentia a [[saeculum 6 a.C.n.|saeculo VI a.C.n.]], quae hodie commemoratur classicā in [[Massilia]]e hereditate. [[Architectura Romana]] exempla habet [[Maison carrée|Domum quadratam]] (Francice ''Maison Carrée''), templum [[Romani antiqui|Romanum]] inter annos [[161 a.C.n.|161]] et [[138 a.C.n.]] aedificatum; aut [[Pons Gardi|Pontem Gardi]] (Francice ''Pont du Gard''), inter annos [[40]] et [[60]] constructum [[Nemausus|Nemausi]] et patrimonium universale anno [[1985]] indicatum. In Franciā inventum est [[opus francigenum]], expressum in [[Ecclesia cathedralis|cathedralibus]] sicuti [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Carnotensis|Carnotensi]], [[Ambianum|Ambianensi]], [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Nostrae Dominae Parisiensis|Nostrae Dominae Parisiensi]] et [[Argentoratum|Argentoratensi]].<ref name="Widewalls">(Anglice). Widewalls (ed.). [https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine «The Evolution of French Architectute»]. Inspectum die 28 Aprilis anni 2022.</ref> [[Renascentia litterarum|Renascentia]], in [[Italia|Italiā]] orta, architectonice indicatur optimo modo in [[Castellum Blesarum|Castello Blesarum]] (Francice ''Château de Blois'') aut [[Castellum Fontis Bleaudi|Castello Fontis Bleaudi]] (Francice ''Château de Fontainebleau'') inter alia. [[Barocus|Ars Baroca]], quoque in Italiā orta, et [[Genus conchatum|Genus Conchatum]], in Franciā inventum, splendida opera in Franciā habent. Apud quae, [[Museum Luparense]] et [[Pantheon Parisiense]] inter alia.<ref name="Widewalls"></ref> [[Modernismus]] in architecturā totum [[saeculum 19|saeculum XIX]] et [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] initium comprehendit, et [[Gustavus Eiffel]] architectonicas sui temporis theoriam praxinque permutavit in construendis colossaeis pontibus et in utendo materiis sicuti [[chalybs|chalybe]]. Celeberrimum cuius opus [[Turris Eiffeliana]] est. Alius universalis architecturae vir clarus est [[Le Corbusier]], innovator et [[functionalismus (architectura)|functionalista]] praesertim celeber urbanisticas propter contributiones aedificandis domiciliis et synthesibus habitationalibus.<ref name="Widewalls"></ref> ===Cinematographia=== [[Fasciculus:Cannes 2018 10.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Festival de Cannes|Festi Canuae]] [[tapetum purpureum]] anno [[2018]].]] [[Cinematographia]], a [[Fratres Lumière|fratribus Lumière]] anno [[1895]] [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] inventa, ponderis negotium in Franciā est, non obstante [[Ruscisilva|Aquifoliensi]] aemulatione, et in toto orbe terrarum. Anno [[2005]], Francia sexta effectrix cinematographica erat in mundo et prima Europaea effectrix [[Pellicula diutina|pellicularum diutinarum]].<ref name="Regourd">(Francice) Sergii Regourd, ''L’exception culturelle'', Lutetiae, PUF, 2004.</ref> Haec vitalitas Francicā [[exceptio culturalis|exceptionis culturalis]] ratione servatur, quae, verbi gratiā, Francicarum pellicularum per [[televisio]]nem missarum portionibus ostenditur.<ref name="Regourd"></ref> Quoque exprimitur eximia per eventūs sicuti per [[Praemium César|Caesares]] (Francice ''Les César''), per [[Praemium Lumière|Praemia Lumière]] et [[Festival de Cannes|Ferias internationales cinematographiae]], [[Canua]]e anniversarie dispositas, quae est culturalis eventus vulgatissinus in toto orbe terrarum.<ref>(Anglice) Dionysii Lim, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/arts/16iht-lim16.html?_r=1 «They'll Always Have Cannes»], [[The New York Times]], Idibus Maiis anni 2012.</ref> Abusque annis centum exsistens, cinematographia Francica revelatur locuples plurimis [[Dispositor cinematographicus|dispositoribus]] (apud quos [[Georgius Méliès]], [[Ioannes Lucas Godard]], [[Lucas Besson]]...), plurimis [[histrio]]nibus (apud quos [[Ioannes Marais]], [[Ludovicus de Funès]], [[Gerardus Depardieu]], [[Etheldreda Tautou]]...) et plurimis pelliculis effectis (apud quas ''[[Les Misérables (pellicula anni 1958)|Les Misérables]]'', ''[[La Grande Vadrouille]]'', ''[[Emmanuelle (pellicula)|Emmanuelle]]'', ''[[Le Grand Bleu]]'', ''[[Intouchables (pellicula)|Intouchables]]''...). Nihilominus, abusque [[anni 1980|annis 1980]], magna effectarum pellicularun pars in speciali in comoedias (sicuti ''[[Le dîner de cons]]'', ''[[Les Visiteurs]]'', ''[[Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis]]''...) et in pelliculas auctoris (sicuti ''[[La Haine]]'', ''[[Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain]]'', ''[[The Artist]]''...) flexit. <gallery mode="packed" caption="Praestantes cinematographiae Francicae homines"> Fasciculus:Fratelli Lumiere.jpg|[[Fratres Lumière]]. Fasciculus:George Melies.jpg|[[Georgius Méliès]]. Fasciculus:Louis de Funès — L'Homme orchestre (1970) (recadré).jpg|[[Ludovicus de Funès]]. Fasciculus:Jean-Luc Godard at Berkeley, 1968.jpg|[[Ioannes Lucas Godard]]. Fasciculus:Catherine Deneuve Berlinale 2017.jpg|[[Catharina Deneuve]]. Fasciculus:Gérard Depardieu avp 2016 3.jpg|[[Gerardus Depardieu]]. Fasciculus:Isabelle Adjani Cannes 2018.jpg|[[Isabella Adjani]]. Fasciculus:Isabelle Huppert Cannes 2018.jpg|[[Isabella Huppert]]. Fasciculus:Audrey Tautou janvier 2016.jpg|[[Etheldreda Tautou]]. Fasciculus:Marion Cotillard at 2019 Cannes.jpg|[[Mariana Cotillard]]. Fasciculus:Christophe Lambert et Jean Dujardin (Cropped).jpg|[[Ioannes Dujardin]]. Fasciculus:Jean-Paul Belmondo Cannes 2011.jpg|[[Ioannes Paulus Belmondo]] Fasciculus:Alain Delon en Janvier 2011.jpg|[[Alanus Delon]] Fasciculus:Yves Montand Cannes.jpg|[[Ivo Montand]] Fasciculus:Lino Ventura — Il Re di Poggioreale.jpg|[[Lino Ventura]] Fasciculus:François truffaut.jpg|[[Franciscus Truffaut]] </gallery> Per [[COVID-19 pandemia|sanitatis discrimen]] in Franciā, Civitas duo [[milliardum|milliarda]] euronum iterum concessit ut sustentarentur culturales sectores. Die [[28 Augusti]] anni 2020, Primus minister [[Ioannes Castex]] 165 [[millio]]nes euronum ad sustentandam cinematographicam creationem cogitatorum duorum milliardorum euronum dandos esse nuntiavit. Praeterea, 432 milliones euronum iam destinati erant ad iuvandum spectaculi in vivo sectorem.<ref>(Francice) [https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2020/08/28/jean-castex-annonce-un-soutien-de-165-millions-d-euros-a-la-creation-cinematographique_6050256_3246.html «Jean Castex annonce un soutien de 165 millions d’euros à la création cinématographique»], in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (Inspectum die 28 Augusti anni 2020).</ref> ===Moda=== {{double image|left|Robe lacroix arles 2008.jpg|130|Chanel Haute Couture Fall-Winter 2011.jpg|295|[[Christianus Lacroix|Christiani Lacroix]] et [[Chanel]] ostensio.}} [[Moda]] ponderis industria in Franciā abusque [[saeculum 17|saeculo XVII]] et est adhuc hodie praecipua res vectoria culturae Francicae peregre. Ineunte [[saeculum 21|saeculo XXI]], [[Lutetia]] sibi [[caput modae|caput mundanum modae]] vindicat (tamquam [[Londinium]], [[Mediolanum]] et [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novum Eboracum]])<ref>(Francice) Carinae Bizet, [https://www.lemonde.fr/fashion-week/article/2016/03/07/les-stylistes-celebrent-l-art-de-vivre_4877723_1824875.html «Mode : Paris restera toujours Paris»], ''[[Le Monde]]'',‎ die 5 Martii anni 2016.</ref><ref>(Francice) Paschalis Morand, «La France a du mal à assumer sa supériorité dans les domaines de la mode et du luxe», ''[[Le Monde]]'',‎ die [[28 Septembris]] anni 2016.</ref> et praecipuas artificum vestiariorum sedes colligit. [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovico XIV]] rege,<ref>Kelly, 181. DeJean, capita de 2 in 4.</ref> cum bonorum luxuriosorum industriae penes regem erant, Francia praepollens munus in modā adepta est. Regia Francica exquisiti iudicii elegantiaeque arbiter in Europā tunc paulatim facta est, [[saeculum 18|saeculo XVIII]]. Inter annos 1860 et 1960, summa vestificina novam dynamicam inspiravit. Enuntiatum "[[summa vestificina]]"<ref>Vide lemma "''alta costura''" apud "''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno''" auctoris Iosephi (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.</ref> (Francice ''haute couture'') [[Lutetia]]e ortum est et originem trahit ab [[anni 1860|annis 1860]]. Hoc nomen lege protegitur, quod aliquas bonitatis normas exclusivitatemque testatur. Per [[anni 1960|annos 1960]], summa vestificina, nimis elitistica putata, [[Cultura popularis|culturā iuvenium]] vituperatur. Anno [[1966]], vestifex<ref>Vide lemma "''modisto''" apud "''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno''" auctoris Iosephi (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.</ref> [[Ivo Saint Laurent]] statutas normas rupit cum [[vestis prompta|vestem promptam]]<ref>{{DAEL}}</ref> (Francice ''prêt-à-porter'') protulisset, quod ut moda Francica serialiter fabricaretur fecit. Inter annos [[1970]] et [[1980]], [[Sonia Rykiel]], [[Theodoricus Mugler]], [[Claudius Montana]], [[Ioannes Paulus Gaultier]] et [[Christianus Lacroix]] recentissimos mores instituerunt, vi tribuendā rationi negotiatoriae fabricationique. [[Anni 1990|Annis 1990]], constituta sunt [[conglomeratum (oeconomia)|conglomerata]] congregandis aliquot Francicis vestificinis praesertim cum celeberrimis luxuriae societatibus [[LVMH]], [[Kering]] et [[L'Oréal]]. Ineuntibus [[anni 2020|annis 2020]], Francicus sector unguentarius, totim ineunti [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] a [[Franciscus Coty|Francisco Coty]] industrializatus, praepollens in toto orbe terrarum redditus est. ===Coquina=== [[Fasciculus:Qatar inaugural (5407424518).jpg|thumb|[[Vinum Campanicum|Vini Campanici]] [[Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin]] lagonae.]] [[Coquina]] Francica magnā existimatione fruitur, praecipue agricolaria propter producta optima: innumera [[Vinum Gallicum|vina]] ([[Vinum Campanicum|Campanicum]], [[Vinum Burdigalense|Burdigalense]], [[Vinum Burgundicum|Burgundicum]] aut [[Vinum Alsaticum|Alsaticum]] inter alia) et [[Casei Francici|caseos]] ([[Caseus Roquefortensis|Roquefortensem]], [[Camembert]]i inter alios)<ref>(Anglice) «Top 10 Most Tasty Cuisines in the World», in ''trifter.com'' (inspectum die 14 Iunii anni 2010).</ref><ref>(Anglice) (en) Dave Emery, «Top 10 Most Tasty Cuisines in the World», in ''hotelclub.com'' (inspectum die 14 Iunii anni 2010).</ref>; et excellentem propter gastronomiam quae a [[saeculum 18|saeculo XVIII]] colitur.<ref name="Dumay">(Francice) Raimundi Dumay (cum praefatione Ioannis Claudii Pirotte), ''De la gastronomie française'', Lutetiae, La Table Ronde, coll. « La petite Vermillon », 2009, 211 p. (ISBN 978-2-710-33137-7).</ref> [[Fasciculus:Demi Castelviel Gabriel Coulet.jpg|thumb|Ofella [[Caseus Roquefortensis|casei Roquefortensis]], unius celeberrimos apud [[Casei Francici|caseos Francicos]].]] Coquina Francica valde varia est. Quae essentialiter constituitur regionalibus specialitatibus<ref>{{DAEL}}</ref>.<ref name="Dumay"></ref>, apud quas excellunt [[caulistrum]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/mittelhochdeuts02ziemgoog/mittelhochdeuts02ziemgoog_djvu.txt Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch zum Handgebrauch], ubi dicitur "eingemacktes sauerkraut (caulistrum".</ref> Alsatianum (Francice ''choucroute alsacienne''), [[quiche Lotharingiensis]]<ref name="Quiche">Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum,, auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "*'''Quiche''', ''f quiche, es, f'' [2021]; ''scriblita friabilis, f'' [2002] {cibus Francogallicus} *'''~ Lorraine''', f ''quiche Lotharingiensis, f ''[2021]; ''scriblita friabilis Lotharingiensis, f'' [2002]".</ref> (Francice ''quiche lorraine''), [[rillettae]]<ref>Vocabulum e Francico ''rillettes'' mutuatum.</ref> [[Cenomanum|Cenomanenses]] (Francice ''rillettes du Mans''), [[bubula Burgundiensis]]<ref>Vocabulum e Francico ''bœuf bourguignon'' translatum.</ref> (Francice ''bœuf bourguignon''), [[ficatum]]<ref>Vide "ficatum" in [https://latin-words.com/ ''William Whitaker Latin Dictionary''].</ref> Petrocoriense <ref name="Périgord">Vide "Perigord" in [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0946a.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann].</ref> (Francice ''foie gras périgourdin''), [[olla phaseoli linguadociensis]]<ref>Vide "cassoulet" in [http://www.josephsusanka.com/adumbratio ''Adumbratio''], quamquam vox "linguadociensis" in locum vocis "Aquitanus" substituitur.</ref> (Francice ''cassoulet languedocien''), [[sampsa Narbonensis]]<ref>Vide [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapenade articulum "Tapenade" Vicipaediae Francicae in parte "Historique"]. De adiectivo "Narbonensis" vide "Provenzal" apud "''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno''" auctoris Iosephi (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.</ref> (Francice ''tapenade provençale'') aut [[glomera Lugdunensia]]<ref name="Glomus">Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum,, auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "'''Knödel''', m ''glomus, eris, n'' [vet.; GHL I,2943]; ''globulus, i, m'' [vet.; LEA p.315; KLW p.361,1; GHL I,2942]; ''globus, i, m'' [vet.; LMG p.347,2; KLW p.361,1; GHL I,2942]; ''pastillus convolutus, m'' [NLL p.211,1] {cibus}. '''Quenelles''' transfertur in Theodiscam linguam ''Knödel''.</ref> (Francice ''quenelles lyonnaises''). Veri limites culinarii designari possunt inter septemtrionem [[butyrum|butyro]] ac [[ascalonia|ascaloniā]] utentem et meridiem [[Oleum (generale)|oleo]] ac [[Allium sativum|allio]] utentem;<ref name="Dumay"></ref> interque regiones terrenā cum coquinā (sicuti [[Petrocorii|Petrocorios]]<ref name="Périgord"></ref>) et alias maritimā cum alterā (sicuti [[Comitatus Provinciae|Provinciam]]).<ref name="Dumay"></ref> Attamen, hae dissimilitudines hodie ad evanescendum pronae sunt, propter coniunctionem modorum vivendi et controversum [[Cibus promptus|cibi prompti]] impetum non minus quam modam [[globalizatio|globalizatae]] coquinae.<ref name="Dumay"></ref> Magnam praeter suam traditionem [[viticultura]]lem, Francia etiam praecipua natio [[cervesia]]e productoria est. Praecipuae [[Braxatorium|braxatoriae]] regiones in Franciā [[Alsatia]] (cum 60% nationalis fabricationis), [[Septentrio et Fretum]] et [[Lotharingia (regio Franciae recentior)|Lotharingia]] sunt. [[Coquina Francica]] anno [[2020]] in [[Patrimonium mundanum immaterialem|repraesentativum Patrimonii mundani immaterialis indicem]] ab [[Unesco]]ne inscripta est.<ref>(Francice, Anglice, Arabice, Sinice, Hispanice et Russice) ''La Liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité s’enrichit de 46 nouveaux éléments''.</ref> [[Epulum]] praesertim e promulside, epuli capite et tragemate (quod aliquando a caseo, antea apposito, completur) consistit. Vespere, pro promulside crebro subsituitur [[potagium]] aut [[iuscellum]] (Francice ''soupe'', e quo nomen ''souper'' Francice [[cena]]e). [[Dies solis|Dominicum]] epulum elaboratius est: duae promulsides (altera frigida altera calida), assum [[bubula]]e aut [[Aves cohortales|avium cohortalium]] (vulgissime), [[acetaria]], patera caseorum et tragema. [[Prandium|Prandii]] horae e [[meridies|meridiē]] Septemtrioni et Orienti, ad primam horam Mediae Franciae et ad primam horam et dimidium Austro fluctuantur; et cenae horae e sextā decimā horā et dimidio [[Flandria Francica|Flandriae]] ad undevicesimam et dimidium Mediae Franciae et vicesimam et dimidium Austro fluctuantur. ===Artes athleticae=== [[Fasciculus:TourDeFrance 2005 07 09.jpg|thumb|[[Circuitus Franciae]] est veterrimus et inlustrissimus ex [[Circuitus Grandis (birotatio)|Circuitibus Grandibus]], et celeberrimum orbis terrarum certamen [[birotatio]]nis.<ref>[http://www.uciprotour.com/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTcxNw&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=34028&LangId=1 De UCI Pro-Tour]</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:France champion of the Football World Cup Russia 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Turmae Nationalis Francicae]] [[pediludium|pedilusores]] [[15 Iulii|Idibus Iuliis]] [[Moscua]]e [[Certamen mundanum pedilusorium (2018)|Certaminis mundani pedilusorii calicem anno 2018]] levabant.]] Francia antiquā lusoriā traditione et magnā superiorum disciplinarum varietate pingitur. Haec natio praecipuo munere in instruendis hodiernis artibus athleticis<ref>Fuit [[Lutetia]]e ubi convenit primus congressus olympicus anno [[1894]], dirigente Francogallicus [[Petrus de Coubertin]], qui [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympia]] revivificari decrevit.</ref> et in victorum indice fungitur, ex exeunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]]. Cum [[Medalia|medaliarum]] 840 (714 [[Olympia (certamina)|aestate]], 124 [[Olympia hiemalia|hieme]]) obtentarum summā, Francia est quinta natio plurimis cum [[Olympionices|olympionicis]] in [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympiorum]] historiā. [[Ars gladii]] et [[birotatio]] disciplinae sont cum quibus Francia maxima est titulo decorata natio (cum respective Olympicis titulis 44 et 41 post [[Olympia hiemalia 2010|Olympia hiemalia anni 2010]] [[Vancuverium|Vancuverii]]).<ref>(Anglice) [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sports-reference.com%2Folympics%2Fsports%2F «Olympic Sports»], inspectum die 20 Septembris anni 2010).</ref> [[Lutetia]] Olympia aestiva annis [[Olympia aestiva 1900|1900]] et [[Olympia aestiva 1924|1924]] recepit; et denuo ter recipiet [[Olympia aestiva 2024|2024]].<ref name="COI">(Francice, Anglice, Theodisce, Italice, Lusice, Hispanice, Sinice, Arabice, Hindice, Coreane, Russice) [https://olympics.com/fr/olympic-games «Jeux Olympiques | Jeux d'Ete et d'Hiver, Futurs et Passés»], in [[Consilium Olympicum internationale|Consilio Olympico internationali]], Idibus Septembribus anni 2017 (inspectum die 27 Maii anni 2022).</ref> Francia etiam [[Olympia hiemalia]] ter accepit: [[Campus Munitus|Campi Muniti]] anno [[Olympia hiemalia 1924|1924]], [[Gratianopolis|Gratianopoli]] anno [[1968 Olympia Hiemalia|1968]] et [[Oblimum|Oblimi]] anno [[Olympia hiemalia 1992|1992]].<ref name="COI"></ref> Alias apud insignes honores, Francia [[Certamen mundanum pedilusorium]] bis, [[Certamen Calicis Davis|Certamen Calicem Davis]] decies et quoque [[Certamen 6 Nationum]] vicibus 25 obtinuit. Secundum Ministerium Artium Athleticarum (Francice ''Ministère des Sports''), anno [[2010]], 69% hominum amplius annos quindecim natorum artem athleticam saltem semel per hebdomadem in Franciā exercebant. [[Ambulatio]], [[natatio]] et [[birotatio]] praecipuae declaratae activitates physicae erant. Anno [[2016]], Francicarum consociationum athleticarum summa 16 102 957 adscriptos habebat, e quibus 37,5% [[femina]]e erant. Anno [[2017]], exercitatissimas apud artes athleticas in Franciā erant: [[pediludium]] (cum 2 135 193 adscriptorum, e quibus 5,7 % feminae), [[teniludus]] (cum 1 052 127 adscriptorum, e quibus 29,1 % feminae), [[equitatio]] (cum 673 026 adscriptorum, e quibus 82,9 % feminae), [[iudo]] (cum 552 815 adscriptorum, e quibus 26,7 % feminae), [[canistriludium]] (cum 513 727 adscriptorum, e quibus 36 % feminae), [[manufollium]] (cum 513 194 adscriptorum, e quibus 35,8 % feminae) et [[pilamalleus]] (cum 407 569 adscriptorum, e quibus 27,8 % feminae).<ref>(Francice) Institutum nationale iuventutis et educationis popularis, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20221008034828/https://www.sports.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/chiffres_cles_du_sport_2017.pdf Les chiffres-clés du sport, Ministère de la Ville, de la Jeunesse et des Sports]'', Martio anni 2017, 15 p.).</ref> Paene septem [[millio]]nes Francorum [[nartatio]]nem singulis hiemibus exercent, creberrime extra quidvis institutum athleticum.<ref>(Francice) [https://www.linternaute.com/sport/pratique/1094502-les-sports-qui-comptent-le-plus-de-licencies/1094504-badminton «no 19: le ski»], in ''linternaute.com'', Septembre anni 2008 (inspectum 29 Maii anni 2022).</ref> Francica area nartatoria anno [[2015]] area frequentatissima in toto orbe terrarum erat, post eas [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] et [[Austria]]e.<ref>[«Ski: la France championne du monde» ], in ''[[Le Figaro]]'', die 23 Septembris anni 2015 (inspectum 29 Maii anni 2022).</ref> Anno [[2013]], impensa nationalis artibus athleticis e 38,1 [[Milliardum|milliardis]] [[euro]]num consistebat, quorum dimidium erat administrationis publicae curā, scilicet 1,8% e [[PDG]]. Anno [[2015]], privata artium athleticarum pars in Franciā 124 286 [[opifex|opificum]] conducebat. Quotannis, Ministerium artium athleticarum circiter 12 000 diplomatum athleticorum expedit, e quibus paene 8 000 [[Brevetum professionale iuventutis, educationis popularis et artium athleticarum|breveta professionale iuventutis, educationis popularis et artium athleticarum]] (Francice ''brevet professionnel de la jeunesse, de l'éducation populaire et du sport'' seu ''BP JEPS'') sunt.<ref name="Natura">(Francice) «Chiffres clés», in ''Natura 2000'' (inspectum die 6 Iunii anni 2018).</ref> [[Certamen tenilusorium Rolandi Garros|Certamen tenilusorium internationale Rolandi Garros]], [[Lutetia]]e, et [[Circuitus Franciae]] [[Birotatio|birotarius]] sunt anniversarii ponderis eventūs, sicuti contingentes eventūs ut [[Campionatus pedilusorius Europaeus]] anni [[2016]]. Francia quoque magis magisque [[disportus electronicus|disportū electronico]] commovetur. Anno [[2016]], secundum [[Manuel Valls|Manuelis Valls]] gubernium consociationem France Esports creavit. Anno [[2018]], quinque [[millio]]nes Francogallorum saltem unum disportūs electronici certamen iam spectaverant et 930 000 iam participaverant.<ref>(Francice) [https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2018/09/26/20004-20180926ARTFIG00292-5-millions-de-francais-regardent-des-competitions-d-e-sport.php «5 millions de Français regardent des compétitions d'e-sport»], apud ''[[Le Figaro]]'', die 26 Septembris anni 2018 (inspectum pridie Nonas Iulias anni 2022).</ref> Franciae est una operosissimas apud disportūs electronici organizationes in totā Europā et in toto orbe terrarum, consociatio [[Team Vitality]]. Praeter [[Vexillum Franciae|vexilli]] colores, foederationes disportivae Francogallicae etiam [[gallus|gallo]] utuntur sicut symbolo, quamquam publicum symbolum non est.<ref>(Francice) [https://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-coq «Le coq»], in sitū interretiali [[Palatium Elysii|Elysii]] (inspectum pridie Nonas Iulias anni 2022).</ref> ===Feriae et dies festi=== Index dierum festorum, qui totā in Franciā celebrantur. {| class="wikitable zebra" |- | 1 Ianuarii || Primus incipientis anni dies (Francice ''Jour de l’An''). |- | [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Feria secunda Paschae]] || (Francice ''Lundi de Pâques''). |- | 1 Maii || [[Dies Laboris]] (Francice ''Fête du travail''). |- | 8 Maii || Dies victoriae (Francice ''Fête de la Victoire''), deditio Germaniae Nazisticae anno 1945 subscripta. |- | [[Ascensio Domini]] || (Francice ''Jour de l’Ascension''). |- | [[Pentecostes|Feria Secunda Pentecostes]] || (Francice ''Lundi de Pentecôte''). |- | 14 Iulii || Dies festus nationis (Francice ''Fête nationale'') vel dies festus foederationis (Francice ''Fête de la fédération''), quo impetus in [[Bastilia|Bastiliam]] carcerem anno [[1789]] memoratur. |- | 15 Augusti || [[Assumptio Beatae Mariae Virginis]] (Francice ''Assomption''). |- | 1 Novembris || [[Sollemnitas Omnium Sanctorum]] (Francice ''Toussaint''). |- | 11 Novembris || Indutiae (Francice ''Armistice'') anno 1918 ad [[Compendium]] initae, quibus [[Primum bellum mundanum]] confectum est |- | 25 Decembris || [[Christi Natalis]] (Francice ''Noël'') |} === Homines praeclari === {{Vide-etiam|Reges praesidentesque Franciae}} ==== Sancti notabiles ==== {{div col|2}} * [[Catharina Labouré]] * [[Franciscus Salesius]] * [[Genovefa Nemetodurensis]] * [[Ioanna Arcensis]] * [[Ludovicus IX (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus IX]] rex * [[Ioannes Maria Vianney]] * [[Remigius]] * [[Sancta Bernadetta Lapurdensis|Bernadetta]] * [[Sancta Clotildis]] Regina * [[Teresia Lexoviensis]] * [[Vincentius a Paulo]] {{div col end}} ==== Alii ==== {{div col|2}} * [[Alexander Dumas (pater)]] * [[Catharina Medices]], [[regina]] * [[Michael Nostradamus]] * [[Maria Antonia Austriaca]], regina * <!--[[Elisabeth Comitissa Parisiorum]], Princeps Brasiliae, ex domu Brigantiensi--> * [[Carolus de Gaulle]], praeses * [[Ioanna Moreau]], [[actrix]] * [[Editha Piaf]], [[cantrix]] {{div col end}} ==== Marianna ==== [[Fasciculus:MariannedeTheodoreDoriot.JPG|thumb|Mariannae effigies a Theodoro Doriot sculpta et in Senatū exposita.]] [[Marianna]] ([[Francice]] ''Marianne''), [[allegoria|allegorica]] [[libertas|libertatis]] figura, est una ex nonnullis Reipublicae Francicae [[imago|imaginibus]] notissimis. ==Codices== Franciae hi codices sunt: * LF, secundum [[Catalogus praefixorum codicum aëroportuum quibus ICAO utitur|catalogum praefixorum codicum aëroportuum quibus ICAO utitur]]; * F, secundum [[Catalogus codicum internationalium notaculi autocineti|catalogum codicum internationalium notaculi autocineti]]; * F, secundum [[Catalogus praefixorum codicum notaculi aëronavium quibus ICAO utitur|catalogum praefixorum codicum notaculi aëronavium quibus ICAO utitur]]; * F, secundum catalogum codicum praefixorum [[Unio Internationalis Telecommunicationis|UIT]]; * FR, secundum normam [[ISO 3166-1]] (catalogi codicum nationum), codicem alpha-2; * FRA, secundum normam [[ISO 3166-1]] (catalogi codicum nationum), codicem alpha-3; * FRA, secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum Consilii Olympici Internationalis|catalogum codicum nationum Consilii Olympici Internationalis]]; * .fr, secundum [[Dominium summum|dominium interretiale]]; * FR, secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur|catalogum codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur]], codicem alpha-2; * FRA, secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur|catalogum codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur]], codicem alpha-3. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Circuitus Franciae]] * ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico]]'' * [[Franci]] et [[Septimania]] Visigothica * [[Gallia Belgica]] * [[Gallia Lugdunensis]] * [[Gallia Narbonensis]] * [[Index historicus praefecturarum Franciae]] * [[Libera Francia]] * [[Prima Respublica Francica]] * [[Reges Franciae]] {{div col end}} == Bibliographia == * Casali, Dimitri, et Christophe Beyeler. [[2012]]. ''L'Histoire de France vue par les peintres.'' Lutetiae: Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08-127981-0. * Haensch, Günther, et Hans J. Tümmers. [[1993]]. ''Frankreich: Politik, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft.'' Monaci. ISBN 3-406-37491-3. * Lugge, Margret. [[1960]]. ''"Gallia" et "Francia" im Mittelalter: Untersuchungen über den Zusammengang zwischen geographisch-historischer Terminologie und politischem Denken vom 6.-15. Jahrhundert.'' Bonnae. * Masson, Ioannes Papirius. [[1618]]. ''Descriptio fluminum Galliae, qua Francia est.'' Lutetiae: Quesnel. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1020102 Textus,] gallica.bnf.fr. * Price, Roger. [[2014]]. ''A Concise History of France.'' Cantabridgiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01782-5. * Robb, Graham. [[2007]]. ''The Discovery of France: A Historical Geography from the Revolution to the First World War.'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05973-1. * Sévillia, Jean. [[2013]]. ''Histoire passionnée de la France.'' Lutetiae: 2013. ISBN 978-2-262-04107-6. * Sloterdijk, Peter. [[2013]]. ''Mein Frankreich.'' Berolini: Suhrkamp. ISBN 978-3-518-46297-3. == Nexus externi == * (Variis linguis) [https://www.france.fr/fr Situs interretialis publicus Franciae]. * (Francice) [https://www.gouvernement.fr/ Situs interretialis Gubernii Franciae]. {{CommuniaCat|France|Franciam}} {{Grc|Γαλλία}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{Europa}} {{Unio Europaea}} {{Capsae collectae|Francia|politica|{{Praesides Franciae}}{{Primi ministri Franciae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Francici 1959–}}{{Ministri Francici Borne}}}} {{Capsae collectae|Francia|geographica|{{Provinciae Franciae recentiores}}{{Praefecturae Franciae}}{{Capita praefecturarum Franciae}}}} {{Capsae collectae|Francia|historica|{{Reges Francorum}}{{Principes Franciae 1799–1946}}{{Praesides consilii Franciae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Francici 1870–1959}}{{Provinciae Franciae antiquiores}}}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]] [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Europa Occidentalis]] [[Categoria:Francia|!]] [[Categoria:Respublicae]] gfo4z0s7o6u0mqidlz7xjakpvmj0fvu 0 5006 3954663 3839217 2026-04-14T20:20:26Z LilyKitty 18316 de Principio Hugeniarum 3954663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Christiaan Huygens-painting.jpeg|thumb|Christianus Hugenius]] '''Christianus Hugenius''' (natus ''[[:nl:Christiaan Huygens|Christiaan Huygens]]'' [[Haga]]e die [[14 Aprilis]] [[1629]], [[Constantinus Hugenius|Constantino Hugenio]] patre; mortuus ibidem die [[8 Iulii]] [[1695]]), fuit [[physica|physicus]], [[mathematicus]], [[astronomus]], et [[inventor]] [[Batavia|Batavus]], qui unus e maximis [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae peritis]] maiorque homo in [[revolutio scientifica|revolutione scientifica]] late aestimatur. Alma mater sua [[Academia Lugduno-Batava]] deinde [[Universitas Andegavensis]] fuit. In rebus physicis, fundamenta [[disciplina]]rum [[optica]]e [[mechanica]]eque iecit, cum astronomus plerumque studiis [[anuli Saturni|anulorum Saturni]] [[Titan (satelles)|Titanisque]] eius [[luna]]e repertae innotesceret. Inventor designationem [[telescopium|telescopii]] meliorem fecit, [[lens ocularis|lente oculari]] Hugeniano ficto. Eius autem [[inventio]] maximi momenti est horologium [[Pendulum|pendulare]], anno [[1656]] excogitatum, [[horologium]] paene trecentos annos accuratissimum. Quia primus formulas mathematicas ad [[leges physicae]] describendas adhibuit, appellatus est primus [[physica theoretica|physicus theoreticus]] et conditor [[physica mathematica|physicae mathematicae]].<ref>Dijksterhuis 1950.</ref><ref>Andriesse 2005: 6.</ref> [[Lumen]] ex [[unda|undis]] consistere proposuit. Propagationem undarum per undulis sphaericalibus docuit in suo [[principium Hugenianum|principio Hugeniano]]. Anno [[1665]] [[Saturnus (planeta)|Saturni]] anulos et [[Titan (satelles)|Titanem]] [[satelles|satellitem]] invenit, quorum illos anno [[1656|insequenti]] didicit ex lapidibus compositos esse. Hortato [[Blasius Pascalis|Blasio Pascale]], Hugenius librum de theoria [[probabilitas|probabilitatis]] scripsit, annoque [[1657]] in lucem dedit. Anno [[1658]] librum nomine ''Horologium'' in usum [[navigatio|navigatorum]] [[pendulum|penduli]] protulit. Anno [[1663]] electus est sodalis [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis]]. Item anno [[1666]] locum apud [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Regiam Academiam Parisinam]] adeptus est. == Opera == [[Fasciculus:Huygens - Horologium oscillatorium, sive De motu pendulorum ad horologia aptato demonstrationes geometricae, 1673 - 869780.jpeg|thumb|upright|''Horologium oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum'', 1673]] * 1656, ''De Saturni luna observatio nova'' ([http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/saturni_luna_en.htm versio anglica]) * 1658, ''Horologium oscillatorium'' ([http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=531.1_H98H_1673 textus]) * 1659, ''Systema Saturnium'' ([http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens.htm textus]) * 1698, ''Cosmotheoros, sive De Terris Coelestibus, earumque ornatu coniecturae'' ([http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/cosmotheoros_en.htm versio anglica]) ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Andriesse, Cornelis Dirk. [[2005]]. ''Huygens: The Man Behind the Principle.'' In Anglicum a Sally Miederna conversus. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Bell, A. E. [[1947]]. ''Christian Huygens and the Development of Science in the Seventeenth Century.'' Londinii: Edward Arnold & Co. ISBN 0521850908. *Boyer, C. B. [[1968]]. ''A History of Mathematics.'' Novi Eboraci. *D'Elia, Alfonsina. [[1985]]. ''Christiaan Huygens: una biografia intellettuale.'' Mediolani: F. Angeli. *Dijksterhuis E. J. [[1950]]. ''De mechanisering van het wereldbeeld.'' Amstelodami: Meulenhoff. *Garber, Daniel. [[2003]]. ''The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-century Philosophy.'' 2 vol. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53720-9. *Hooijmaijers, H. [[2005]]. ''Telling time: Devices for time measurement in Museum Boerhaave: A Descriptive Catalogue.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Museum Boerhaave. *Shapiro, Alan E. [[1973]]. Kinematic Optics: A Study of the Wave Theory of Light in the Seventeenth Century. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'' 11(2/3): 134–266. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133375 Textus apud JSTOR.] *Struik, D. J. [[1948]]. ''A Concise History of Mathematics.'' *Van den Ende, H., et al. [[2004]]. ''Huygens's Legacy: The golden age of the pendulum clock.'' Castle Town, Isle of Man: Fromenteel Ltd. *Wiep van Bunge, et al., eds. [[2003]]. Huygens, Christiaan. In ''The Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Dutch Philosophers.'' 468–77. Thoemmes Press. *Yoder, J. G. [[2005]]. Book on the pendulum clock. In ''Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics,'' ed. Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 33–45. Elsevier. {{NexInt}} *[[Historia physicae]] *[[Principium Hugenianum]] *[[2801 Huygens]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Christiaan Huygens|Christianus Hugenius}} * [http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/hug_biblio1_en.htm ''Bibliography - Published works'' apud www.phys.uu.nl] * [http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/science_en.htm ''Scientific work of Christiaan Huygens'' apud www.phys.uu.nl] {{Lifetime|1629|1695|Hugenius, Christianus}} [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] [[Categoria:Astronomi Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Physici Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]] {{Myrias|Homines}} c6fnjqtbcsl1e1ou75fya7uaco3i03p 0 8074 3954638 3869645 2026-04-14T18:18:49Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FA stella}} {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Pinus atomica]].]] [[Fasciculus:Victim of Atomic Bomb 003.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Hibakusha|Victima bombae atomicae]] in [[Hiroshima]] anno 1945.]] {{res|Bomba atomica}} seu {{res|[[pyrobolus]] atomicus}} est genus [[arma|armorum]] quod [[vis|vim]] exitiosam ex [[reactio nuclearis|reactionibus nuclearibus]] trahit, aut [[fissio nuclearis|fissione]], aut mixtura fissionis et [[fusio nuclearis|fusionis]]. Ambo reactiones vastas [[energia]]e summas ex parvis rerum corporearum summis liberant. Primum bombae fissionis ("atomicae") examen eandem energiae summam circa 20&thinsp;000 [[vis pro TNT|tonnis TNT]]{{dubsig}}<!--TNT equivalent--> liberavit; primum examen bombae thermonuclearis ("[[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]]") eandem energiae summam circa 10&thinsp;000&thinsp;000 tonnis{{dubsig}} TNT liberavit.<ref>Vide [[Trinitas (examen nucleare)]] et [[Ivy Mike]].</ref> Hodierna bomba thermonuclearis vix plus quam mille kilogrammatum ponderis diruptionem similem detonationis plus quam billiona{{dubsig}} kilogrammatum quotidianarum rerum diruptivarum<!--conventional high explosive--> efficere potest.<ref>Imprimis CFA [[bomba nuclearis B83]], quae exitum ad 1.2 [[vis pro TNT|megatonnas]]{{dubsig}} habet.</ref> Tantum ergo una parva machina nuclearis—non maior quam bomba usitata—totam [[urbs|urbem]] magnam diruptione,<!--blast--> [[ignis|igni]], [[radioactivitas|radiatione]] devastare potest. Arma nuclearia putantur [[arma magni interitus]], et post eorum inventionem [[proliferatio nuclearis|eorum usus moderatioque]] fuerunt maius propositum rationis [[relationes internationales|relationum internationalium]] gerendarum. In historia bellica, solum duo arma nuclearia in proelio detonata sunt, ambo ad finem [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundi belli mundani]]. Prima matutino tempore [[6 Augusti]] [[1945]] detonata est, cum [[Civitates Foederatae]] machinam [[uranium|uranii]] generis sclopeti, notis<!--in code--> appellatam Puellum ([[Anglice]] ''Little Boy''), in [[Hirosima]]m urbem [[Iaponia|Iaponiensem]] demitteret; detonata est altera tres dies post, cum Civitates Foederatae machinam [[plutonium|plutonii]] generis implosionis, notis appellatam Obesum ([[Anglice]] ''Fat Man''), in urbem [[Nagasacium (urbs)|Nagasacium]] demitteret. Hae [[bombardationes]]{{dubsig}} vulneribus in detonatione sustentis circa 80&thinsp;000 hominum (plurimos "paganos" confestim necaverunt. Saecularium [[radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] acutique [[morbus radiationis|morbi radiationis]], sicut [[leuchaemia]] effectuum causa, summa necum computatio circa 120 000 aestimatur. Usus horum armorum manet [[Disputatio de bombardatione Hirosimae et Nagasacii|controversus]] apud [[humanitarium belli ius]]. Bello mundano secundo finito, nulla bomba atomica contra urbem ullam denuo usurpata est, sed plus quam duo milia bombarum detonata sunt, ut ea [[examen nucleare|explorarentur]] et spectarentur. [[Index civitatum quae arma nuclearia habent|Nonnullae civitates]] talia arma possederunt vel fortasse ea petunt. Solae civitates notae ob detonationem armorum nuclearium et quae ea possidere confitentur sunt (ordine temporis) [[Civitates Foederatae et arma magni interitus|Civitates Foederatae]], [[Unio Sovietica]] (a [[Russia et arma magni interitus|Russia]] substituta), [[Britanniarum Regnum et arma magni interitus|Britanniarum Regnum]], [[Francia et arma magni interitus|Francia]], [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum et arma magni interitus|Res Publica Popularis Sinarum]], [[India et arma magni interitus|India]], [[Pakistania et arma magni interitus|Pakistania]], et [[Corea Septentrionalis et arma magni interitus|Corea Septentrionalis]]. Praeterea, [[Israel et arma magni interitus|Israel]] arma magni interitus possidere late habetur, quamquam dictam possessionem non confitetur.<ref name="nuclearweapons1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html |title=Federation of American Scientists: Status of World Nuclear Forces |publisher=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=2010-01-12}}</ref> Huius temporis civitates, praecipue [[Civitates Foederatae]], [[computatrum|computatris]] eruptionis atomicae [[simulatio computatralis|simulandae]] gratia optime adhibentur. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|thumb|150px|left|J. [[Robertus Oppenheimer]]]] Bombae atomicae primae a Civitatibus Foederatis Americae [[susceptus Manhattensis|susceptu Manhattensi]] anno [[1945]] confectae sunt, quo [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiarum]] homines praecipue [[physicus|physici]] ex nationibus diversis et a [[Robertus Oppenheimer|J. Roberto Oppenheimer]] ducti in [[Novum Mexicum|Novi Mexici]] [[desertus|deserto]] ad bombam atomicam fabricandam priusquam [[Hitler]] eam obtineret congregati sunt. Post annos nonnullos, difficiles computationes experimentaque faciendo physici die [[16 Iulii]] [[1945]] primam bombam atomicam magno cum fragore in deserto prosperi ruperunt. Cum [[Germania]] ex bello mundano secundo iam exiisset et [[Iaponia]] in deditionem nondum venisset duae bombae atomicae super urbes Iaponiae iactae sunt, et paulo post dies [[secundum bellum mundanum]] ad finem pervenit. [[Helvetia]] et [[Iohannes Rawls]] usum bombae atomicae anno 1945 condemnaverunt ut violationem [[ius inter civitates et gentes|iuris internationali]]<nowiki/>s. Dum [[pacifismus|motus ad pacem]] contra bombam atomicam et probationem bombae (exempli gratia, ''[[Castle Bravo]]'') a scientista, sicut [[Linus Pauling]] et [[Andreas Sacharov]] et civilibus aggravavit, [[Consociatio Nationum]] Pactionem de Prohibitione Absoluta Probatione Bombae Atomica anno 1996 declaravit. Etiam [[Consilium Pacis Mundi]] et [[Medici omnium gentium bello nucleari obstantes]] bellos ac bombas atomicas abrogare postulat. == Physica Bombae Atomicae == [[Fasciculus:Einstein oppenheimer.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Einstein]] et Oppenheimer.]] === Energia aequalis massae === Anno [[1905]], [[Albertus Einstein|Einstein]] notissimam formulam scripsit, quae [[energia]]m (E) [[massa]]e (m) tribuit, :[[E=mc²]] unde ''c'' [[celeritas luminis|celeritatem luminis]] denotavit. Cum celeritas luminis sit magna, manifestum est exiguam massam in permagnam energiam vertere, quod parva computatione probatur. Si 1 [[gramma]] materiae omnino in energiam vertatur, tunc energia erit circum :<math> 9\cdot 10^{13}</math><br /> joules, quae unam lampadam 100 [[wattium|wattii]]{{dubsig}} excitare per 29 000 fere annos potest. Qua de causa, bombae atomicae massam in energiam magnam convertunt ut urbes plene vastare possit. Verumtamen [[energia nuclearis]] non solum est bellicis rebus utilis, sed etiam pacificis--id est pro hominum societatibus energia generanda, inprimis in [[ergasterium atomicum|fabricis nuclearibus]] multis per totum orbem terrarum dispersis. === Fissio nucleorum atomorum === Obtinendae energiae gratia bombae atomicae atomos magnos, ut [[uranium]]-235 aut [[plutonium]]-239, findunt secundum ''reactionis in catena'' praeceptos, sicut patet in figura. Cum [[neutron]]es ''celeres'' nucleum atomi Uranii-235 percutiunt, hanc reactionem inducunt :<math> U^{235}_{92} +n^1_0 \rightarrow Ba^{140}_{56} + K^{94}_{36} + 2n^1_0 +</math>'''energia''' unde energia est circa 200 MeV sive <math>3,2\cdot 10^{-11}</math> Joules. Si duo resultantes neutrones duos alios uranii-235 nucleos percutiant et eandem reactionem inducant, sic ad infinitum (theoretice) tunc ''reactio in catena'' fiat et energia quam plurima liberetur. Bomba atomica est machina capax reactionis in catena per sufficiens tempus sustinendi usque ad energias maximas uno tenore liberare. == Quomodo bombam atomicam conficere (rustice explanatum) == === Uranii-235 amplificatio === Solum [[isotopus]] [[uranium]]-235 est fissilis, praeterea difficile inventu est quia proportio Uranii-235 in natura exstat circa 0.71% dum Uranium-238 habet 99.29% et non est fissilis. Ergo ad bombam atomicam conficiendam primum necesse est multitudinem uranii-235 habere, quod ex evulsione uranii-238 in artibus proportionis uranii-235 amplificationis fit, quod magnam [[technologia]]m requirit ideo civitates paucae uranium-235 obtinere consequuntur. === Massa critica === [[Neutron]]es nonnulli ex nucleari reactione resultantes alios nucleos non percutiunt nisi est massa uranii sufficiens magna ut omnes neutrones nucleos atomicos alios findant et reactio in catena tunc effici possit. Massa haec vocatur ''massa critica'' et circa 50 [[chiliogramma|Kg]] est (Uranium-235 in forma sphaerae). Notum autem est huius massae magnitudinem usque ad 15 Kg minui posse si Uranium a tegumento [[neutron]]ium reflectendorum capace sit indutum. === Bombae atomicae fabricatio === [[Fasciculus:Gun-type_Nuclear_weapon.png|thumb|Bomba atomica]] Post uranii-235 amplificationem et massae criticae adeptionem necesse est massam criticam segregare in partes subcriticas, et eas iterum coniungere tantummodum quando bomba atomica magno cum fragore rumpere debet. Ad hoc faciendum massae subcriticae disiunctae intus bombam ponuntur in partes duas distantes, quemadmodum videtur in figura II. Tunc, cum oportet bombam quam maximo vigore rumpere, parvum diruptivum ex [[TNT]] factum facit duas partes in se mutuo coniungere et massam criticam formare, quae, si [[neutron]]es multi sunt (methodum ad neutrones obtinendos non hic exponetur), brevissimo tempore ad ultimum rumpit et energiam magnam liberat. Initium diruptionis huius bombae fulmen soli maxime clarius est. Fulmen in bullam igni mutatur. Magnitudo bullae nonnulla centum passuum est. [[Calor]] in medio bullae ignis solis medii calorem bis aut magis excedit. Hoc ingente calore aer bullam circumferens brevissime tempore expanditur. Calor bullae roburque expansionis aeris unius bombae totam urbem annihilare possunt. == Civitates sui iuris bombas atomicas habentes == Hae sunt civitates quae bombas habent atomicas: {| class="wikitable" ! Civitas !! Numerus |- | [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] || 10&thinsp;240 |- | [[Russia]] || 27&thinsp;000 |- | [[Francia]] || 348–350 |- | [[Britanniarum Regnum]] || 185–200 |- | [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum]] || 400–600 |- | [[India]] || 30–35 |- | [[Pakistania]] || 24–48 |- | [[Israel (civitas)|Israel]] (suspicata) || 75–200 |} {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Arma nuclearia]] * [[Aestas nuclearis]] * [[Bomba hydrogenica]] * [[Exarmatio nuclearis]] * [[Fissio nuclearis]] * [[Fusio nuclearis]] * [[Radioactivitas]] * [[Henricus Fermi]] * [[Hibakusha]] * [[Hiems nuclearis]] * [[ICBM]] * [[Ricardus Feynman]] * [[Tractatus de viribus nuclearibus coniectuum intermediorum]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Nuclear bombs|bombas atomicas}} * [http://www.nti.org/e_research/cnwm/overview/technical2.asp Plura de bomba atomica] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930221007/http://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/index.php3?sendedatum=2006-11-01 [[Radio Bremen]] mense Octobri 2006: "Bomba atomica Coreae Septentrionalis"] [[Categoria:Arma nociva]] [[Categoria:Bombae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] [[Categoria:Paginae mensis]] nymgouexpef6zwqw7dnf5og006h0nnm 0 11715 3954664 3853615 2026-04-14T20:34:24Z Meisenstrasse 72972 3954664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Marcus Vitruvius Pollio''' fuit [[architectus]] et [[scriptor]] [[Roma]]nus [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.|saeculi primi a.C.n]]. [[Liber|Libro]] de [[architectura]] disputante innotuit. Architectus, munitor machinatorque qui eadem [[G. Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Augusti]] aetate vixit. [[Miles]] in [[Gallia]], [[Hispania]], [[Graecia]]que [[C. Iulius Caesar|C. Iulio Caesare]] duce fuit. Quo facto, ob famam eius, [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ei mandavit ut machinas belli appararet. Huius officii gratia, opus suum componere potuit, et etiam ita gratiam habuit, ut totum librum ''[[De architectura (Vitruvius)|De architectura]]'' [[G. Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Augusto]] dedicaret. Liber ''De architectura'' inscriptus post antiquitatem effectum magnum apud architectos habuit. Praesertim architecti [[renascentia]]e Vitruvianas [[aedificium|aedificiorum]] perfectorum formas suas fecerunt, easque ad nova aedificia aedificanda accommodaverunt. Praesertim grati fuerunt antiqui [[columna]]rum ordines. == Vitruvii ''De architectura libri decem'' == [[Fasciculus:De architectura libri dece Wellcome L0063760.jpg|thumb|Praefiguratio [[Homo Vitruvianus|hominis Vitruviani]] appellati, in editione [[Novum Comum|Novocomensi]] ''De architectura'' anno [[1521]] impressa]] [[Fasciculus:Vitruvian.jpg|thumb|[[Homo Vitruvianus]], imago a [[Leonardus Vincius|Leonardo Vincio]] delineata, ex Pollione nominata est.]] Vitruvius [[Latine]] scripsit tractatum ''[[De architectura (Vitruvius)|De architectura]]''. In prooemio libri primi, Imperatori Augusto suos libros devovit ut ei [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] de commoditate aedificiorum daret. Videtur Vitruvium propositum [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Marci Vipsanii Agrippae]] restitutionum publicarum faciendarum rettulisse. Istud opus est solum de architectura [[magnum opus]] adhuc notum quod ex [[antiquitas|aevo antiquo]] permansit. Secundum Petrum Liukkonen, hoc opus "ex Renascentia Recenti [[ars|artifices]], [[philosophus|philosophos]], [[architectus|architectosque]] inspiravit, inter quos sunt [[Leo Baptista Alberti]], [[Leonardus Vincius]], et [[Michelangelus]]."<!--fons?--> Secundum magnum opus de architectura, recensus ''Librorum Decem'' Alberti, non usque ad [[1452]] scriptum est. Clarus Vitruvius factus est in opere ''De architectura'' quodcumque aedificium tres virtutes—firmitatem, utilitatem, venustatemque—praebere debere adfirmando. Hae nonnumquam Virtutes Vitruvianae aut Trinitas Vitruviana appellantur. Architectura [[natura]]m imitari debet, secundum Vitruvium. Ut nidos conficerent [[apis|apes]] [[avis|avesque]], sic et [[homo sapiens|homines]] [[domus]] ex materie naturali olim aedificavisse. Hanc aedificationis artem perficientes, [[Graeci]] ordines architecturae—[[ordo Doricus|Doricum]], [[ordo Ionicus|Ionicum]], [[ordo Corinthius|Corinthium]]—confabricati sunt. His ordinibus naturam proportionis rationisque intellegere inciperunt, et posthac reppererunt rationes corporis humani. Rationibus istis Vitruvius definiverat [[homo Vitruvianus|hominem Vitruvianum]], quem Leonardus Vincius posterius depinxit: [[corpus|corpus humanum]] circo quadratoque, exemplaribus principalibus [[geometria|geometricis]] ordinis [[cosmos|cosmici]], inscriptum.  ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Vitruvius ed. Como 1521 tp.jpg|thumb|Titulus operis ''[[De architectura (Vitruvius)|De architectura]]'', Italiane a [[Caesar Caesarianus|Caesare Caesariano]] versi, [[Novum Comum|Comi]] anno [[1521]] primum editi ([[Institutum Getty]] [[Angelopolis|Angelopolitanum]])]] {{Vide-etiam|De architectura (Vitruvius)#Bibliographia}} * {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 287–292 * Frank Granger, ed. et interpr., ''Vitruvius: On architecture''. Londinii: Heinemann, 1931. 2 voll. (''[[Loeb Classical Library]]'')[https://archive.org/details/vitruviusonarchi00vitruoft/page/n9 vol. 1] apud ''Internet Archive'' * Ingrid Rowland, interpr., ''Vitruvius: Ten Books on Architecture''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1999 * VITRUVE, ''De l'Architecture / De architectura'', texte établi par Pierre Gros, [https://web.archive.org/web/20211028130050/https://www.lesbelleslettres.com/livre/410-de-l-architecture Les Belles Lettres], editio minor, 2015 ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat}} {{vicifons|Scriptor:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio}} {{Fontes biographici}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110318004331/http://architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr/Traite/Auteur/Vitruve.asp?param= Index editionum Vitruvii] *[https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante01/Vitruvius/vit_intr.html Textus latinus] (Bibliotheca Augustana) {{DEFAULTSORT:Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus}} [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Architecti Romani]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio|!]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de architectura]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Technologia Romana antiqua]] {{Myrias|Homines}} lvbz2icwc1zharifwhgsh6eoxn164z8 0 13903 3954660 3815521 2026-04-14T19:12:32Z LilyKitty 18316 de constante Planckiana 3954660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Max Planck.png|thumb|Maximilianus Planck]] '''Maximilianus Planck''' (1858–1947) fuit [[physicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], anno [[1918]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae|praemio Nobeliano]] laureatus, qui anno [[1900]] [[physica]]m [[mechanica quantica|quantorum]] invenit. Sodalis [[Pontificia Academia Scientiarum|Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum]] fuit. == De infantia == Maximilianus Planck fuit [[filius]] Ioannis Iulii Gulielmi von Planck et eius [[uxor]]is secundae Emmae Patzig (1821–1914). Secundum autem natorum tabulas [[manuscriptum|manuscriptas]] tunc nomen "Marx" accepit, quod olim in Germania fuit brevis nominis [[Marcus (nomen)|Marci]] forma.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,549404,00.html „Namens-Überraschung. Gestatten, Marx Planck“ (De nomine inopinato. Mihi permittas meum nomen dicere quod est Marx Planck.)], [[Spiegel online]], 24 Aprilis 2008.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Albertus Einstein]] * [[Constans Planckiana]] * [[Temperatura planckiana]] * [[Tempus planckianum]] * [[Unitates Planckianae]] == Nota == <references /> ==Bibliographia== * [[Petrus Thrams|Thrams, Petrus]]. [[2008]]. De Maximiliano Planck. {{Vox Latina}} Tomus 44, fasc. 171. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Communia|Max Planck|Maximilianum Planck}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/ De Maximiliano Planck] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Planck, Maximilianus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1858]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1947]] [[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Leopoldinae]] [[Categoria:Socii Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} 2fw4v7320trrq14ufe5px969ha6w18i 0 19060 3954693 3852671 2026-04-15T11:14:43Z IacobusAmor 1163 Definitio ex en, ut "augenda" non notetur (10K) 3954693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interrete}} '''Situs interretialis''', vulgo '''situs''' tantum, est {{Creanda|en|Web page|pagina interretialis}} cuius res contentae per commune {{Creanda|en|Domain name|Nomen dominiii|nomen dominii}}{{dubsig}} scitur et ab uno {{Creanda|en|Web server|Servus interretialis|servo interretiali}}{{dubsig}} saltem divulgatur. Situs interretiales plerumque certae rei vel certo proposito dedicantur, inter quae numerantur {{Creanda|en|News|Nuntii|nuntii}}, [[educatio]], [[commercium]], [[oblectamentum|oblectamenta]]. et [[media socialia]]. [[Nexus]] inter interretiales unius situs [[pagina]]s [[navigatio]]nem plerumque ducunt, quae saepe ex [[pagina domestica]] vel {{Creanda|en|Landing page|pagina statica}} exoritur. Inter situs {{Creanda|en|List of most-visited websites|Index situum saepissime visitatorum|saepissime visitatos}} numerantur [[Google]], [[YouTube]], et [[Facebook]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |website=[[Similarweb]]}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top websites |url=https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all |website=[[Semrush]]}}.</ref> == Aliquot situs interretiales == * [[4chan]] * [[The Ancient Library]] * [[The Classics Page]] * [[Google]] * [[I Can Has Cheezburger?|I Can Has Cheezburger?]] * [[LEO]] * [[Vita Latinitatis]] * [[Words]] * [[Yahoo!]] {{NexInt}} * [[Interrete]] * [[Lang-8]] * [[Lexicon]] * [[Uniforme Rerum Locatrum]] ==Notae== <references/> {{tech-stipula}} [[Categoria:Situs interretiales|!]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} ss37zidkxncv17nzzdwcxztcrgig2k7 0 31125 3954632 3936210 2026-04-14T18:15:34Z Grufo 64423 +{{Titulus ad litteram}}; +{{Versus numerati}} 3954632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} [[Imago:Levoca Last Supper.jpg|thumb|400 px|Ultima coena (Levoca)]] {{lres|Pange Lingua}} est initium [[hymnus|hymni]] et [[oratio|orationis]] a [[Venantius Fortunatus|Venantio Fortunato]] scriptae. [[Medium Aevum|Aevo Medio]], multi hymni a his verbis creati sunt, praeclarus inter eos ''Pange Lingua'' [[Thomas Aquinas|Thomae Aquinatis]], cuius ultimae duae [[stropha|strophae]] saepe ut hymnus separatus, nomine'' [[Tantum ergo]],'' canuntur. Hic hymnus [[Eucharistia]]m laudat, et inter festa [[Dies Cenae Domini|Diei Cenae Domini]] et [[Corpus Domini|Corporis Domini]] et inter [[adoratio Eucharistica|adorationem eucharisticam]] canitur. Etiam compositores [[protestantes]] (e.g., [[Theodoricus Buxtehude]]) hoc poema in musica ornaverunt. Textus hymni ''Pange Lingua'' (versionis [[Thomas Aquinas|Thomae Aquinatis]]): {{Versus numerati| Pange, lingua, gloriosi Corporis mysterium'', Sanguinisque pretiosi, quem in mundi pretium fructus ventris generosi Rex effudit Gentium.'' Nobis datus, nobis natus ex intacta Virgine, et in mundo conversatus, sparso verbi semine, sui moras incolatus miro clausit ordine. In supremae nocte coenae recumbens cum fratribus observata lege plene cibis in legalibus, cibum turbae duodenae se dat suis manibus. Verbum caro, panem verum verbo carnem efficit fitque sanguis Christi merum, et si sensus deficit, ad firmandum cor sincerum sola fides sufficit. Tantum ergo Sacramentum veneremur cernui et antiquum documentum novo cedat ritui praestet fides supplementum sensuum defectui. Genitori, Genitoque laus et jubilatio, salus, honor, virtus quoque sit et benedictio procedenti ab utroque compar sit laudatio. }} ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201125075811/https://gregorien.info/chant/id/6083/13/fr Pange lingua] in ''gregorien.info'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070619020021/http://www.erzbistum-muenchen.de/EMF110/EMF010964.asp Descriptio hymni Germanice (archidioecesis Monaci)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928145317/http://kompositionen.dominikus-boehm.de/Leitseite.php?Inhalt=Vorwort.swf&Titel=Pange%20Lingua%202&Lied=Pange%20Lingua%202&Platte=03 Pange Lingua in musica ornatus a [[Dominicus Böhm|Dominico Böhm]]] {{Hymni et preces Christiani}} [[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]] [[Categoria:Italiae scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 13]] [[Categoria:Thomas Aquinas]] 0v8pedayubbwpa4ftvcsinsjzsqiktz 0 32190 3954668 3950995 2026-04-14T21:17:44Z UV 1088 3954668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F065127-0013, Köln, SPD Wahlveranstaltung, Jospin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Leonillus Jospin anno [[1983]] in Germania]] '''Leonillus''', vulgo ''Lionel'' '''Jospin''', natus die [[12 Iulii]] [[1937]] [[Moldonium|Moldonii]] in urbe praefecturae [[Sequana et Esia|Sequanae et Esiae]] (sed hodie [[Alta Sequanae|Altorum Sequanae]]) fuit politicus [[Francia|Francicus]] factionis socialisticae qui primus minister a die [[2 Iunii]] [[1997]] usque ad diem [[6 Maii]] [[2002]] meruit, praeside [[Iacobus Chirac|Iacobo Chirac]]. Filius magistri ludorum qui et socialista fuit et pacifista, Leonillus Jospin Moldonii et Lutetiae educatus est. Alumnus est [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum]] et [[Schola Nationalis Administrationis|Scholae Nationalis Administrationis]] [[Lutetia|eiusdem urbis]]. Legatus est ad [[Parlamentum Europaeum]] annis [[1984]]-[[1988]], sed a [[Conventus Nationalis Francicus|Conventum Nationalem Francicum]] annis [[1981]]-[[1988]] et breviter [[1997]]. Minister eruditionis meruit annis [[1988]]-[[1992]], praeside [[Franciscus Mitterrand|Francisco Mitterrand]], primis ministris [[Editha Cresson]] et [[Michael Rocard|Michaele Rocard]]. Bis secretarius principalis fuit [[Factio Socialistica (Francia)|Factionis Socialisticae]], annis 1981-1988 (praecessore Mitterrand) et 1995-1997 (successore [[Franciscus Hollande|Francisco Hollande]]). Bis candidatus est ad officium praesidis rei publicae Francicae, annis 1995 et 2002. == Bibliographia == * Benoît Yvert, ed., ''Premiers ministres et présidents du Conseil. Histoire et dictionnaire raisonné des chefs du gouvernements en France (1815-2007)''. Lutetiae: Perrin, 2007 == Nexus externi == * {{CIDOB|https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/francia/lionel_jospin|Lionel Jospin}} {{Primi ministri Franciae}} {{Rectiones Rocard}} {{Rectio Cresson}} {{Rectio Jospin}} {{Ministri eruditionis Francici 1959–}} {{Secretarii principales Factionis Socialisticae Francicae}} {{Lifetime|1937|2026|Jospin, Leonillus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Nationalis Administrationis]] [[Categoria:Legati Conventui Nationali Francico]] [[Categoria:Legati Parlamenti Europaei]] [[Categoria:Primi ministri Franciae]] [[Categoria:Socialistae Franciae]] njgcwkr9f658ojvefrv9fub9fn290bs 0 33686 3954533 3954509 2026-04-14T12:47:25Z IacobusAmor 1163 3954533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} {{L1}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Arthurus Balder''' ([[Lucentum|Lucenti]] in [[Hispania]] die [[14 Augusti]] [[1984]] natus) est [[auctor]] [[litterae pueriles|librorum puerilium]] qui de [[Romani antiqui|antiqua Romanorum]] [[Germania|Germanorumque]] [[historia]] interdum disserunt. Librorum de iuvene "Curdy" volumen primum anno [[2004]] [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]] protulit. [[Pellicula]]m direxit de historia vicorum Hispanicorum [[Novum Eboracum|urbis Novi Eboraci]]. == Libri de Clade Variana == * ''Tetralogía de Teutoburgo'': {{ling|Hispanice}} ** ''El último querusco'' (''De ultimo Cherusco''). Inédita Editores, 2005. ISBN 84-96364-31-3 ** ''Liberator Germaniae''. Inédita Editores, 2006. ISBN 978-84-96364-49-3 ** ''La Batalla del Destino'' (''De proelio fatali''), Inédita Editores, 2007. ISBN 978-84-96364-96-7 == Bibliographia == * {{cite news|url=http://blogs.elpais.com/usa-espanol/2010/11/un-documental-repasa-la-historia-de-little-spain-en-la-calle-14.html|title=Un documental repasa la historia de Little Spain en la calle 14|last=Aguilar|first=Andrea|date=18 Nov. 2010|publisher=El País USA|accessdate=2010-19-18}} == Nexus externi == {{communiaCat|Artur Balder|Arthurum Balder}} * [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Artur/Balder/triunfa/narrativa/infantil/debuta/historica/elpepicul/20060610elpepicul_5/Tes/ De libris puerilibus et historicis Balderi] {{Ling|Hispanice}} * [http://encuentrosdigitales.rtve.es/2012/artur_balder.html Dialogus cum Baldero] {{Ling|Hispanice}} * [http://contents.arturbalder.us/VISUAL_INVESTIGATION/ Picturae Balderi in Pinacotheca]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.arturbalder.us Situs auctoris] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{Lifetime|1984||Balder, Arthurus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Hispanici]] [[Categoria:Moderatores cinematographici Hispaniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Hispaniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores librorum puerilium]] sad38qbxnpc6e96rmv1ownn1i7yo2rx 0 34642 3954532 3954508 2026-04-14T12:41:15Z IacobusAmor 1163 (10K) 3954532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:Attica 06-13 Athens 09 Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[Parlamentum Graecum]].]] {{Civilitas}} {{res|Parlamentum}} vel {{res|locutorium}}{{FD ref}} (h.e. 'curia') est [[politicus]] hominum conventus in quo de [[lex|legibus]] cum [[potestas legifera|potestate legifera]] deliberatur et res de [[potestas exsecutiva|aerarii usu]] custodit. == Etymologia == ''Parlamentum'' est verbum Latinitatis [[Medium Aevum|mediaevalis]] ex [[lingua Francica|Francico]] ''parler''<ref>Vicissim ex Latino ''parabolare.''</ref> [[suffixum|suffixo]] ''-ment'' addito compositum; verbum primo colloquium vel [[sermo]]nem, deinde coetum a rege [[Francia|Francico]] aut [[Anglia|Anglico]] convocatum significavit (etiam parlamentum magnum vel generale dictum). Prius verbum ''locutorium'' et ''parlatorium'' erant, sed in monasteriorum contextu (vide Teutonicus et Gallicus Vicipediae articuli). "Parlamtum" in sensu posteriore ab anno 1250 litteris attestatum est.<ref>Vide singula apud [[Carolus du Fresne, Dominus du Cange|Du Cange]] sub voce [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120055/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/parlamentum ''parlamentum.'']</ref> Paulatim verbum multis in [[civitas|civitatibus]] ad populi coetus appellandos adhibetur, quibus [[res publicae]] disputantur et decernuntur. {{NexInt}} *[[Capitolium Civitatum Foederatarum]] *[[Democratia]] *[[Legatus parlamentaris]] *[[Parlamentum Britannicum]] *[[Parlamentum Europaeum]] *[[Primus minister]] *[[Senatus]] *[[Unio Interparlamentaria]] == Notae == <references /> {{polit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Parlamenta|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} 5eu61psbquz9fwlca5vurtucdo9v7i9 3954658 3954532 2026-04-14T19:00:45Z ~2026-22870-98 207993 Parva correctio 3954658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:Attica 06-13 Athens 09 Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[Parlamentum Graecum]].]] {{Civilitas}} {{res|Parlamentum}} vel {{res|colloquium generale}}{{FD ref}} (h.e. 'curia') est [[politicus]] hominum conventus in quo de [[lex|legibus]] cum [[potestas legifera|potestate legifera]] deliberatur et res de [[potestas exsecutiva|aerarii usu]] custodit. == Etymologia == ''Parlamentum'' est verbum Latinitatis [[Medium Aevum|mediaevalis]] ex [[lingua Francica|Francico]] ''parler''<ref>Vicissim ex Latino ''parabolare.''</ref> [[suffixum|suffixo]] ''-ment'' addito compositum; verbum primo colloquium vel [[sermo]]nem, deinde coetum a rege [[Francia|Francico]] aut [[Anglia|Anglico]] convocatum significavit (etiam parlamentum magnum vel generale dictum). "Parlamentum" in sensu posteriore ab anno 1250 litteris attestatum est.<ref>Vide singula apud [[Carolus du Fresne, Dominus du Cange|Du Cange]] sub voce [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120055/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/parlamentum ''parlamentum.'']</ref> Paulatim verbum multis in [[civitas|civitatibus]] ad populi coetus appellandos adhibetur, quibus [[res publicae]] disputantur et decernuntur. Curiose, prima parlamenta convocata in Sicilia ac Regno Legionense in XII saeculo erant, sicut "curiae generales". Posteriores in Polonia et Regno Teutonico "colloquia generalia" vocantur.<ref>https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiae_generales</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Capitolium Civitatum Foederatarum]] *[[Democratia]] *[[Legatus parlamentaris]] *[[Parlamentum Britannicum]] *[[Parlamentum Europaeum]] *[[Primus minister]] *[[Senatus]] *[[Unio Interparlamentaria]] == Notae == <references /> {{polit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Parlamenta|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} 0hhryxnk6fnwwtp0gud33za2g30ivi2 4 46077 3954652 3954504 2026-04-14T18:23:29Z Grufo 64423 /* Petitiones novae */ Petitionem detraxi quia ipse manu feci: [[:Categoria:Radioactivitas]] → [[:Categoria:Radiactivitas]] 3954652 wikitext text/x-wiki In hac pagina licet petitiones facere de categorias automatice (una cum contentis) movendas si laboriosius esset hanc rem manu efficere. Si de errore patenti agitur, bene; si de re controversa, addere oportet nexum ad disputationem respectivam iam conclusam. Opus perficietur si fieri potest. N.B. Enumerare oportet, singulis lineis, singula nomina mutanda iuxta nomina desiderata, sicut infra videtur. == Exempla petitionum == <nowiki>* Move [[:Categoria:Sciptores]] ad [[:Categoria:Scriptores]] (error typographiae: fere 70 paginae insunt). --~~~~</nowiki> <nowiki>* Move [[:Categoria:Homines Italiae]] ad [[:Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] (vide [[Disputatio Categoriae:Homines Italiae]]). --~~~~</nowiki> == Petitiones novae == Hic addite novas petitiones. == Vide etiam == * [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1#Litteratura]] [[Categoria:Paginae movendae|!]] [[Categoria:Vicipaedia]] 4didsrbkpe2whjp143pgbn4hmhtxeb8 0 51713 3954542 3954490 2026-04-14T13:36:07Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Auxi 3954542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Gulielmus Eduardus Lunt''', vulgo saepius ''W. E. Lunt'' ([[Lisbon]] in urbe [[Cenomannica]]e die [[13 Ianuarii]] [[1882]] natus; mortuus apud [[Nosocomium Bryn Mawr|nosocomium]] oppidi [[Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania)|Bryn Mawr]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1956]]) fuit [[historicus|rerum gestarum]] Anglicarum mediaevalium eruditus. Alumnus fuit [[universitas Harvardiana|universitatis Harvardianae]] et [[Carolus Homerus Haskins|Caroli Homeri Haskins]] discipuli. Particeps [[Commissio Americana ad Pacem Componendam (1919)|Commissionis Americanae ad Pacem Componendam]], de ea re delegatus est [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] (una cum Haskins) apud [[Deliberatio de pace componenda Lutetiae facta (1919)|Deliberationem de pace componenda]] [[Lutetia]]e anno [[1919]] factam. == Opera == * ''Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327'' * ''Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 1327-1534''. 2 voll. * ''History of England'' * ''Liberalism and Wreck of Empire'' (1911) * (editor) ''Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages''. 2 voll. (1934) * ''The Valuation of Norwich'' == Bibliographia == * "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/11/12/88482540.html?pageNumber=29 William Lunt, 74, educator, is dead" in ''[[New York Times]]'' (12 Novembris 1956) p. 29 {{NexInt}} * [[Participantes deliberationis de pace componenda (1919)]] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 19|saeculo 20|Lunt, Gulielmus Eduardus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Historici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Legati Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] o5fggs058w3axmgyqx8kg4c00kgnak4 3954543 3954542 2026-04-14T13:37:04Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[W. E. Lunt]] ad [[Gulielmus Eduardus Lunt]]: praenomina Latina 3954542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Gulielmus Eduardus Lunt''', vulgo saepius ''W. E. Lunt'' ([[Lisbon]] in urbe [[Cenomannica]]e die [[13 Ianuarii]] [[1882]] natus; mortuus apud [[Nosocomium Bryn Mawr|nosocomium]] oppidi [[Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania)|Bryn Mawr]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1956]]) fuit [[historicus|rerum gestarum]] Anglicarum mediaevalium eruditus. Alumnus fuit [[universitas Harvardiana|universitatis Harvardianae]] et [[Carolus Homerus Haskins|Caroli Homeri Haskins]] discipuli. Particeps [[Commissio Americana ad Pacem Componendam (1919)|Commissionis Americanae ad Pacem Componendam]], de ea re delegatus est [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] (una cum Haskins) apud [[Deliberatio de pace componenda Lutetiae facta (1919)|Deliberationem de pace componenda]] [[Lutetia]]e anno [[1919]] factam. == Opera == * ''Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327'' * ''Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 1327-1534''. 2 voll. * ''History of England'' * ''Liberalism and Wreck of Empire'' (1911) * (editor) ''Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages''. 2 voll. (1934) * ''The Valuation of Norwich'' == Bibliographia == * "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/11/12/88482540.html?pageNumber=29 William Lunt, 74, educator, is dead" in ''[[New York Times]]'' (12 Novembris 1956) p. 29 {{NexInt}} * [[Participantes deliberationis de pace componenda (1919)]] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 19|saeculo 20|Lunt, Gulielmus Eduardus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Historici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Legati Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] o5fggs058w3axmgyqx8kg4c00kgnak4 3954545 3954543 2026-04-14T13:39:05Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Gulielmus Eduardus Lunt''', vulgo saepius ''W. E. Lunt'' ([[Lisbon]] in urbe [[Cenomannica]]e die [[13 Ianuarii]] [[1882]] natus; mortuus apud [[Nosocomium Bryn Mawr|nosocomium]] oppidi [[Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania)|Bryn Mawr]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1956]]) fuit [[historicus|rerum gestarum]] Anglicarum mediaevalium eruditus. Alumnus fuit [[universitas Harvardiana|universitatis Harvardianae]] et [[Carolus Homerus Haskins|Caroli Homeri Haskins]] discipuli. Particeps [[Commissio Americana ad Pacem Componendam (1919)|Commissionis Americanae ad Pacem Componendam]], de ea re delegatus est [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] (una cum Haskins) apud [[Deliberatio de pace componenda Lutetiae facta (1919)|Deliberationem de pace componenda]] [[Lutetia]]e anno [[1919]] factam. == Opera == * ''Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327'' * ''Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 1327-1534''. 2 voll. * ''History of England'' * ''Liberalism and Wreck of Empire'' (1911) * (editor) ''Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages''. 2 voll. (1934) * ''The Valuation of Norwich'' == Bibliographia == * "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/11/12/88482540.html?pageNumber=29 William Lunt, 74, educator, is dead]" in ''[[New York Times]]'' (12 Novembris 1956) p. 29 {{NexInt}} * [[Participantes deliberationis de pace componenda (1919)]] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 19|saeculo 20|Lunt, Gulielmus Eduardus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Historici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Legati Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] mm7p64t4idzap1ntqigyabiu2s5w12s 3954546 3954545 2026-04-14T13:40:09Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Gulielmus Eduardus Lunt''', vulgo saepius ''W. E. Lunt'' ([[Lisbon]] in urbe [[Cenomannica]]e die [[13 Ianuarii]] [[1882]] natus; mortuus apud [[Nosocomium Bryn Mawr|nosocomium]] oppidi [[Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania)|Bryn Mawr]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1956]]) fuit [[historicus|rerum gestarum]] Anglicarum mediaevalium eruditus. Alumnus fuit [[universitas Harvardiana|universitatis Harvardianae]] ubi discipulus erat [[Carolus Homerus Haskins|Caroli Homeri Haskins]]. Particeps [[Commissio Americana ad Pacem Componendam (1919)|Commissionis Americanae ad Pacem Componendam]], de ea re delegatus est [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] (una cum Haskins) apud [[Deliberatio de pace componenda Lutetiae facta (1919)|Deliberationem de pace componenda]] [[Lutetia]]e anno [[1919]] factam. == Opera == * ''Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327'' * ''Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 1327-1534''. 2 voll. * ''History of England'' * ''Liberalism and Wreck of Empire'' (1911) * (editor) ''Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages''. 2 voll. (1934) * ''The Valuation of Norwich'' == Bibliographia == * "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/11/12/88482540.html?pageNumber=29 William Lunt, 74, educator, is dead]" in ''[[New York Times]]'' (12 Novembris 1956) p. 29 {{NexInt}} * [[Participantes deliberationis de pace componenda (1919)]] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 19|saeculo 20|Lunt, Gulielmus Eduardus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Historici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Legati Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] 7rfy3ru5iz0qxfh0jkm7vs0ip5zag6f 4 57222 3954671 3899340 2026-04-14T21:27:04Z UV 1088 update 3954671 wikitext text/x-wiki == Members of [[:Categoria:Homines]] without birth cat and without death cat == This list contains two types of articles: * Articles about persons that still lack the birth and death categories. These articles should, in the long run, be edited to add these categories. * Articles about professions ([[:Categoria:Munera]]: do these really belong in [[:Categoria:Homines]]?), articles about groups of persons (do these really belong in [[:Categoria:Homines]]?) and other stuff that does not belong in [[:Categoria:Homines]]. *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Aedificiorum (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Aerarii Publici]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Collaborationis Oeconomicae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Commeatus (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Commeatus et Aedificiorum (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Cursus Publici (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Eruditionis et Scientiae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Expulsorum, Fugitivorum atque Victimarum Belli (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Familiarum, Feminarum, Iuventutis Seniorumque (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Iustitiae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Laboris (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Oecologiae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Oeconomiae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Officiorum Praecipuorum (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Possessionum Foederalium (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Rei Agrariae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Relationum inter Germaniae Civitates]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Rerum Consilii Foederalis et Terrarum Foederalium]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Rerum Internarum (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Salutis Publicae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Foederales Scientiae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Commeatus Germaniae (1919 - 1945)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Cursus Publici Germaniae (1919 - 1945)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Defensionis Publicae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Iustitiae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Laboris (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Oeconomiae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Possessionum Publicarum (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Regionum Occupatarum]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Rerum Externarum Germaniae (1919 - 1945)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum Germaniae (1919 - 1945)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Administri Imperii Victus et Agriculturae (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Anni vitae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Apostoli]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Bononienses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Coloniae Agrippinae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Florentini]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Friburgenses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Genuenses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Monacenses et Frisingenses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Novieboracenses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Parisienses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Salisburgenses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi Toleti]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Archiepiscopi et episcopi Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Beatus-stipula]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Bio-stipula]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Cancellarii Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Cancellarii Vicarii Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Capsa ducis Veneti]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Capsa hominis Vicidatorum]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Categoriae hominis Vicidatorum]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Duces et Duces Magni Saxoniae-Vimarii-Eisenach]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Episcopi Moguntini]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Episcopi Seattlensis]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Sicagenses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Evangelistae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data1]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data10]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data2]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data3]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data4]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data5]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data6]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data7]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data8]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae/Data9]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Imperatores et reges SRI]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Index consulum rei publicae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Index consulum sub principatu electorum]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Legati Dietarum foederalis Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Magistri Civium Primi Hamburgi]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Magistri Civium Regentes Berolini]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Marchiones et duces Montisferrati]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Ministri Exterarum Rerum Rei Publicae Foederalis Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Ministri fiscales Romaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Ottomanidae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Papa-stipula]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Patriarchae Lisbonenses]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Patriarchae Venetiae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Pharaones]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Philosophi ante Socratem]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praefecti urbi Mexicopoli]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praemii Strega victores]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Alternativae pro Germania]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Consilii Foederalis Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Diaetae foederalis Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Factionis Democraticae Liberalis Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Factionis Socialis Democraticae Germaniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Badeniae-Virtembergiae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Bavariae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Brunsvici]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Hassiae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Megapolis-Suerini]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Oldenburgi]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Vestfaliae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Saraviae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Saxoniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Saxoniae-Anhaltini]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Saxoniae Inferioris]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Slesvici et Holsatiae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Ministrorum Thuringiae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Sinistrae Factionis (Germania)]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Unionis socialis Christianae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides Virtembergiae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides ministrorum Germaniae magistratu fungentes]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Praesides ministrorum Megalopolis-Streliciae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Reges Bohemiae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Reges Hungariae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Reges Italiae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Reges Persarum]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Reges Saxoniae]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Sanctus-stipula]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Scien-bio-stipula]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Scriptor-stipula]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Subscriptores Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Subscriptores Declarationis Libertatis]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Veterrimus homo vivus]] *[[:{{ns:10}}:Veterrimus vir vivus]] *[[:{{ns:4}}:Index formularum]] *[[:{{ns:4}}:Stipulae]] *[[:{{ns:3}}:Boleyn]] *[[:{{ns:2}}:Xaverius]] *[[Administer Foederalis Aerarii Publici]] *[[Administer Foederalis Collaborationis Oeconomicae]] *[[Administer Foederalis Commeatus et Aedificiorum]] *[[Administer Foederalis Cursus Publici]] *[[Administer Foederalis Defensionis Publicae]] *[[Administer Foederalis Eruditionis et Scientiae]] *[[Administer Foederalis Feminarum et Iuventutis]] *[[Administer Foederalis Iustitiae]] *[[Administer Foederalis Laboris]] *[[Administer Foederalis Oecologiae]] *[[Administer Foederalis Oeconomiae]] *[[Administer Foederalis Officiorum Praecipuorum]] *[[Administer Foederalis Possessionum Foederalium]] *[[Administer Foederalis Rei Agrariae]] *[[Administer Foederalis Relationum inter Germaniae Civitates]] *[[Administer Foederalis Rerum Consilii Foederalis et Terrarum Foederalium]] *[[Administer Foederalis Rerum Exterarum]] *[[Administer Foederalis Rerum Internarum]] *[[Administer Foederalis Salutis Publicae]] *[[Administer Foederalis Scientiae]] *[[Administer Foederalis rerum Propositi Marshalliani]] *[[Administer Imperii Aerarii Publici (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Commeatus (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Cursus Publici (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Defensionis Publicae (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Iustitiae (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Laboris (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Oeconomiae (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Possessionum Publicarum (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Regionum Occupatarum]] *[[Administer Imperii Rerum Exterarum (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)]] *[[Administer Imperii Victus et Agriculturae (Germania)]] *[[Administer foederalis]] *[[Equites mensae rotundae]] *[[Fasti Imperatorum Romanorum]] *[[Fasti censorum Rei Publicae Romanae]] *[[Fasti legatorum Syriae]] *[[Fasti proconsulum Asiae]] *[[Fasti regum Lacedaemoniorum]] *[[Fasti regum Numidiae]] 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*[[Index gubernatorum Californiae]] *[[Index gubernatorum Cenomannicae]] *[[Index gubernatorum Havaiorum]] *[[Index gubernatorum Mississippiae]] *[[Index gubernatorum Nebrascae]] *[[Index gubernatorum Novae Hantoniae]] *[[Index gubernatorum Novi Eboraci]] *[[Index gubernatorum Virginiae]] *[[Index imperatorum Sacri Romani Imperii]] *[[Index incolarum notorum Athenarum]] *[[Index incolarum notorum Petropolis]] *[[Index legatorum apud Consilium Nationale (48 conventus)]] *[[Index legatorum apud Consilium Nationale (49 conventus)]] *[[Index magistrorum civium regentium Berolini]] *[[Index nominum zoologorum]] *[[Index paparum Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Coptorum]] *[[Index praeclariorum compositorum]] *[[Index praesidum Germaniae]] *[[Index praesidum Regiae Societatis Geographicae]] *[[Index praesidum Rei publicae Coreanae]] *[[Index praesidum et gubernatorum Pennsilvaniae]] *[[Index praesidum ministrorum Bavariae]] *[[Index praesidum ministrorum Hassiae]] *[[Index praesidum ministrorum Saxoniae]] *[[Index principum regumque Nederlandiae]] *[[Index rectorum Studii Generalis Lovaniensis]] *[[Index regum Angliae]] *[[Index regum Cypri]] *[[Index regum Hispaniae]] *[[Index regum Hungariae]] *[[Index regum Macedoniae]] *[[Index regum Norvegiae]] *[[Index regum praesidumque Romaniae]] *[[Index sociorum Regalis Societatis Londini]] *[[Index sodalium Academiae Francicae secundum cathedram]] *[[Index sodalium Regiae Academiae Hispanicae secundum cathedram]] *[[Ministerium foederale exsulum, profugorum belloque vulneratorum]] *[[Praefectus praetorio]] *[[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] *[[Praeses Russiae]] *[[Praeses foederalis Germaniae]] *[[Praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] *[[Praesides Civitatum Foederatarum Americae per aetatem digesti]] *[[Praesides consilii ministrorum rei publicae Italicae]] *[[Prima domina]] *[[Prima domina Civitatum Foederatarum]] *[[Reges Aragoniae]] *[[Reges Asturorum]] *[[Reges Castellae]] *[[Reges Daniae]] *[[Reges Franciae]] *[[Reges Gallaeciae]] *[[Reges Legionis]] *[[Reges Maioricae]] *[[Reges Ostrogothorum]] *[[Reges Portugalliae]] *[[Reges Scotiae]] *[[Reges Spartae]] *[[Reges Valentiae]] *[[Reges Visigothorum]] *[[Reges et duces Poloniae]] *[[Secunda domina Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Corrigenda]] 8oxmzkf31lsu9fxdf2tgssskcr8yn1d 14 59076 3954598 2621306 2026-04-14T17:46:39Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Byzantini]] 3954598 wikitext text/x-wiki Historici qui imperium Byzantinum vel Constantinopolitanum habitaverunt. Vide etiam [[:Categoria:Historici Graeci antiqui]]; [[:Categoria:Historici Graeciae]] (i.e. historici qui Graeciam aevo recentiori habitaverunt); [[:Categoria:Byzantinistae]] (i.e. eruditi qui rebus Byzantinis recenter studuerunt) {{CommuniaCat|Byzantine historians|historicos Byzantinos}} {{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}} [[Categoria:Eruditi Imperii Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Historici per civitates digesti|Byzantini]] 9vt1kedqtd1pwnigfbfpzek6po7wo9s 14 59078 3954597 2623840 2026-04-14T17:46:10Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Byzantini]] 3954597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}} [[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Eruditi per civitates digesti|Imperii Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Byzantini]] m298lxyozwq2pbkd5ex7rahc9p2hbxc 14 60419 3954595 2621355 2026-04-14T17:42:54Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Medici Turciae]] 3954595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}} [[Categoria:Eruditi Imperii Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Medici per civitates digesti|Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Medici Turciae]] ntamud9lb744tgpew19ob7unh3avsif 0 61558 3954588 3248428 2026-04-14T16:24:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Duvius Avitus''' (nescimus, quando natus mortuusve sit) senator Romanus primo saeculo post Christum natum erat. Inter primos Gallos fuit, qui in senatum adlecti sunt<ref>Der Neue Pauly, Stuttgardiae 1999, T. 3, c. 852</ref>. Patria eius [[Vasio|Vasio Vocontiorum]] fuit. Post praeturam legatus Augusti pro praetore [[Aquitania (provincia Romana)|Aquitaniam]] administravit. Mensibus Novembri et Decembri anni [[56]] cum [[Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus|Publio Clodio Thrasea Paeto]] consul suffectus erat. [[Sextus Afranius Burrus|Sexto Afranio Burro]] [[praefectus praetorio|praefecto praetorio]], cuius patria etiam Vasio erat, suadente anno [[57]]/[[58]] legatus [[Germania Inferior|Germaniae Inferioris]] factus est. [[Frisii|Frisios]], qui agrum cis Rhenum occupaverant, pepulit<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', XIII 54</ref> et tum cum legato [[Germania Superior|Germaniae Superioris]], [[Titus Curtilius Mancia|Tito Curtilio Mancia]] [[Ampsivarii|Ampsivarios]] Germanos, cum sedes a Frisiis relictas occupavissent, vicit<ref>Loco citato, Cap. 56</ref>. == Notae == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Duvius Avitus, Lucius}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Legati Germaniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n. aut 1]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1 aut 2]] 6m0h792qzt7r0mru85jhubnx8vrlu8e 3954589 3954588 2026-04-14T16:24:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954589 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Duvius Avitus''' (nescimus, quando natus mortuusve sit) senator Romanus primo saeculo post Christum natum erat. Inter primos Gallos fuit, qui in senatum adlecti sunt<ref>Der Neue Pauly, Stuttgardiae 1999, T. 3, c. 852</ref>. Patria eius [[Vasio|Vasio Vocontiorum]] fuit. Post praeturam legatus Augusti pro praetore [[Aquitania (provincia Romana)|Aquitaniam]] administravit. Mensibus Novembri et Decembri anni [[56]] cum [[Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus|Publio Clodio Thrasea Paeto]] consul suffectus erat. [[Sextus Afranius Burrus|Sexto Afranio Burro]] [[praefectus praetorio|praefecto praetorio]], cuius patria etiam Vasio erat, suadente anno [[57]]/[[58]] legatus [[Germania Inferior|Germaniae Inferioris]] factus est. [[Frisii|Frisios]], qui agrum cis Rhenum occupaverant, pepulit<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', XIII 54</ref> et tum cum legato [[Germania Superior|Germaniae Superioris]], [[Titus Curtilius Mancia|Tito Curtilio Mancia]] [[Ampsivarii|Ampsivarios]] Germanos, cum sedes a Frisiis relictas occupavissent, vicit<ref>''Loco citato'', cap. 56</ref>. == Notae == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Duvius Avitus, Lucius}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Legati Germaniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n. aut 1]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1 aut 2]] 9h5ovx7abaasgqylf8cptdp9p9t1wva 0 62116 3954586 3679067 2026-04-14T16:17:30Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sextus Afranius Burrus''' (natus ignoto anno, mortuus anno [[62]]) [[praefectus praetorio]] temporibus [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudii]] et [[Nero (imperator)|Neronis]] imperatorum fuit. Pater ei Sextus quidam fuit e [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribu]] Voltinia, patria [[Vasio|Vasio Vocontiorum]] in [[Gallia Narbonensis|Gallia Narbonensi]]<ref>{{CIL|12|5842}}</ref> (ut [[Lucius Duvius Avitus|Lucii Duvii Aviti]]). ==De cursu honorum== Tribunus legionis, deinde procurator rerum [[Livia Drusilla|Liviae Drusillae]] ad annum [[29]] ac postea procurator [[Tiberius (imperator)|Tiberii]], [[Caligula]]e, Claudii<ref>CIL XII,5842</ref> fuit. Praeterea "''egregiae militaris famae''"<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', XII 42,1</ref> habebatur. Anno [[51]] [[Agrippina minor|Agrippina Minore]] suadente solus praefectus praetorio factus est<ref>ibidem</ref>. Cum Nero imperium suscepit fidem praetorianorum militum retinuit<ref>''Annales'' XII 69,1</ref>. Cum [[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Seneca]] et Agrippina, matre imperatoris, primis annis Neronis imperii rem publicam administravit<ref>Annales, XIII 2,1; 6,3</ref>. Agrippinae caedem recusavit<ref>''Annales'', XIV 7,4</ref> nec ei interfuit, sed Neronem vituperavit<ref>''Annales'', XIV 10,2</ref>. Cum Nero divortium faceret cum [[Octavia (Claudii filia)|Octavia]], id etiam recusavit<ref>[[Cassius Dio]], LXVII 13</ref>. Anno [[62]] mortuus est (veneno a Nerone sublatus, ut quidam putant). Eo mortuo etiam auctoritas Senecae apud Neronem fracta erat. Successores Burri praefecti praetorio [[Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus]] et [[Lucius Faenius Rufus]] erant. ==De persona scaenica== [[Fasciculus:Burrhus, Nero's Tutor, Prostrating Himself before his Sovereign Lord (Otto Wallgren) - Nationalmuseum - 19020.tif|thumb|"Burrhus praeceptor Neronis se ad pedes domini sui deicit," pictura [[Otto Wallgren|Ottonis Wallgren]] anni [[1816]]]] Burrhus<ref>Sic a Racine scriptus. Burrus deformatio quaedam Italica nominis Graeci Pyrrhi fuisse videtur.</ref> fuit persona in celeberrima [[Tragoedia|tragoedia]] Francogallici poetae [[Ioannes Racine|Iohannis Racine]], ''Britannicus'' inscripta ([[1669]]). Ubi partes paedagogi et boni consiliarii agit, qui Neronem adulescentem ad bonas artes hortari atque a caede fratris [[Britannicus|Britannici]] avertere frustra conatur. Ita opponitur [[Narcissus (libertus)|Narcisso]], liberto [[Claudius (imperator)|Divi Claudii]], qui partes mali consiliarii agit, omnium facinorum fautoris. [[Praefectus praetorio]] sine nomine in [[Octavia (tragoedia)|Octavia]] pseudo-[[Seneca|Senecana]], utrum Burrus sit necne, dubium est. Secundum veritatem historicam tempore caedis Octaviae Burri auctoritas apud Neronem iam nulla erat, sed persona mores honesti militis praebet, quod magis cum Burro congruit quam cum successore [[Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus|Tigellino]]<ref>Si quidem Taciti opinioni credimus.</ref>. == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes biographici}} * {{CIL|12|5842}} ''Vasienses patrono suo...'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Afranius Burrus, Sextus}} [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Mortui 62]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n. aut 1]] dvm3vawi44nwlc692zwh2kakkvcwl7h 3954587 3954586 2026-04-14T16:21:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3954587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sextus Afranius Burrus''' (natus ignoto anno, mortuus anno [[62]]) [[praefectus praetorio]] temporibus [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudii]] et [[Nero (imperator)|Neronis]] imperatorum fuit. Pater ei Sextus quidam fuit e [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribu]] Voltinia, patria [[Vasio|Vasio Vocontiorum]] in [[Gallia Narbonensis|Gallia Narbonensi]]<ref>{{CIL|12|5842}}</ref> (ut [[Lucius Duvius Avitus|Lucii Duvii Aviti]]). ==De cursu honorum== Tribunus legionis, deinde procurator rerum [[Livia Drusilla|Liviae Drusillae]] ad annum [[29]] ac postea procurator [[Tiberius (imperator)|Tiberii]], [[Caligula]]e, Claudii<ref>CIL XII,5842</ref> fuit. Praeterea "''egregiae militaris famae''"<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', XII 42,1</ref> habebatur. Anno [[51]] [[Agrippina minor|Agrippina Minore]] suadente solus praefectus praetorio factus est<ref>ibidem</ref>. Cum Nero imperium suscepit fidem praetorianorum militum retinuit<ref>''Annales'' XII 69,1</ref>. Cum [[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Seneca]] et Agrippina, matre imperatoris, primis annis Neronis imperii rem publicam administravit<ref>''Annales'', XIII 2,1; 6,3</ref>. Agrippinae caedem recusavit<ref>''Annales'', XIV 7,4</ref> nec ei interfuit, sed Neronem vituperavit<ref>''Annales'', XIV 10,2</ref>. Cum Nero divortium faceret cum [[Octavia (Claudii filia)|Octavia]], id etiam recusavit<ref>[[Cassius Dio]], LXVII 13</ref>. Anno [[62]] mortuus est (veneno a Nerone sublatus, ut quidam putant). Eo mortuo etiam auctoritas Senecae apud Neronem fracta erat. Successores Burri praefecti praetorio [[Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus]] et [[Lucius Faenius Rufus]] erant. ==De persona scaenica== [[Fasciculus:Burrhus, Nero's Tutor, Prostrating Himself before his Sovereign Lord (Otto Wallgren) - Nationalmuseum - 19020.tif|thumb|"Burrhus praeceptor Neronis se ad pedes domini sui deicit," pictura [[Otto Wallgren|Ottonis Wallgren]] anni [[1816]]]] Burrhus<ref>Sic a Racine scriptus. Burrus deformatio quaedam Italica nominis Graeci Pyrrhi fuisse videtur.</ref> fuit persona in celeberrima [[Tragoedia|tragoedia]] Francogallici poetae [[Ioannes Racine|Iohannis Racine]], ''Britannicus'' inscripta ([[1669]]). Ubi partes paedagogi et boni consiliarii agit, qui Neronem adulescentem ad bonas artes hortari atque a caede fratris [[Britannicus|Britannici]] avertere frustra conatur. Ita opponitur [[Narcissus (libertus)|Narcisso]], liberto [[Claudius (imperator)|Divi Claudii]], qui partes mali consiliarii agit, omnium facinorum fautoris. [[Praefectus praetorio]] sine nomine in [[Octavia (tragoedia)|Octavia]] pseudo-[[Seneca|Senecana]], utrum Burrus sit necne, dubium est. Secundum veritatem historicam tempore caedis Octaviae Burri auctoritas apud Neronem iam nulla erat, sed persona mores honesti militis praebet, quod magis cum Burro congruit quam cum successore [[Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus|Tigellino]]<ref>Si quidem Taciti opinioni credimus.</ref>. == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes biographici}} * {{CIL|12|5842}} ''Vasienses patrono suo...'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Afranius Burrus, Sextus}} [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Mortui 62]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n. aut 1]] dzahssof0zczv95bg5gav8p4v35an3e 0 66073 3954656 3797722 2026-04-14T18:59:31Z IvanScrooge98 76094 imago 3954656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:SXSW 2024 - Dev Patel 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dev Patel]] '''Dev Patel''' (natus in regione urbana [[Harrovia]] [[Londinium|Londinii]] die [[23 Aprilis]] [[1990]]), patre et matre in [[Kenia]] natis e stirpe [[India|Indico]], est [[actor]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]. == Pelliculae selectae == * [[2008]] - [[Slumdog Millionaire]] == Nexus externi == * {{Imdb name|2353862| Dev Patel }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120926125643/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=50375 Colloquium percontativum] cum Dev Patel Eduardo Douglas apud comingsoon.net, die 14 Novembris 2008 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090401205854/http://movies.about.com/od/slumdogmillionaire/a/dev-patel.htm Colloquium percontativum] cum Eduardo Douglas de '' Slumdog Millionaire'' apud movies.about.com, die 12 Novembris 2008 {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Dev}} [[Categoria:Actores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1990]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] lomzzdsn1l8lo6a54trjq0l72r8yf9d 3954657 3954656 2026-04-14T18:59:41Z IvanScrooge98 76094 3954657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:SXSW 2024 - Dev Patel 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dev Patel anno 2024]] '''Dev Patel''' (natus in regione urbana [[Harrovia]] [[Londinium|Londinii]] die [[23 Aprilis]] [[1990]]), patre et matre in [[Kenia]] natis e stirpe [[India|Indico]], est [[actor]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]. == Pelliculae selectae == * [[2008]] - [[Slumdog Millionaire]] == Nexus externi == * {{Imdb name|2353862| Dev Patel }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120926125643/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=50375 Colloquium percontativum] cum Dev Patel Eduardo Douglas apud comingsoon.net, die 14 Novembris 2008 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090401205854/http://movies.about.com/od/slumdogmillionaire/a/dev-patel.htm Colloquium percontativum] cum Eduardo Douglas de '' Slumdog Millionaire'' apud movies.about.com, die 12 Novembris 2008 {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Dev}} [[Categoria:Actores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1990]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] 2a1vy3gbtf3hn32ty6pb00zr592uh1x 0 74667 3954537 3954492 2026-04-14T13:12:35Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi inspiratae aut ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} 8ld6ok0crn0hw60g8e2r0gx52zlhqeh 3954568 3954537 2026-04-14T15:10:43Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} iyjt6modux1d6wl1nlkhhba6zihuesm 3954569 3954568 2026-04-14T15:16:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat. Revera damnum ex intensitate et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} 339ypbqh11lgfzeo5075rtmdcd5yx6k 3954570 3954569 2026-04-14T15:23:44Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} l0q1lhbihowcyyurzy1spkpylouc505 3954571 3954570 2026-04-14T15:28:47Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954571 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} jx5wlycdvjpzptdvb4rtxem5vszosx4 3954572 3954571 2026-04-14T15:42:52Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis ut carbonio-14; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} jna1xr8qlfoq0rvszxjy6mhbty59qqw 3954573 3954572 2026-04-14T15:43:37Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis ut carbonio-14; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} gar8a1kuka4yxp9jib180eqfxpr9ufa 3954574 3954573 2026-04-14T15:46:41Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis ut carbonio-14; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante].</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} okt0kxakg2jwpp3fr3jt361wlnhf1dc 3954575 3954574 2026-04-14T15:52:11Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis ut carbonio-14; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} okvb1xsjb9sqwwaq5ap4jfl41683hvx 3954576 3954575 2026-04-14T15:56:33Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} gxx288kx05jk1ctvvreipgh6i4odlnq 3954585 3954576 2026-04-14T16:15:23Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} och99r1q0hp9rhkcdlb4hlg91eye7w9 3954590 3954585 2026-04-14T16:31:22Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} 7th5nx26570ssn1919mgycc7pc7cqiy 3954591 3954590 2026-04-14T16:32:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3954591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} g2jrl584lk2xkvoythlurhek9zl32mb 3954592 3954591 2026-04-14T16:48:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De praecipuis radiationum generibus */ 3954592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} gcm1nfwhc82575wz93khu7atn66bd0s 3954634 3954592 2026-04-14T18:17:00Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]] aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} bdx1zr9zbyd5ol6486umz4u9frh01k1 0 74808 3954699 892939 2026-04-15T11:38:23Z IacobusAmor 1163 Pagina interretialis non est situs interretialis 3954699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Platypus article on Vector 2022.png|thumb|Quisque commentarius in [[situs interretialis|situ]] [[Vicipaedia]]e est propria pagina interretialis. Eius [[URL]] in {{Creanda|en|Address bar|Spatium inscriptionis|spatio inscriptionis}}{{dubsig}} in summa [[navigatrum|navigatri]] parte videtur.]] '''Pagina interetialis''' est {{Creanda|en|Document|documentum}} in [[Tela Totius Terrae]] quae per [[navigatrum]] aditur.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Web page – definition of web page by The Free Dictionary |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/web+page |access-date=23 Aprilis 2021 |archive-date=23 Aprilis 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423170632/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/web+page |url-status=live }}.</ref> [[Situs interretialis]] in multis paginis talibus usitate consistit, quae inter sese per commune {{Creanda|en|Domain name|nomen dominii}}{{dubsig}} [[nexus|conectuntur]]. [[Vocabulum]] ''pagina interretialis'' ergo est [[metaphora]] {{Creanda|en|Page (paper)|Pagina (papyrus)|paginarum papyri}} quae una in [[liber (litterae)|libro]] colliguntur. ==Notae== <references/> [[Categoria:Interrete]] dr7xo40qi7gti992ke1o7zh2h5n02m7 0 77257 3954670 3948366 2026-04-14T21:20:02Z UV 1088 3954670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Ioachimus Wanke}} (natus [[Vratislavia]]e in [[Silesia]] die [[4 Maii]] [[1941]]; mortuus [[Erfordia]]e die [[12 Martii]] [[2026]]) fuit [[Dioecesis Erfordiensis|Erfordiensis]] [[episcopus]] emeritus. Olim fuit discipulus [[goetheanum (Ilmenavia)|Goetheani]] Ilmenaviensis. == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Joachim Wanke}} {{Fontes biographici}} * {{PND|121753743}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303044354/http://www.bistum-erfurt.de/front_content.php?idcat=1934 Brevis biographia] {{bio-stipula}} {{Archiepiscopi et episcopi Germaniae}} {{Lifetime|1941|2026|Wanke, Ioachimus}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Erfordienses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]] mz6eob6svzyru80hqn9bhcnxe06t91p 10 82067 3954650 3704174 2026-04-14T18:21:58Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3954650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa navigationis | titulus = Primi ministri Hungariae 1990– | imago = {{Insigne|Hungaria|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Hungaria}} | corpus = [[Iosephus Antall minor|Iosephus Antall]]&nbsp;1990&nbsp;• [[Petrus Boross]]&nbsp;1993&nbsp;• [[Iulius Horn]]&nbsp;1994&nbsp;• [[Victor Orbán]]&nbsp;1998&nbsp;• [[Petrus Medgyessy]]&nbsp;2002&nbsp;• [[Franciscus Gyurcsány]]&nbsp;2004&nbsp;• [[Gordonus Bajnai]]&nbsp;2009&nbsp;• [[Victor Orbán]]&nbsp;2010&nbsp;• [[Petrus Magyar]]&nbsp;2016 | sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&nbsp;• [[Porta:Hungaria|Porta Hungariae]]&nbsp;• [[Gubernatores civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]] | sub2 = [[Formula:Gubernatores civitatum sociarum Unionis Europaeae|Gubernatores civitatum sociarum Unionis Europaeae]]&nbsp;• [[Formula:Principes Hungariae 1918-|Principes Hungariae 1918-]]&nbsp;• [[Formula:Primi ministri Hungariae 1867–1989|Primi ministri Hungariae 1867–1989]]&nbsp;• [[Formula:Ministri rerum externarum Hungarici|Ministri rerum externarum Hungarici]]}}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Formulae navigationis gubernatorum civitatum|Hungaria]] [[Categoria:Formulae Hungariam spectantes]] [[Categoria:Res politicae Hungaricae|ß]] </noinclude> km4fj29ym0x8elu6gd1jhghincvknz1 3954665 3954650 2026-04-14T20:57:00Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3954665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa navigationis | titulus = Primi ministri Hungariae 1990– | imago = {{Insigne|Hungaria|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Hungaria}} | corpus = [[Iosephus Antall minor|Iosephus Antall]]&nbsp;1990&nbsp;• [[Petrus Boross]]&nbsp;1993&nbsp;• [[Iulius Horn]]&nbsp;1994&nbsp;• [[Victor Orbán]]&nbsp;1998&nbsp;• [[Petrus Medgyessy]]&nbsp;2002&nbsp;• [[Franciscus Gyurcsány]]&nbsp;2004&nbsp;• [[Gordonus Bajnai]]&nbsp;2009&nbsp;• [[Victor Orbán]]&nbsp;2010&nbsp;• [[Petrus Magyar]]&nbsp;2026 | sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&nbsp;• [[Porta:Hungaria|Porta Hungariae]]&nbsp;• [[Gubernatores civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]] | sub2 = [[Formula:Gubernatores civitatum sociarum Unionis Europaeae|Gubernatores civitatum sociarum Unionis Europaeae]]&nbsp;• [[Formula:Principes Hungariae 1918-|Principes Hungariae 1918-]]&nbsp;• [[Formula:Primi ministri Hungariae 1867–1989|Primi ministri Hungariae 1867–1989]]&nbsp;• [[Formula:Ministri rerum externarum Hungarici|Ministri rerum externarum Hungarici]]}}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Formulae navigationis gubernatorum civitatum|Hungaria]] [[Categoria:Formulae Hungariam spectantes]] [[Categoria:Res politicae Hungaricae|ß]] </noinclude> q5mck9cz8v8ljt2kwwzjhbe5tvd83cr 0 83687 3954679 2437102 2026-04-15T09:15:59Z Andrew Dalby 1084 + 3954679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Michael de Marolles''' (''Michel de Marolles'' et communiter ''abbé de Marolles''; natus die [[22 Iulii]] [[1600]] apud [[Genillé]]; mortuus die [[6 Martii]] [[1681]] [[Lutetia]]e) fuit interpres textuum Latinorum et amator [[ichnographia]]rum. Monachus fit anno 1610; fuit abbas apud [[Villeloin-Coulangé|Villeloin]] ab anno [[1626]] usque ad [[1674]]. Convivia [[Magdalena de Scudéry|Magdalenae de Scudéry]] aliarumque frequentavit. Ichnographias 123&nbsp;000 congessit quas anno [[1667]] ab eo [[Ioannes Baptista Colbert]] pro rege [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovico XIV]] [[libra (moneta)|libras]] 28&nbsp;000 emit; ita pinacothecam ichnographiarum [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Regiae]] incepit quae anno [[1720]] rite condita est. == Opera == * ''Histoire romaine continuée depuis le commencement de l'empire de Dioclétian et de Maximian jusques à celuy de Valentinian et de Valens, avec les épitomés de Messala Corvinus, Aurelius Victor, Sextus Rufus, et autres'' (continuatio operis Nicolai Coeffeteau, 1630) * ''Les Mémoires de Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin, divisés en trois parties, contenant ce qu'il a vu de plus remarquable en sa vie, depuis l'année 1600, ses entretiens avec quelques-uns des plus savants hommes de son temps, et les généalogies de quelques familles alliées dans la sienne ; avec une briève description de la très-illustre maison de Mantoue et de Nevers'' (1656) * ''Suitte des Mémoires de Michel de Marolles abbé de Villeloin contenant douze traitez sur divers Sujets curieux...'' (1657) * ''Traité du poëme épique, pour l'intelligence de l'Énéïde de Virgile'' (1662) * ''Histoire des roys de France et des choses plus mémorables qui se sont passées sous leur règne. Écrite en abregé sur le modèle des anciens'' (1663) * ''Paris, ou la Description succincte, et néanmoins assez ample, de cette grande ville, par un certain nombre d'épigrammes de quatre vers chacune, sur divers sujets'' (1677) * ''Trois essais pour la version entière de la Bible, selon l'édition qui fut commencée de l'année 1665'' (1678) * ''Les Histoires des anciens comtes d'Anjou et de la construction d'Amboise, avec des remarques sur chaque ouvrage'' (1681) * ''Inventaire des titres de Nevers, de l'abbé de Marolles, suivi d'extraits des titres de Bourgogne et de Nivernois, d'extraits des inventaires des archives de l'église de Nevers et de l'inventaire des archives des Bordes, publié et annoté par le Cte de Soultrait'' (1873) * ''Géographie sacrée contenant les noms de tous les éveschés de l'Église latine. Les Apostres. Les Saints évangélistes. Les SS. Docteurs de l'Église. Les Papes qui ont esté depuis 1600'' (s.d.) * ''Considérations sur une critique judicieuse qui s'est faite sur l'Énéide de Virgile, avec des exemples tirez des versions de quelqu'autres ouvrages de plusieurs poètes illustres de l'antiquité, pour montrer ce que peut notre langue françoise sur ce sujet'' (s.d.) * ''Le Roy, les personnes de la cour, qui sont de la première qualité, et quelques-uns de la noblesse qui ont aimé les lettres ou qui s'y sont signalés par quelques ouvrages considérables'' (s.d.) === Versiones === * ''L'Office de la semaine saincte, selon le missel et bréviaire romain, en latin et en françois'' (1645) * [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus]] : ''Les Œuvres de M. Année Lucain, ou l'Histoire des guerres civiles entre César et Pompée et des principaux combats qui se passèrent en la sanglante journée de Pharsale'' (1623, 1647 & 1649) * [[Vergilius]] : ''Les Oeuvres de Virgile, traduites en prose, enrichies de tables, remarques, commentaires, éloges et vie de l'autheur, avec une explication géographique du voyage d'Énée et de l'ancienne Italie et un Abrégé de l'histoire, contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus mémorable depuis l'embrazement de Troye jusques à l'empire d'Auguste, pour l'intelligence du poëte'' (1649) * [[Lucretius]] : ''Le Poète Lucrèce, latin et françois'' (1659) * [[Horatius]] : ''Les Œuvres, en latin et françois'' (2 voll., 1652-1653) * [[Catullus]], [[Tibullus]], [[Propertius]] : ''Catulle, Tibulle, Properce, de la traduction de M. de Marolle'' (1653) * [[Martialis]] : ''Toutes les Épigrammes, en latin et en françois'' (1655) * [[Iuvenalis]] et [[Persius]] : ''Les Satires de Juvénal et de Perse'' (1658) * [[Statius]] : ''Les Sylves et l'Achilléide'' (1658) * Statius : ''La Thébaïde'' (1658) * [[Plautus]] : ''Les Comédies de Plaute, avec des remarques en latin et en françoys'' (1658) * ''Le Bréviaire romain'' (1659) * [[Lucretius]] : ''Les Six Livres de la Nature des choses'' (1659) * [[Seneca minor]] : ''Les Tragédies'' (''The Tragedies'', 1659) * [[Ovidius]] : ''Les Livres de l'Art d'aimer et des Remèdes d'amour'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Les Fastes'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Toutes les pièces qui nous restent de ce poète, lesquelles il composa pendant son exil, contenues dans les deux grands ouvrages que nous avons de luy sur ce sujet sous deux titres différents de Tristes et de Pont'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Les Épistres héroïdes d'Ovide'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Les Tristes d'Ovide, de la Traduction de M. D. M. A. D. V.'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Les Quatre Livres des Épistres d'Ovide, escrites du lieu de son exil dans la province de Pont'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Recueil de diverses pièces d'Ovide, et d'autres poëtes anciens, […], en latin et en françois, de la Traduction de M. D. M. A. D. V.'' (Lutetiae: Louis Billaine, 1661) * Vergilius : ''L'Énéide. Les Bucoliques. Les Géorgiques'' (3 voll., 1662) * ''[[Biblia]]'' : ''Le Nouveau Testament de Nostre Seigneur Jésus-Christ'' (1664) * ''Biblia'' : ''Livres des pseaumes et cantiques, latin et françois, de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, enrichis de préfaces, argumens, titres et briefves annotations'' (1666) * ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' : ''L'Histoire auguste des six autheurs anciens'' (1667) * [[Petronius]] : ''Le Pétrone en vers'' (1667) * [[Gregorius Turonensis]] : ''L'Histoire des François de S. Grégoire, evesque de Tours, qui vivait il y a près d'onze cents ans ; avec le Supplément de Frédégaire, écrit par les ordres de Childebrand, frère de Charles-Martel. La seconde partie des Histoires de S. Grégoire, contenant ses livres de la gloire des martyrs et des confesseurs, avec les quatre livres de la vie de S. Martin, et celuy de la vie des Pères'' (1668) * Petronius : ''Les Poèmes de l'embrazement de Troye et du changement de la République romaine, en concurrence de Virgile et de Lucain, par un fameux auteur du temps de Néron, traduits en vers'' (1671) * Catullus : ''Les Épitalames de Catulle et les Nopces de Pélée et de Thétis, avec le poëme des Éloges de Vénus, traduits en vers'' (1671) * [[Phocas]] : ''La Vie de Virgile écrite en vers, avec plusieurs Éloges et toutes les Épigrammes des douze autheurs, lesquels ont écrit différemment sur un mesme sujet. Les Catalectes de Virgile et de quelques autres poètes anciens, traduits en vers'' (1671) * ''Biblia'' : ''Le Livre de la Genèse, le livre de l'Exode, & les XXIII premiers chapitres du Lévitique, traduits en franc̜ois, avec des notes'' (c. 1671) * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] : ''Les dix-huit Livres qui nous restent des XXXI de l'histoire qu'avait composée Ammian Marcellin, depuis l'an de N. S. 354 jusques en 378'' (1672) * ''Les Catalectes des anciens poètes latins, première partie contenant les second et troisième livres, selon le recueil de Scaliger'' (1675) * Martialis : ''Les Quinze livres, traduits en vers avec des remarques et des tables'' (1675) * Ovidius : ''Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide comprises en quatre vers pour chaque fable des 15 livres de cet ouvrage ou plus tôt pour leur servir d'argument'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Le Cantique des cantiques de Salomon. Traduction en vers selon le sens litteral'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''La Prophétie de Daniel. Traduction en vers'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Traduction en vers de l'Apocalypse de Saint Jean apostre, selon le sens litteral exprimé par la version latine appellée Vulgate, & par les autres versions franc̜oises approuvées'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Les Prophètes Jonas et Nahum. Touchant la pénitence des Ninivites. Traduction en vers, avec des remarques'' (1678) * [[Athenaeus]]: ''Les quinze lives des Deipnosophistes'' e versionibus Latinis versi (Lutetiae: J. Langlois, 1680) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1230239 Textus interretialis] * ''Biblia'' : ''Les Épistres et Evangiles, avec les Oraisons propres'' (1688) === De ichnographiis === * [[Iacobus Callot]], ''[[Les Misères et les malheurs de la guerre]]'' cum adnotationibus Michaelis de Marolles (1633) *''Tableaux du temple des muses tirez du cabinet de feu Mr Favereau, et gravez en tailles-douces par les meilleurs maistres de son temps pour représenter les vertus et les vices, sur les plus illustres fables de l'antiquité, avec les descriptions, remarques et annotations'' (1655) *''Catalogue de livres d'estampes et de figures en taille douce, avec un dénombrement des pièces qui y sont contenues, fait à Paris en l'année 1666'' (1666) *''Catalogue de livres d'estampes et de figures en taille-douce, avec un dénombrement des pièces qui y sont contenues, fait à Paris en l'année 1672'' (1672) *''Le Livre des peintres et des graveurs'' (1862) == Bibliographia == * Louis Bosseboeuf, ''Un Précurseur: Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin, sa vie et son œuvre''. Turonis: Imprimerie Tourangelle [c. 1911] * [[Ioannes Rou|Jean Rou]], ''Mémoires Inédits et Opuscules de Jean Rou (1638-1711)'' ed. Francis Waddington. Lutetiae: Société de l'Histoire du protestantisme français, 1857. 2 voll. * Jean Bernard, "Portrait d'un honnête homme, Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin" in ''Les Amis du Pays Lochois'' no. 12 (Dec. 1996) pp. 73-98 == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marolles, Michael de}} [[Categoria:Nati 1600]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1681]] [[Categoria:Abbates]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Amatores artium]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi]] os7tj9ixtjbpf7yb5vdyowmzfxx0b7v 3954680 3954679 2026-04-15T09:17:11Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Michael de Marolles''' (''Michel de Marolles'' et communiter ''abbé de Marolles''; [[Geniliacum|Geniliaci]] natus die [[22 Iulii]] [[1600]]; mortuus die [[6 Martii]] [[1681]] [[Lutetia]]e) fuit interpres textuum Latinorum et amator [[ichnographia]]rum. Monachus fit anno 1610; fuit abbas apud [[Villeloin-Coulangé|Villeloin]] ab anno [[1626]] usque ad [[1674]]. Convivia [[Magdalena de Scudéry|Magdalenae de Scudéry]] aliarumque frequentavit. Ichnographias 123&nbsp;000 congessit quas anno [[1667]] ab eo [[Ioannes Baptista Colbert]] pro rege [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovico XIV]] [[libra (moneta)|libras]] 28&nbsp;000 emit; ita pinacothecam ichnographiarum [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Regiae]] incepit quae anno [[1720]] rite condita est. == Opera == * ''Histoire romaine continuée depuis le commencement de l'empire de Dioclétian et de Maximian jusques à celuy de Valentinian et de Valens, avec les épitomés de Messala Corvinus, Aurelius Victor, Sextus Rufus, et autres'' (continuatio operis Nicolai Coeffeteau, 1630) * ''Les Mémoires de Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin, divisés en trois parties, contenant ce qu'il a vu de plus remarquable en sa vie, depuis l'année 1600, ses entretiens avec quelques-uns des plus savants hommes de son temps, et les généalogies de quelques familles alliées dans la sienne ; avec une briève description de la très-illustre maison de Mantoue et de Nevers'' (1656) * ''Suitte des Mémoires de Michel de Marolles abbé de Villeloin contenant douze traitez sur divers Sujets curieux...'' (1657) * ''Traité du poëme épique, pour l'intelligence de l'Énéïde de Virgile'' (1662) * ''Histoire des roys de France et des choses plus mémorables qui se sont passées sous leur règne. Écrite en abregé sur le modèle des anciens'' (1663) * ''Paris, ou la Description succincte, et néanmoins assez ample, de cette grande ville, par un certain nombre d'épigrammes de quatre vers chacune, sur divers sujets'' (1677) * ''Trois essais pour la version entière de la Bible, selon l'édition qui fut commencée de l'année 1665'' (1678) * ''Les Histoires des anciens comtes d'Anjou et de la construction d'Amboise, avec des remarques sur chaque ouvrage'' (1681) * ''Inventaire des titres de Nevers, de l'abbé de Marolles, suivi d'extraits des titres de Bourgogne et de Nivernois, d'extraits des inventaires des archives de l'église de Nevers et de l'inventaire des archives des Bordes, publié et annoté par le Cte de Soultrait'' (1873) * ''Géographie sacrée contenant les noms de tous les éveschés de l'Église latine. Les Apostres. Les Saints évangélistes. Les SS. Docteurs de l'Église. Les Papes qui ont esté depuis 1600'' (s.d.) * ''Considérations sur une critique judicieuse qui s'est faite sur l'Énéide de Virgile, avec des exemples tirez des versions de quelqu'autres ouvrages de plusieurs poètes illustres de l'antiquité, pour montrer ce que peut notre langue françoise sur ce sujet'' (s.d.) * ''Le Roy, les personnes de la cour, qui sont de la première qualité, et quelques-uns de la noblesse qui ont aimé les lettres ou qui s'y sont signalés par quelques ouvrages considérables'' (s.d.) === Versiones === * ''L'Office de la semaine saincte, selon le missel et bréviaire romain, en latin et en françois'' (1645) * [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus]] : ''Les Œuvres de M. Année Lucain, ou l'Histoire des guerres civiles entre César et Pompée et des principaux combats qui se passèrent en la sanglante journée de Pharsale'' (1623, 1647 & 1649) * [[Vergilius]] : ''Les Oeuvres de Virgile, traduites en prose, enrichies de tables, remarques, commentaires, éloges et vie de l'autheur, avec une explication géographique du voyage d'Énée et de l'ancienne Italie et un Abrégé de l'histoire, contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus mémorable depuis l'embrazement de Troye jusques à l'empire d'Auguste, pour l'intelligence du poëte'' (1649) * [[Lucretius]] : ''Le Poète Lucrèce, latin et françois'' (1659) * [[Horatius]] : ''Les Œuvres, en latin et françois'' (2 voll., 1652-1653) * [[Catullus]], [[Tibullus]], [[Propertius]] : ''Catulle, Tibulle, Properce, de la traduction de M. de Marolle'' (1653) * [[Martialis]] : ''Toutes les Épigrammes, en latin et en françois'' (1655) * [[Iuvenalis]] et [[Persius]] : ''Les Satires de Juvénal et de Perse'' (1658) * [[Statius]] : ''Les Sylves et l'Achilléide'' (1658) * Statius : ''La Thébaïde'' (1658) * [[Plautus]] : ''Les Comédies de Plaute, avec des remarques en latin et en françoys'' (1658) * ''Le Bréviaire romain'' (1659) * [[Lucretius]] : ''Les Six Livres de la Nature des choses'' (1659) * [[Seneca minor]] : ''Les Tragédies'' (''The Tragedies'', 1659) * [[Ovidius]] : ''Les Livres de l'Art d'aimer et des Remèdes d'amour'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Les Fastes'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Toutes les pièces qui nous restent de ce poète, lesquelles il composa pendant son exil, contenues dans les deux grands ouvrages que nous avons de luy sur ce sujet sous deux titres différents de Tristes et de Pont'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Les Épistres héroïdes d'Ovide'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Les Tristes d'Ovide, de la Traduction de M. D. M. A. D. V.'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Les Quatre Livres des Épistres d'Ovide, escrites du lieu de son exil dans la province de Pont'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Recueil de diverses pièces d'Ovide, et d'autres poëtes anciens, […], en latin et en françois, de la Traduction de M. D. M. A. D. V.'' (Lutetiae: Louis Billaine, 1661) * Vergilius : ''L'Énéide. Les Bucoliques. Les Géorgiques'' (3 voll., 1662) * ''[[Biblia]]'' : ''Le Nouveau Testament de Nostre Seigneur Jésus-Christ'' (1664) * ''Biblia'' : ''Livres des pseaumes et cantiques, latin et françois, de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, enrichis de préfaces, argumens, titres et briefves annotations'' (1666) * ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' : ''L'Histoire auguste des six autheurs anciens'' (1667) * [[Petronius]] : ''Le Pétrone en vers'' (1667) * [[Gregorius Turonensis]] : ''L'Histoire des François de S. Grégoire, evesque de Tours, qui vivait il y a près d'onze cents ans ; avec le Supplément de Frédégaire, écrit par les ordres de Childebrand, frère de Charles-Martel. La seconde partie des Histoires de S. Grégoire, contenant ses livres de la gloire des martyrs et des confesseurs, avec les quatre livres de la vie de S. Martin, et celuy de la vie des Pères'' (1668) * Petronius : ''Les Poèmes de l'embrazement de Troye et du changement de la République romaine, en concurrence de Virgile et de Lucain, par un fameux auteur du temps de Néron, traduits en vers'' (1671) * Catullus : ''Les Épitalames de Catulle et les Nopces de Pélée et de Thétis, avec le poëme des Éloges de Vénus, traduits en vers'' (1671) * [[Phocas]] : ''La Vie de Virgile écrite en vers, avec plusieurs Éloges et toutes les Épigrammes des douze autheurs, lesquels ont écrit différemment sur un mesme sujet. Les Catalectes de Virgile et de quelques autres poètes anciens, traduits en vers'' (1671) * ''Biblia'' : ''Le Livre de la Genèse, le livre de l'Exode, & les XXIII premiers chapitres du Lévitique, traduits en franc̜ois, avec des notes'' (c. 1671) * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] : ''Les dix-huit Livres qui nous restent des XXXI de l'histoire qu'avait composée Ammian Marcellin, depuis l'an de N. S. 354 jusques en 378'' (1672) * ''Les Catalectes des anciens poètes latins, première partie contenant les second et troisième livres, selon le recueil de Scaliger'' (1675) * Martialis : ''Les Quinze livres, traduits en vers avec des remarques et des tables'' (1675) * Ovidius : ''Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide comprises en quatre vers pour chaque fable des 15 livres de cet ouvrage ou plus tôt pour leur servir d'argument'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Le Cantique des cantiques de Salomon. Traduction en vers selon le sens litteral'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''La Prophétie de Daniel. Traduction en vers'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Traduction en vers de l'Apocalypse de Saint Jean apostre, selon le sens litteral exprimé par la version latine appellée Vulgate, & par les autres versions franc̜oises approuvées'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Les Prophètes Jonas et Nahum. Touchant la pénitence des Ninivites. Traduction en vers, avec des remarques'' (1678) * [[Athenaeus]]: ''Les quinze lives des Deipnosophistes'' e versionibus Latinis versi (Lutetiae: J. Langlois, 1680) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1230239 Textus interretialis] * ''Biblia'' : ''Les Épistres et Evangiles, avec les Oraisons propres'' (1688) === De ichnographiis === * [[Iacobus Callot]], ''[[Les Misères et les malheurs de la guerre]]'' cum adnotationibus Michaelis de Marolles (1633) *''Tableaux du temple des muses tirez du cabinet de feu Mr Favereau, et gravez en tailles-douces par les meilleurs maistres de son temps pour représenter les vertus et les vices, sur les plus illustres fables de l'antiquité, avec les descriptions, remarques et annotations'' (1655) *''Catalogue de livres d'estampes et de figures en taille douce, avec un dénombrement des pièces qui y sont contenues, fait à Paris en l'année 1666'' (1666) *''Catalogue de livres d'estampes et de figures en taille-douce, avec un dénombrement des pièces qui y sont contenues, fait à Paris en l'année 1672'' (1672) *''Le Livre des peintres et des graveurs'' (1862) == Bibliographia == * Louis Bosseboeuf, ''Un Précurseur: Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin, sa vie et son œuvre''. Turonis: Imprimerie Tourangelle [c. 1911] * [[Ioannes Rou|Jean Rou]], ''Mémoires Inédits et Opuscules de Jean Rou (1638-1711)'' ed. Francis Waddington. Lutetiae: Société de l'Histoire du protestantisme français, 1857. 2 voll. * Jean Bernard, "Portrait d'un honnête homme, Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin" in ''Les Amis du Pays Lochois'' no. 12 (Dec. 1996) pp. 73-98 == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marolles, Michael de}} [[Categoria:Nati 1600]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1681]] [[Categoria:Abbates]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Amatores artium]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi]] gkvepmhqmdfa0kdpi5ylupkqd3gqr5h 3954681 3954680 2026-04-15T09:17:54Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Michael de Marolles''' (''Michel de Marolles'' et communiter ''abbé de Marolles''; [[Geniliacus|Geniliaci]] natus die [[22 Iulii]] [[1600]]; mortuus die [[6 Martii]] [[1681]] [[Lutetia]]e) fuit interpres textuum Latinorum et amator [[ichnographia]]rum. Monachus fit anno 1610; fuit abbas apud [[Villeloin-Coulangé|Villeloin]] ab anno [[1626]] usque ad [[1674]]. Convivia [[Magdalena de Scudéry|Magdalenae de Scudéry]] aliarumque frequentavit. Ichnographias 123&nbsp;000 congessit quas anno [[1667]] ab eo [[Ioannes Baptista Colbert]] pro rege [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovico XIV]] [[libra (moneta)|libras]] 28&nbsp;000 emit; ita pinacothecam ichnographiarum [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Regiae]] incepit quae anno [[1720]] rite condita est. == Opera == * ''Histoire romaine continuée depuis le commencement de l'empire de Dioclétian et de Maximian jusques à celuy de Valentinian et de Valens, avec les épitomés de Messala Corvinus, Aurelius Victor, Sextus Rufus, et autres'' (continuatio operis Nicolai Coeffeteau, 1630) * ''Les Mémoires de Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin, divisés en trois parties, contenant ce qu'il a vu de plus remarquable en sa vie, depuis l'année 1600, ses entretiens avec quelques-uns des plus savants hommes de son temps, et les généalogies de quelques familles alliées dans la sienne ; avec une briève description de la très-illustre maison de Mantoue et de Nevers'' (1656) * ''Suitte des Mémoires de Michel de Marolles abbé de Villeloin contenant douze traitez sur divers Sujets curieux...'' (1657) * ''Traité du poëme épique, pour l'intelligence de l'Énéïde de Virgile'' (1662) * ''Histoire des roys de France et des choses plus mémorables qui se sont passées sous leur règne. Écrite en abregé sur le modèle des anciens'' (1663) * ''Paris, ou la Description succincte, et néanmoins assez ample, de cette grande ville, par un certain nombre d'épigrammes de quatre vers chacune, sur divers sujets'' (1677) * ''Trois essais pour la version entière de la Bible, selon l'édition qui fut commencée de l'année 1665'' (1678) * ''Les Histoires des anciens comtes d'Anjou et de la construction d'Amboise, avec des remarques sur chaque ouvrage'' (1681) * ''Inventaire des titres de Nevers, de l'abbé de Marolles, suivi d'extraits des titres de Bourgogne et de Nivernois, d'extraits des inventaires des archives de l'église de Nevers et de l'inventaire des archives des Bordes, publié et annoté par le Cte de Soultrait'' (1873) * ''Géographie sacrée contenant les noms de tous les éveschés de l'Église latine. Les Apostres. Les Saints évangélistes. Les SS. Docteurs de l'Église. Les Papes qui ont esté depuis 1600'' (s.d.) * ''Considérations sur une critique judicieuse qui s'est faite sur l'Énéide de Virgile, avec des exemples tirez des versions de quelqu'autres ouvrages de plusieurs poètes illustres de l'antiquité, pour montrer ce que peut notre langue françoise sur ce sujet'' (s.d.) * ''Le Roy, les personnes de la cour, qui sont de la première qualité, et quelques-uns de la noblesse qui ont aimé les lettres ou qui s'y sont signalés par quelques ouvrages considérables'' (s.d.) === Versiones === * ''L'Office de la semaine saincte, selon le missel et bréviaire romain, en latin et en françois'' (1645) * [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus]] : ''Les Œuvres de M. Année Lucain, ou l'Histoire des guerres civiles entre César et Pompée et des principaux combats qui se passèrent en la sanglante journée de Pharsale'' (1623, 1647 & 1649) * [[Vergilius]] : ''Les Oeuvres de Virgile, traduites en prose, enrichies de tables, remarques, commentaires, éloges et vie de l'autheur, avec une explication géographique du voyage d'Énée et de l'ancienne Italie et un Abrégé de l'histoire, contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus mémorable depuis l'embrazement de Troye jusques à l'empire d'Auguste, pour l'intelligence du poëte'' (1649) * [[Lucretius]] : ''Le Poète Lucrèce, latin et françois'' (1659) * [[Horatius]] : ''Les Œuvres, en latin et françois'' (2 voll., 1652-1653) * [[Catullus]], [[Tibullus]], [[Propertius]] : ''Catulle, Tibulle, Properce, de la traduction de M. de Marolle'' (1653) * [[Martialis]] : ''Toutes les Épigrammes, en latin et en françois'' (1655) * [[Iuvenalis]] et [[Persius]] : ''Les Satires de Juvénal et de Perse'' (1658) * [[Statius]] : ''Les Sylves et l'Achilléide'' (1658) * Statius : ''La Thébaïde'' (1658) * [[Plautus]] : ''Les Comédies de Plaute, avec des remarques en latin et en françoys'' (1658) * ''Le Bréviaire romain'' (1659) * [[Lucretius]] : ''Les Six Livres de la Nature des choses'' (1659) * [[Seneca minor]] : ''Les Tragédies'' (''The Tragedies'', 1659) * [[Ovidius]] : ''Les Livres de l'Art d'aimer et des Remèdes d'amour'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Les Fastes'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Toutes les pièces qui nous restent de ce poète, lesquelles il composa pendant son exil, contenues dans les deux grands ouvrages que nous avons de luy sur ce sujet sous deux titres différents de Tristes et de Pont'' (1660) * Ovidius : ''Les Épistres héroïdes d'Ovide'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Les Tristes d'Ovide, de la Traduction de M. D. M. A. D. V.'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Les Quatre Livres des Épistres d'Ovide, escrites du lieu de son exil dans la province de Pont'' (1661) * Ovidius : ''Recueil de diverses pièces d'Ovide, et d'autres poëtes anciens, […], en latin et en françois, de la Traduction de M. D. M. A. D. V.'' (Lutetiae: Louis Billaine, 1661) * Vergilius : ''L'Énéide. Les Bucoliques. Les Géorgiques'' (3 voll., 1662) * ''[[Biblia]]'' : ''Le Nouveau Testament de Nostre Seigneur Jésus-Christ'' (1664) * ''Biblia'' : ''Livres des pseaumes et cantiques, latin et françois, de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, enrichis de préfaces, argumens, titres et briefves annotations'' (1666) * ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' : ''L'Histoire auguste des six autheurs anciens'' (1667) * [[Petronius]] : ''Le Pétrone en vers'' (1667) * [[Gregorius Turonensis]] : ''L'Histoire des François de S. Grégoire, evesque de Tours, qui vivait il y a près d'onze cents ans ; avec le Supplément de Frédégaire, écrit par les ordres de Childebrand, frère de Charles-Martel. La seconde partie des Histoires de S. Grégoire, contenant ses livres de la gloire des martyrs et des confesseurs, avec les quatre livres de la vie de S. Martin, et celuy de la vie des Pères'' (1668) * Petronius : ''Les Poèmes de l'embrazement de Troye et du changement de la République romaine, en concurrence de Virgile et de Lucain, par un fameux auteur du temps de Néron, traduits en vers'' (1671) * Catullus : ''Les Épitalames de Catulle et les Nopces de Pélée et de Thétis, avec le poëme des Éloges de Vénus, traduits en vers'' (1671) * [[Phocas]] : ''La Vie de Virgile écrite en vers, avec plusieurs Éloges et toutes les Épigrammes des douze autheurs, lesquels ont écrit différemment sur un mesme sujet. Les Catalectes de Virgile et de quelques autres poètes anciens, traduits en vers'' (1671) * ''Biblia'' : ''Le Livre de la Genèse, le livre de l'Exode, & les XXIII premiers chapitres du Lévitique, traduits en franc̜ois, avec des notes'' (c. 1671) * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] : ''Les dix-huit Livres qui nous restent des XXXI de l'histoire qu'avait composée Ammian Marcellin, depuis l'an de N. S. 354 jusques en 378'' (1672) * ''Les Catalectes des anciens poètes latins, première partie contenant les second et troisième livres, selon le recueil de Scaliger'' (1675) * Martialis : ''Les Quinze livres, traduits en vers avec des remarques et des tables'' (1675) * Ovidius : ''Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide comprises en quatre vers pour chaque fable des 15 livres de cet ouvrage ou plus tôt pour leur servir d'argument'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Le Cantique des cantiques de Salomon. Traduction en vers selon le sens litteral'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''La Prophétie de Daniel. Traduction en vers'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Traduction en vers de l'Apocalypse de Saint Jean apostre, selon le sens litteral exprimé par la version latine appellée Vulgate, & par les autres versions franc̜oises approuvées'' (1677) * ''Biblia'' : ''Les Prophètes Jonas et Nahum. Touchant la pénitence des Ninivites. Traduction en vers, avec des remarques'' (1678) * [[Athenaeus]]: ''Les quinze lives des Deipnosophistes'' e versionibus Latinis versi (Lutetiae: J. Langlois, 1680) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1230239 Textus interretialis] * ''Biblia'' : ''Les Épistres et Evangiles, avec les Oraisons propres'' (1688) === De ichnographiis === * [[Iacobus Callot]], ''[[Les Misères et les malheurs de la guerre]]'' cum adnotationibus Michaelis de Marolles (1633) *''Tableaux du temple des muses tirez du cabinet de feu Mr Favereau, et gravez en tailles-douces par les meilleurs maistres de son temps pour représenter les vertus et les vices, sur les plus illustres fables de l'antiquité, avec les descriptions, remarques et annotations'' (1655) *''Catalogue de livres d'estampes et de figures en taille douce, avec un dénombrement des pièces qui y sont contenues, fait à Paris en l'année 1666'' (1666) *''Catalogue de livres d'estampes et de figures en taille-douce, avec un dénombrement des pièces qui y sont contenues, fait à Paris en l'année 1672'' (1672) *''Le Livre des peintres et des graveurs'' (1862) == Bibliographia == * Louis Bosseboeuf, ''Un Précurseur: Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin, sa vie et son œuvre''. Turonis: Imprimerie Tourangelle [c. 1911] * [[Ioannes Rou|Jean Rou]], ''Mémoires Inédits et Opuscules de Jean Rou (1638-1711)'' ed. Francis Waddington. Lutetiae: Société de l'Histoire du protestantisme français, 1857. 2 voll. * Jean Bernard, "Portrait d'un honnête homme, Michel de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin" in ''Les Amis du Pays Lochois'' no. 12 (Dec. 1996) pp. 73-98 == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marolles, Michael de}} [[Categoria:Nati 1600]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1681]] [[Categoria:Abbates]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Amatores artium]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi]] beus43rvr4f7f9nwqsaqqrkd67q6r4n 14 92473 3954649 2518195 2026-04-14T18:21:39Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954649 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Commons cat|Synthetic elements}} {{catmore|Synthetic element}}--> [[Categoria:Greges elementorum chemicorum]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] on4w9xod04l53au5srq8c5mh81qfd9f 0 103532 3954640 3954150 2026-04-14T18:19:27Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Nuclear fission.svg|150px|thumb|left|Inducta fissionis reactio. [[Neutron tardum|Neutron tarde movens]] a nucleo [[atomus|atomi]] [[uranium|uranii]]-235 absorbetur, qui vicissim diffinditur in leviora elementa rapide moventia (productus fissionis) et tria neutrona libera liberat.]] [[Fasciculus:UFission.gif|thumb|200px|Imago inductae fissionis reactionis ubi [[neutron]] tarde movens absorbetur a nucleo [[atomus|atomi]] [[uranium|uranii]]-235, qui vicissim diffinditur in duo [[elementum|elementa]] rapide moventia (productus fissionis) et neutrona addita. Plurima energia liberata formam habet velocitatum cineticarum productuum fissionis et neutronum. Etiam in imagine ostenditur captura neutronis ab [[uranium|uranio]]-238 ut fiat uranium-239.]] {{res|Fissio nuclearis}} in [[physica nuclearis|physica nucleari]] et [[chemia nuclearis|chemia nucleari]] est [[reactio nuclearis]] qua [[nucleus atomicus|nucleus]] [[atomus|atomi]] diffinditur in partes minores (leviores [[nucleus atomicus|nucleos]]), saepe libera [[neutron]]es et [[photon]]es (forma [[radiatio gamma|radiorum gamma]]) generantes. Fissio [[elementum|elementorum]] gravium est [[reactio exothermica]], quae magnam [[energia]]m liberare potest, formá [[radiatio electromagnetica|radiationis electromagneticae]] et [[energia cinetica|energiae cineticae]] fragmentorum (materiem ubi fissio fit [[calefactio|calefaciens]]). Ut fissio energiam gignat, summa [[energia conligans|energiae conligantis]] elementorum generatorum necesse est humilior quam summa elementi ab initio. Fissio est genus [[transmutatio nuclearis|transmutationis nuclearis]] quia fragmenta generata non sunt eadem [[elementum chemicum|elementa]] ut primus atomus. {{NexInt}} *[[Adversitas massa exsuperata]] *[[Arma nuclearia]] *[[Energia nuclearis]] *[[Ergasterium atomicum]] *[[Fissio spontanea]] *[[Fusio nuclearis]] *[[Fridericus Straßmann]] *[[Otto Hahn]] *[[Reactorium nucleare]] *[[Vis debilis]] ==Notae== [[Fasciculus:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumbnail|175px|[[Nubes fungi]] [[Atomicae Hiroshimae et Nagasaki bombardationes|bombae atomicae super Nagasaki Iaponiae demissae]] anno [[1945]] circa 18 kilometra super bombae [[hypocentrum]] se erexit.]] <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Bonin, Bernard, Étienne Klein, et Jean-Marc Cavedon. [[2001]]. ''Moi, U235, atome radioactif.'' Lutetiae: Flammarion. *Bröcker, Bernhard. [[1997]]. ''Atlas de la physique atomique et nucléaire.'' La pochotèque, Le Livre de Poche. *Collectif.<!--?--> [[2002]]. ''La Physique et les Éléments.'' Université de tous les savoirs. Odile Jacob. *Fermi, Enrico. [[1934]]. Possible production of element of atomic number higher than 92. ''Nature'' 133:898–899. * [[U.S. Department of Energy]]. [[1993]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090418131052/https://hss.doe.gov/nuclearsafety/ns/techstds/standard/hdbk1019/h1019v1.pdf DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory Volume 1.] Mense Ianuario. Accessum 1 Februarii 2009. * [[U.S. Department of Energy]]. [[1993]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110316042315/http://www.hss.doe.gov/nuclearsafety/ns/techstds/standard/hdbk1019/h1019v2.pdf DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory Volume 2.] Mense Ianuario. Accessum 1 Februarii 2009. ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/index.shtml Effectus Armorum Nuclearium,] apud www.atomicarchive.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051210084000/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FFission Bibliographia adnotata fissionis nuclearis,] apud alsos.wlu.edu (Alsos Digital Library) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100216210730/http://www.aip.org/history/mod/fission/fission1/01.html Inventio Fissionis Nuclearis,] apud www.aip.org * [http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission1.shtml De fissione,] apud www.atomicarchive.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180308190609/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/basics/what-is-fission.htm De fissione,] apud www.nuclearfiles.org * [http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie4.shtml Animatio Fissionis Nuclearis,] apud www.atomicarchive.com [[Categoria:Chemia]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} ngn5mxq4k2f82xw3t3k4ruwiuiop84b 0 111805 3954536 3954519 2026-04-14T12:55:26Z IacobusAmor 1163 Nimis brevis 3954536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2026|4}} [[Fasciculus:Piazza di Spagna Rome (5350974).jpg|thumb|Platea. [[Ioannes Baptista Piranesius]] pinxit.]] '''Platea Hispanica'''<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/giornalearcadico43arca/giornalearcadico43arca_djvu.txt Giornale Arcadico di Scienze / Lettere ed Arti].</ref> est forum vel [[regio]] quae [[Roma]]e patet. == Nota == <references/> == Nexus externus == {{Communia|Piazza di Spagna (Roma)|Plateam Hispanicam}} {{roma-stipula}} [[Categoria:Fora]] [[Categoria:Topographia Romae urbis]] 9l9hmtnxb7ga3wuo4gmtouahd4w2awn 0 112125 3954645 3954419 2026-04-14T18:20:56Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3954645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:EPP Summit March 2011 Viktor Orbán.jpg|thumb|Victor Orbán anno [[2011]]]] '''Dr.<ref> https://www.parlament.hu/kepviselo/elet/o320.htm</ref> Victor Michael Orbán''', vulgo ''Dr.''<ref>https://www.parlament.hu/kepviselo/elet/o320.htm</ref> ''Orbán Viktor Mihály'' ([[Alba Regalis|Albae Regalis]], vulgo ''Székesfehérvár'', die [[31 Maii]] [[1963]] natus), alumnus [[Universitas Budapestinensis|universitatis Budapestinensis]], est iuris Hungarici doctor atque politicus [[Hungaria]]e. Anno [[1988]], etiam universitatem frequentans, inter conditores fuit factionis ''[[Fidesz]]''. Praeses anno [[1991]] electus est huius factionis, quae mox nationalis factus est et ab anno 2000 [[Factio popularis Europaea|factionis popularis Europaeae]] socia. Orbán primus minister patriae ab anno [[1998]] usque ad [[2002]] fuit, cui officio rursus mense Maio [[2010]] electus etiam hodie fungitur. Famam nactus est oratione in funeribus alteris [[Emericus Nagy|Emerici Nagy]] habita. Deinde factionem ''Fidesz'' condidit, mox particeps factus est publici consilii, scīlicet electione factus est particeps Parlamenti Hungarici. Maxime familiam curat atque matrimonium viri feminaeque affimari cupit. Inimici eius ei obiecerunt eum ministerium sanitatis neglexisse, atque vituperant eum, cum clauserit permulta valetudinaria. ==Initium vitae et familia== Pater eius — Győző Orbán — agricola fuit, mater vero — cui nomen est Elisabeth Sípos — logopaedae munere functa est. Educatus est in variis oppidulis; exempli gratia in opiddis ''Alcsútdoboz'', ''Vértesacsa'' et ''Felcsút.'' In Alba Regali frequentavit ''Gymnasium'' ''Teleki Blanka,'' ubi maturitatis examen scripserit anno 1981. Militavit in oppido Zalaegerszeg annis 1981-82. Uxorem duxit Anikó Lévai, quae est iurum doctrix. Quattuor genuit liberos, Rahel, Gáspár et Saram et Rosam. ==Munera politica== Anno 2010, cum Victor Orbán alterum praeses Hungariae electus esset, Parlamentum Hungaricum — Victore Orbán movente — novum statum rei publicae affirmavit, quia status rei publicae prior aetate communismi conscriptus erat. Qua de causa Orbán statum rei publicae aetate communismi conscriptum nōn tantum mutare, sed novo statu rei publicae democraticae substituere cupivit. Inimici Victoris Orbán votum huic novo statui dare noluerunt, cum novus status rei publicae regentibus permitteret decretis sine assensione Parlamenti uti. Politica eius valorem democraticam, [[civitas in legibus posita|civitatem in legibus posita]], [[iura humana]] [[minoritas|minoritatium]] et [[LGBT]] negat. Sed per suffragium Parlamenti die [[12 Aprilis]] [[2026]] a [[Petrus Magyar|Petro Magyar]] et [[Factio respectus et libertatis|Factione respectus et libertatis]] (''TISZA'') victus est. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Viktor Orbán|Victorem Orbán}} * [http://www.orbanviktor.hu/ Victoris Orbán pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Hungarice|Anglice}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Gubernatores civitatum Unionis Europaeae}} {{Primi ministri Hungariae}} {{Consilium Hungaricum Orbán II}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Orban, Victor}} [[Categoria:Primi ministri Hungariae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1963]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Budapestinensis]] ==Notae== 8wr8z1winelal0q30h36f1wvgdl990y 14 112185 3954633 2502445 2026-04-14T18:16:30Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Categoria:Radioactivitas]] ad [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] sine redirectione: Nomenclatura uniformis 2502445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity}} [[Categoria:Physica]] d50s1i0600c8xb9d7jlpy73ufvzjdax 14 120280 3954651 3009566 2026-04-14T18:22:02Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CommuniaCat|Nuclear and radiation accidents}} [[Categoria:Mali casus]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] ivvcajsu7i7tqlryu6d0f8jzf06o8ef 0 120483 3954635 3952724 2026-04-14T18:17:39Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tiro}} '''Adversitas Massa Exsuperata''' vel '''excursio vis''' est auctus [[accidens]] reactionis catenarum nuclearis in materia scissile (sicut [[Plutonium]] vel [[Uranium|Uranium unctum]]) proventae. Adversitas conflat fluctum radiationis [[neutron]]um qui est homini maxime periculosus et parit [[Radioactivitas|radioactivitatem]] inducentem in area circumposita. Massa exsuperata vel [[fissio nuclearis]] superata plerumque in centro [[Reactorium nucleare|reactorii]] existet et nonnumquam in [[laboratorium|laboratorio]] explorante adsunt. Adversitas incipit quom massa exsuperata imprudenter oritur. Etsi periculosae, adversitates non possunt adaequare conditiones ut in [[bomba atomica|bombis atomicis]] dominatis sint et explosiones non efficent. Calor ab fissione nuclearis missum dilatat materiam scissilem et reactio paene consistet intra pauca secunda. Dum adversitas, saepe fulgor [[azureus]] quasi [[radiatio Čerenkoviana]] fit, tamen causa differet. == Causa == Massa exsuperata incipit dum nimis materia scissile in loco adjuncto aggregatur. Materiae aptae sunt urnaium vel plutonium metallicum atque dissolutiones liquidae horum elementorum. == Modi == Existent duo modi adversitatum: * '''''Adversitates actionum''''' et * '''''Adversitates reactorii''''' [[Categoria:Mali casus nucleares]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] dilowapwhlyb8qr47kt0rbdj30l1k2x 0 123532 3954659 3828495 2026-04-14T19:09:59Z LilyKitty 18316 de constante Planckiana 3954659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Constant function 3.svg|thumb|Functio ''y = 3'' vel ''λx.3'' est functio constans: sit ''x'' quaelibet valor, ''y'' est semper 3.]] '''Quantitas constans''', vel '''magnitudo constans''', sive brevius '''constans''', est [[valor]] firmus non variabilis in [[mathematica]], [[physica]], et aliis [[scientia (ratio)|scientiarum]] regionibus. Quantitas constans ergo a [[quantitas variabilis|quantitate variabili]] differt. Constantes [[numerus constans|numeris]] peculiares sunt exempli gratia [[numerus pi|pi]], [[numerus Euleri]], [[constans Planckiana]] et [[constans structurae politae]]. {{NexInt}} *[[Functio constans]] *[[Quantitas constans dissociationis acidi]] == Nexus externi == * Quantitas constans invenitur hic: [http://books.google.com/books?id=w9o2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=quantitas+constans&source=bl&ots=ljdC9Ki-my&sig=mnu633WDv_LATR614aWFd6YapNI&hl=en&ei=-l3dTfCkB8jGtAau47HTBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=quantitas%20constans&f=false Philosophiæ mathematicæ Newtonianæ illustratæ: Quorum prior tradit ... By George Peter Domcke] * "constans": [http://books.google.com/books?id=SA4NgPGUqDkC&pg=PA445&lpg=PA445&dq=quantitas+constans&source=bl&ots=ZgaK2blTy0&sig=2avMrXkFKEcX1KZ07a-DUr-0c_E&hl=en&ei=-l3dTfCkB8jGtAau47HTBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=constans&f=false Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe By Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (Freiherr von)]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{math-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mathematica]] {{Myrias|Mathematica}} 5veqwuqnt5upzjyodjmhdfpkpzzzam9 0 138586 3954579 3778788 2026-04-14T16:10:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Computatio radiocarbonica''',<ref>[[Tuomo Pekkanen|Pekkanen, Tuomo]] & [[Reijo Pitkäranta|Pitkäranta, Reijo]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum'' (Helsinki: SKS, 2006), s.v. ''radiohiiliajoitus''.</ref> sive '''ratio ¹⁴C''', sive '''chronometria radiocarbonica,''' est [[ratio]] per quam aetas cuiusdam rei [[biologia|biologicae]] ex relativa [[carbonium|carbonii]] [[isotopus|isotoporum]] copia determinari potest. Propterea, [[computatio]] radiocarbonica saepe adhibetur ad [[datatio|annum vel aevum]] rebus [[archaeologia|archaeologicis]] assignandum. Nam carbonium-14 in [[atmosphaera]] satis constanter creatur cum [[Neutron|neutrones]] magnae energiae atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] percutiunt. Qua de causa proportio carbonii-14 in atomis carbonii satis stabilis invenitur. Organismi vivi ob continuas materiae permutationes cum mundo ambiente circiter eandem proportionem praebet. Sed mortuis carbonium non iam permutatur et proportio carbonii-14 paulatim decrescit dum nuclei neutronem in protonem permutant et nitrogenium-14 fiunt. Talis ratio inter annos [[1945]] et [[1955]] a [[Willard Franciscus Libby]] [[chemia|chemico]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]] excogitata est, qui hac [[inventio]]ne [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae]] anno [[1960]] consecutus est. Chronometria radiocarbonica aetatem [[materies|materiei]] quae originem [[organismus|organicam]] habet ([[os (anatomia ossis)|ossa]], [[lignum|ligna]], [[textum|textilia]] fibrarum, [[semen|semina]]) determinari sinit. Tempus dat relativum respectu praesentis, [[calendarium|calendarii]] annis computatum, et materiei quaedam aetas inter {{num|50000}} circumscripta et centum annos determinari potest. Quae in [[archaeologia]] est praecipua ratio ad tempora rebus organicis repertis (id est quae carbonii [[atomus|atomos]] continent) assignanda. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Cheng, Hai, et al. [[2018]]. "Atmospheric 14C/12C changes during the last glacial period from Hulu Cave." ''Science'' 362 (14 Decembris 2018): 1293–97. [http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6420/1293 Epitome.] {{NexInt}} *[[Chemia nuclearis]] *[[Chronologia]] *[[Chronometria]]<!-- *[[Examen Carbonii-14 ad Syndonem]]--> *[[Physica nuclearis]] *[[Radioactivitas]] ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.calpal-online.de De regulatione radiocarbonii.] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Methodologia Archaeologica]] sl3xe1chnn6nfsalgrk9ai49ecqlt5j 3954582 3954579 2026-04-14T16:12:50Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Computatio radiocarbonica''',<ref>[[Tuomo Pekkanen|Pekkanen, Tuomo]] & [[Reijo Pitkäranta|Pitkäranta, Reijo]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum'' (Helsinki: SKS, 2006), s.v. ''radiohiiliajoitus''.</ref> sive '''ratio ¹⁴C''', sive '''chronometria radiocarbonica,''' est [[ratio]] per quam aetas cuiusdam rei [[biologia|biologicae]] ex relativa [[carbonium|carbonii]] [[isotopus|isotoporum]] copia determinari potest. Propterea, [[computatio]] radiocarbonica saepe adhibetur ad [[datatio|annum vel aevum]] rebus [[archaeologia|archaeologicis]] assignandum. Nam carbonium-14 in [[atmosphaera]] satis constanter creatur cum [[Neutron|neutrones]] magnae energiae atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] percutiunt. Qua de causa proportio carbonii-14 in atomis carbonii satis stabilis invenitur. Organismi vivi ob continuas materiae permutationes cum mundo ambiente circiter eandem proportionem praebent. Quibus tamen mortuis carbonium non iam permutatur et proportio carbonii-14 paulatim decrescit dum nuclei particulas beta emittunt et neutronem in protonem permutant ita ut nitrogenium-14 fiant. Talis ratio inter annos [[1945]] et [[1955]] a [[Willard Franciscus Libby]] [[chemia|chemico]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]] excogitata est, qui hac [[inventio]]ne [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae]] anno [[1960]] consecutus est. Chronometria radiocarbonica aetatem [[materies|materiei]] quae originem [[organismus|organicam]] habet ([[os (anatomia ossis)|ossa]], [[lignum|ligna]], [[textum|textilia]] fibrarum, [[semen|semina]]) determinari sinit. Tempus dat relativum respectu praesentis, [[calendarium|calendarii]] annis computatum, et materiei quaedam aetas inter {{num|50000}} circumscripta et centum annos determinari potest. Quae in [[archaeologia]] est praecipua ratio ad tempora rebus organicis repertis (id est quae carbonii [[atomus|atomos]] continent) assignanda. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Cheng, Hai, et al. [[2018]]. "Atmospheric 14C/12C changes during the last glacial period from Hulu Cave." ''Science'' 362 (14 Decembris 2018): 1293–97. [http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6420/1293 Epitome.] {{NexInt}} *[[Chemia nuclearis]] *[[Chronologia]] *[[Chronometria]]<!-- *[[Examen Carbonii-14 ad Syndonem]]--> *[[Physica nuclearis]] *[[Radioactivitas]] ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.calpal-online.de De regulatione radiocarbonii.] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Methodologia Archaeologica]] hd6i9ijcjkswy09n4ux2vws2eccyu9j 3954593 3954582 2026-04-14T17:15:59Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Computatio radiocarbonica''',<ref>[[Tuomo Pekkanen|Pekkanen, Tuomo]] & [[Reijo Pitkäranta|Pitkäranta, Reijo]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum'' (Helsinki: SKS, 2006), s.v. ''radiohiiliajoitus''.</ref> sive '''ratio ¹⁴C''', sive '''chronometria radiocarbonica,''' est [[ratio]] per quam aetas cuiusdam rei [[biologia|biologicae]] ex relativa [[carbonium|carbonii]] [[isotopus|isotoporum]] copia determinari potest. Propterea, [[computatio]] radiocarbonica saepe adhibetur ad [[datatio|annum vel aevum]] rebus [[archaeologia|archaeologicis]] assignandum. Nam carbonium-14 in [[atmosphaera]] satis constanter creatur cum [[Neutron|neutrones]] magnae energiae atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] percutiunt. Qua de causa proportio carbonii-14 in atomis carbonii satis stabilis invenitur (1 pro 10¹²). Organismi vivi ob continuas materiae permutationes cum mundo ambiente circiter eandem proportionem praebent. Quibus tamen mortuis carbonium non iam permutatur et proportio carbonii-14 paulatim decrescit dum nuclei particulas beta emittunt et neutronem in protonem permutant ita ut nitrogenium-14 fiant. Talis ratio inter annos [[1945]] et [[1955]] a [[Willard Franciscus Libby]] [[chemia|chemico]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]] excogitata est, qui hac [[inventio]]ne [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae]] anno [[1960]] consecutus est. Chronometria radiocarbonica aetatem [[materies|materiei]] quae originem [[organismus|organicam]] habet ([[os (anatomia ossis)|ossa]], [[lignum|ligna]], [[textum|textilia]] fibrarum, [[semen|semina]]) determinari sinit. Tempus dat relativum respectu praesentis, [[calendarium|calendarii]] annis computatum, et materiei quaedam aetas inter {{num|50000}} circumscripta et centum annos determinari potest. Quae in [[archaeologia]] est praecipua ratio ad tempora rebus organicis repertis (id est quae carbonii [[atomus|atomos]] continent) assignanda. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Cheng, Hai, et al. [[2018]]. "Atmospheric 14C/12C changes during the last glacial period from Hulu Cave." ''Science'' 362 (14 Decembris 2018): 1293–97. [http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6420/1293 Epitome.] {{NexInt}} *[[Chemia nuclearis]] *[[Chronologia]] *[[Chronometria]]<!-- *[[Examen Carbonii-14 ad Syndonem]]--> *[[Physica nuclearis]] *[[Radioactivitas]] ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.calpal-online.de De regulatione radiocarbonii.] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Methodologia Archaeologica]] 5itwdh9ttv10o4bptczdh0ml8a7uw29 0 161117 3954643 3775211 2026-04-14T18:20:34Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est; +{{Pagina neglecta}} 3954643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina neglecta}} [[Fasciculus:Peacekeeper missile.jpg|thumb|[[LGM-118 Peacekeeper|Peacekeeper]], rocheta nuclearis tertiae generationis.]] {{res|ICBM}} ([[Anglice]] ''intercontinental ballistic [[missile]]'') est [[rocheta]] quae [[bomba atomica|bombam nuclearem]] ferens e [[continens|continente]] ad continentem volare potest. == Nexus externi == *[http://www.peterhall.de/lexikon/lexikon2.html De ICBM] {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Abbreviationes]] [[Categoria:Arma nociva]] [[Categoria:Missilia]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] nociqivjjgu7cf7icalnr9kacv8agli 0 200394 3954636 3872894 2026-04-14T18:17:58Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Manhattan Project emblem.png|thumb|Tempore [[Secundum bellum mundanum|Secundi Belli Mundani]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanorum]] [[Inceptum Manhattense]] prima fabricavit arma nuclearia.]] [[Fasciculus:Castle_Romeo.jpg|thumb|Probatio nuclearis Romeo dicta (11 [[tonna|megatonnarum]] [[Aequivalens TNT|TNT aequivalentium]]) die 27 Martii anno [[1954]] in [[Atollum Bikini|atollo Bikini]] facta.]] {{res|Arma nuclearia}} sunt [[arma]] quae vim exitiosam ex [[reactio nuclearis|reactionibus nuclearibus]], aut sola [[Fissio nuclearis|fissione]], aut simul fissione, simul [[Fusio nuclearis|fusione]], trahunt. Quae ambo vastas [[energia]]e summas ex parvis rerum corporearum summis resolvunt. Prioris talium [[pyrobolus|pyrobolorum]] generis [[bomba atomica]] fuit, alterius vero [[bomba hydrogenica]] vel thermonuclearis, cum superiora armorum genera vim ex [[reactio chemica|reactionibus chemicis]] traxerint, [[Nucleus atomi|atomis]] ipsis minime mutatis. Nuclearia arma ita ut [[arma biologica|biologica]] et [[arma chemica|chemica]] arma inter [[arma eversionis latissimae]]<!--mass destruction--> numerantur. Armis nuclearibus incensis fit [[reactio catenata]], qua tanta vis [[calor]]is, [[pressio]]nis et [[radioactivitas|radiationis]] solvitur, ut haec arma brevissime totas urbes incendio absumere et maximas hominum multitudines interficere possint. Superstites vero radiis displodendo solutis obnoxii [[Morbus radiationis|morbo radioso]], qui dicitur, afficiantur et graviter laedantur. [[Pluvia nuclearis]] latas regiones [[radioactivitas|radioactivitate]] contaminet, quo fieri possit, ut pro quodam temporis spatio aut in perpetuum fiant inhabitabiles. Nuclearia arma inventa necessario immutaverunt bella gerenda. Postquam enim [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] primas bombas atomicas confecerunt, die [[16 Iulii]] anno [[1945]] primo proficienter probaverunt, diebus autem [[6 Augusti|6]] et [[9 Augusti]] eiusdem anni in [[Iaponia|Iaponicis]] urbibus [[Hirosima]]e et [[Nagasacium (urbs)|Nagasacii]] funditus evertendis plura centena milia hominum interfecerunt, ea arma nullis iam in bellis adhibita sunt. Cum autem etiam [[Unio Sovietica]] anno [[1949]] arma nuclearia confecisset, [[bellum frigidum]], quod dicitur, ortum est et in armis conficiendis certamen inter Civitates Foederatas Americae et Unionem Sovieticam eo pervenit, ut hae civitates aliquando 70&thinsp;000 globos nucleares possederint.<ref>Robert S. Norris / Hans M. Kristensen, "Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945-2006," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62, no. 4 (mense Iulio/Augusto 2006), p. 64. In interrete vide [http://bos.sagepub.com/content/62/4/64 huc]!</ref> Plurimi putant metum mutuo oblatum illo tempore prohibuisse, quin bellum manifestum inter utramque civitatem nasceretur. Paulatim vero et aliae civitates arma nuclearia fabricaverunt. Usque ad hos dies novem civitates arma nuclearia adeptae sunt: Civitates Foederatae Americae, [[Russia]], [[Britannia Maior]], [[Francia]], [[Res publica popularis Sinarum]], [[Israel]], [[India]], [[Pakistania]], [[Corea Septentrionalis]]. Quibus civitatibus hoc tempore omnino 16&thinsp;300 fere globi nucleares per [[certamen armorum]] sunt.<ref>[http://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/ Quo] vide!</ref> Quae sufficiunt ad [[exstinctio humana|omnem hominum generationem pluries interficiendam]], quod Anglice appellant ''overkill''. Ut horum armorum diffusio prohibeatur et eo modo orbis terrarum ab eis securior fiat, multi in gravissimis muneribus huius saeculi ducunt. Quamvis [[exarmatio nuclearis|abolitio armorum nuclearium]] adhuc frustra postulata sit, exempli gratia [[Pactio de armis nucleariis]] et [[Foedus de interdictione armorum nuclearium]], tamen nonnulla inter gentes foedera pacta sunt, ut saltem numerus eorum diminuatur. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == === Scripta (plus minusve) publica === * Glasstone, Samuel et Philip J. Dolan. [[1977]]. ''The Effects of Nuclear Weapons''. 3a. ed. Vasingtoniae: U.S. Government Printing Office * ''NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations.'' [[1996]]. (Pars I – Arma nuclearia). Vasingtoniae: Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. * Smyth, Henry DeWolf. [[1945]]. ''Atomic Energy for Military Purposes''. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. (Smyth Report – prima armorum nuclearium relatio a regimine Civitatum Foederatarum Americae concessa). === Scripta peritorum === * Auer, Peter (1995). ''Von Dahlem nach Hiroshima. Die Geschichte der Atombombe.'' Berolini: Aufbau. ISBN 3-351-02429-0. * Bethe, Hans Albrecht (1991). ''The Road from Los Alamos''. Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-74012-1. * Coulmas, Florian (2005). ''Hiroshima: Geschichte und Nachgeschichte''. Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3-406-52797-3. * DeVolpi, Alexander / Minkov, Vladimir E. / Simonenko, Vadim A. / Stanford, George S. (2004). ''Nuclear Shadowboxing: Contemporary Threats from Cold War Weaponry''. Fidlar Doubleday. * Fuchs, Klaus / Werner, Ruth / Panitz, Eberhard (2003). ''Treffpunkt Banbury oder Wie die Atombombe zu den Russen kam''. Berolini: Das neue Berlin. ISBN 3-360-00990-8. * Hansen, Chuck (1988). ''U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History''. Arlington (TX): Aerofax. * Hansen, Chuck (1995). ''The Swords of Armageddon: U.S. nuclear weapons development since 1945.'' Sunnyvale (CA): Chukelea Publications. * Holloway, David (1994). ''Stalin and the Bomb''. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06056-4. * Jungk, Robert (1958). ''Heller als tausend Sonnen''. Bernae: Alfred Scherz. * Jungk, Robert (1959). ''Strahlen aus der Asche. Geschichte einer Wiedergeburt''. Bernae: Alfred Scherz. * Karlsch, Rainer / Zeman, Zbynek (2002). ''Urangeheimnisse''. Berolini: Links. ISBN 3-86153-276-X. * Karlsch, Rainer (2005). ''Hitlers Bombe''. Monaci: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 3-421-05809-1. * Koch, Egmont R. (2005). ''Atomwaffen für Al Qaida. „Dr.No“ und das Netzwerk des Terrors.'' Berolini: Aufbau Verlag. ISBN 3-351-02588-2. * The Manhattan Engineer District (1946). ''The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki'' * Mania, Hubert (2010). ''Kettenreaktion. Die Geschichte der Atombombe''. Reinbek prope Hamburgum: Rowohlt. ISBN 978-3-498-00664-8. * Nagai, Paul Takashi (1955). ''Die Glocken von Nagasaki: Geschichte der Atombombe''. Monaci: Rex. ISBN 3-89575-056-5. (Relatio medici superstitis) * Nespoli, Gian Luigi / Zambon, Giuseppe (1997). ''Hiroschima, Nagasaki''. Francofurti ad Moenum: Edition Zambon. ISBN 3-88975-055-9. * Office of Technology Assessment (1979). ''The Effects of Nuclear War''. * Rhodes, Richard (1995). ''Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb''. Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82414-0. * Rhodes, Richard (1986). ''The Making of the Atomic Bomb''. Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81378-5. * Simon, Helmut (1997). ''Atomwaffen vor dem Internationalen Gerichtshof''. Monasterii: Lit. ISBN 3-8258-3243-0. * Weart, Spencer R. (1988). ''Nuclear Fear: A History of Images.'' Cantabrigiae Msasachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-62836-5. * Weart, Spencer R. (2012). ''The Rise of Nuclear Fear''. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-05233-1. * Sternstein, Wolfgang (2001). ''Atomwaffen abschaffen!''. ISBN 3-933325-05-6. * Walker, Mark (1990). ''Die Uranmaschine. Mythos und Wirklichkeit der deutschen Atombombe.'' Berolini: Siedler. ISBN 3-88680-359-7. === Libri imaginum === * Light, Michael (2003). ''100 Sonnen''. Monaci: Knesebeck. ISBN 3-89660-190-3. === Libri ficti === * Ibuse, Masuji. [[1985]]. ''Schwarzer Regen''. Francofurti ad Moenum: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-596-25846-4. Kipphardt, Heinar. [[1964]]. ''In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer''. Francofurti ad Moenum. ISBN 3-499-12111-5. * Oppel, Jean-Hugues. [[2007]]. ''Réveillez le président''. Éditions Payot et rivages. ISBN 978-2-7436-1630-4. (liber fictus de Franciae armis nuclearibus etiam res vere gestas continens). == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Nuclear weapons|Arma nuclearia|3=S}} * [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/nuclear-proliferation-international-history-project Litterarum monumenta et commentationes de diffusione armorum apud: ''Nuclear Proliferation International History Project''] (Anglice) * [http://www.atomwaffena-z.info Lexicon interretiale armorum nuclearium] (Theodisce) * [http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq0.html Nuclear Weapons FAQ] (Anglice) * [http://www.safog.com/home/atombombe.html Descriptiiones bombae atomicae] (Theodisce) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190707192738/http://armscontrol.de/ Cura et deminutio armorum] (Theodisce) * [http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Crossrd.html Probationes bombae atomicae Civitatum Foederatarum Americae] (descriptio prolixa, Anglice) * [http://www.glasnost.de/militaer/95atomstud.html Probationes armorum nuclearium] (Theodisce) * [http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/5 Vulnerability of populations and the urban health care systems to nuclear weapon attack] Imitatio et analysis impetus armis nuclearibus contra urbes Americanas facti (Anglice) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030627012241/http://www.cdi.org/program/issue/index.cfm?ProgramID=32&issueid=110 Center for Defense Information (USA)] De periculis armorum nuclearium imminentibus (Anglice) * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/nuclearweaponstb.html Nuclear Weapons], Science Tracer Bullet, Library of Congress (Anglice) * Commentatio societatis [[ICAN]] anni 2012, quae describit, quomodo pecuniae ad arma nuclearia conficienda sive emenda pariantur: [http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Atomwaffen/DivestmentReport.pdf "A Global Report on the Financing of Nuclear Weapons Producers"], (PDF apud [http://www.ippnw.de/startseite/artikel/18c6e9b310/deutsche-banken-unterstuetzen-die-he.html www.ippnw.de]) (Anglice) * [http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/nuclear-forces Commentatio societatis SIPRI de copia armorum nuclearium toto orbe terrarum] (Anglice) {{physica-stipula}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Technologia}} [[Categoria:Arma nociva]] [[Categoria:Inventiones Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] ntunkpsaa63usnmzm2xl75ojrbxbtbg 0 240949 3954562 3164548 2026-04-14T14:39:24Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954562 wikitext text/x-wiki "'''Minister vetuli puer Falerni'''" incipit carmen septimum et vigesimum e libro [[Gaius Valerius Catullus|C. Valerii Catulli]], quo poëta ministrum "vetuli [[vinum Falernum|Falerni]]" apostrophizat, merum vinum postulat, "lymphas" i.e. aquam arcet. == Bibliographia == * Francis Cairns, "Catullus 27" in ''Mnemosyne'' 4a ser. vol. 28 (1975) pp. 24-29 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4430453 JSTOR] * Michael C. J. Putnam, "On Catullus 27" in ''Latomus'' vol. 28 (1969) pp. 850-857 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/41527620 JSTOR] * Michael C. J. Putnam, "Horace to Torquatus: "Epistle 1.5" and "Ode 4.7"" in ''American Journal of Philology'' vol. 127 (2006) pp. 387-413 praecipue 397-399 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3804887 JSTOR] {{NexInt}} * [[Index carminum Catullanorum]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/catullus.shtml#27 Textus] apud [[The Latin Library]] {{Lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aetatis Rei Publicae]] [[Categoria:Gaius Valerius Catullus]] [[Categoria:Carmina]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 1 a.C.n.]] j3tjfhlz21uenq133bq75c0a711smm3 0 246914 3954639 3857289 2026-04-14T18:19:11Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Peace symbol (bold).svg|thumb|80px|left|<small>Signum [[Expeditio pro Exarmatione Nucleari|Expeditionis pro Exarmatione Nucleari]], a [[Geraldus Holtom|Geraldo Holtom]] anno [[1958]] designatum.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7292252.stm "World's Best-Known Protest Symbol Turns 50,"] (Londinii: BBC News Magazine, 20 Martii 2008.</ref></small>]] [[Fasciculus:Atomic cloud over Hiroshima - NARA 542192 - Edit.jpg|thumb|[[Nubes fungiformis]] supra [[Hiroshima]] post [[bomba atomica|bombam atomicam]] deiectam nomine [[Little Boy]] ('Puerum Parvum') per ludibrium datum ([[1945]]).]] [[Fasciculus:Operation Crossroads Baker Edit.jpg|thumb|[[Nubes fungiformis]] et columna [[aqua]]tica ex submarina diruptione nucleari die [[25 Iulii]] [[1946]], pars [[Operation Crossroads]].]] [[Fasciculus:Essais nucleaires manif.jpg|thumb|[[Manifestatio]] contra experimenta [[arma nuclearia|armorum nuclearium]] [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] [[Francia]]e [[decennium 199|annis 1980]] habita.]] {{res|Exarmatio nuclearis}} duas simul res significat: et [[arma nuclearia|armorum nuclearium]] [[genocidium|imminutio]] vel destructio et [[Exstinctio|ultimus]] mundi status, cum arma nuclearia omnino sublata fuerint. Inter greges exarmationi nucleari dicatos sunt [[Consilium Pacis Mundi]], [[Expeditio pro Exarmatione Nucleari]], [[Actio Pacis]], [[Greenpeace]], [[Medici omnium gentium bello nucleari obstantes|Medici Omnium Gentium Bello Nucleari Obstantes]], [[Conferentiae Pugwash]], [[Praefecti pro Pace]]<!--Mayors for Peace-->, [[Zerum Globale]], [[Nihon Hidankyo]], [[Expeditio Exarmationis Nuclearis|International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons]], et [[Societas Fundata Pacis Aetatis Nuclearis]]. Fuerunt multae magnae contra arma nuclearia [[manifestatio]]nes et [[obtestatio]]nes. Die [[12 Iunii]] [[1982]], circa [[millio]]nem [[homo|hominum]] in [[Horti Publici Centrales|Hortis Publicis Centralibus]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] contra [[arma nuclearia|armas nuclearias]] et pro [[certamen armorum|certamine armorum]] [[Bellum Frigidum|Belli Frigidi]] conficiendo protestationem habuerunt. Maxima fuit [[manifestatio]] contra arma nuclearia et maxima manifestatio politica in [[historia Civitatum Foederatarum]].<ref>Schell 2007.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100616175116/http://www.icanw.org/1982 "1982 - a million people march in New York City,"] International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Bellum nucleare]] * [[Contra bellum]] * [[Domus Bombae Atomicae]] * [[Foedus de interdictione armarum nuclearium]] * [[Musica recusationis]] * [[Motus contra bellum]] * [[Consociatio Nationum]] * [[Motus pacis]] * ''[[Pacem in terris]]'' * [[Pactio de armis nuclearibus]] * [[Proliferatio nuclearis]] * [[Petrus Seeger]] * [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Epstein, William. [[1997]]. ''The United Nations and Nuclear Disarmament: Achievements on the Way to a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World.'' Novi Eboraci: United Nations. ISBN 9211422248 (charta). * Gregorios, Paulos Mar. [[1998]]. ''Disarmament and Nuclear Weapons.'' Dellii: Mar Gregorios Foundation & ISPCK. ISBN 8172144725. * Müller, Harald, ed. [[1998]]. ''Europe and Nuclear Disarmament: Debates and Political Attitudes in 16 European Countries. Bruxellis: European Interuniversity Press. ISBN 9052017026. * Schell, Jonathan. [[2007]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190512085225/http://www.thenation.com/article/spirit-june-12 The Spirit of June 12.] ''The Nation,'' 2 Iulii. * Weiss, Ann E. [[1983]]. ''The Nuclear Arms Race: Can We Survive It?'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 039534929X, ISBN 0395349281. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060203122431/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=issues%2FArms+Control Annotata exarmationis bibliographia,] alsos.wlu.edu (Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues) * [http://www.sipri.org/research/disarmament/nuclear De armis nuclearibus,] www.sipri.org (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) * [http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/policy/nonproliferation/ Centrum pro Continentia Armorum et No Proliferatione,] www.armscontrolcenter.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609160759/http://www.clw.org/policy/nuclearweapons/ Concilium pro Mundo Vivendi,] www.clw.org (Council for a Liveable World) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151212235104/http://nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/arms-control-disarmament/index.htm De exarmatione,] www.nuclearfiles.org * Norris, Robert S., et Hans M. Kristensen.[http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/037qk4866n431045/fulltext.pdf "Nuclear U.S. and Soviet/Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles, 1959-2008,"] thebulletin.metapress.com * Norris, Robert S., et Hans M. Kristensen. [http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/f64x2k3716wq9613/fulltext.pdf "U.S. nuclear forces, 2009,"] thebulletin.metapress.com<!--(Nuclear Notebook, [http://www.thebulletin.org "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists")--> * [http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/ "Nuclear Disarmament at the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,"] www.un.org * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3149979950735473461&q=globalvision ''People v The Bomb: Showdown at the UN,''] documentarium televisificum de discrimine 2005 video.google.com (NPT Review) * [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nuclear-history-documents/ Propositum Historiae Proliferationis Nuclearis Centri Woodrow Wilson,] www.wilsoncenter.org * Tachibana, Seiitsu. [[2002]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172312/http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/kiyo/hps/24/hps_24_105.pdf Bush administration's nuclear weapons policy: New obstacles to nuclear disarmament.] ''Hiroshima Peace Science'' 24:105-133. * Walker, William. [[2009]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111209212547/http://ifri.org/downloads/Walker_Obama_nuclear_disarmament.pdf "President-elect Obama and Nuclear Disarmament: Between Elimination and Restraint,"] ''Proliferation Papers,'' Lutetiae: Ifri * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718011751/http://ploughshares.org/moment/video?p=423 ''A World Without Nuclear Weapons,''] ploughshares.org <!-- + en:A. nuclearia--> <!-- [[Category:Continentia armorum]] = Arms control [[Category:Nuclear weapons policy]] [[Category:Anti–nuclear weapons movement]]--> [[Categoria:Arma nociva]] [[Categoria:Mutatio socialis]] [[Categoria:Motus contra arma nuclearia]] [[Categoria:Motus pacis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] a5uja6weobp56qgz9d7vpwi3dwptyfz 0 248072 3954538 3815240 2026-04-14T13:15:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumbnail|Insiginia cautionis radiationis ionizantis]] '''Radiatio ionizans''' est [[radiatio]] portante{{dubsig}} satis [[energia]]m ut [[electron]]es liberet ex [[atomus|atomis]] seu [[molecula|moleculis]], propter quod eos ionizante{{dubsig}}. Radiatio ionizans constitur{{dubsig}} subatomicium{{dubsig}} particulis impigris vel iontibus vel atomicis moventibus [[velocitas|velocitatibus]] relativisticis et [[unda electromagnetica|undis electromagneticis]] summo vi finis spectri electromagneticis. Et pro [[radiotherapia]] utetur. [[Fasciculus:Alfa beta gamma neutron radiation.svg|thumbnail|left|Genera radiotionis]] ==Notae== •{{cite book | last = Woodside | first = Gayle | title = Environmental, Safety, and Health Engineering | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1997 | location = US | pages = 476 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJP57-0UOzYC&pg=PA476&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 0471109320}}</ref><ref name="Stallcup">{{cite book | last = Stallcup | first = James G. | authorlink = | title = OSHA: Stallcup's High-voltage Telecommunications Regulations Simplified | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | year = 2006 | location = US | pages = 133 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CpyeNUgls68C&pg=SA13-PA3&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 076374347X}} •{{cite web|title=Beta Decay|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/2.html|work=Lbl.gov|date=9 August 2000}} *[http://www.nrc.gov The Nuclear Regulatory Commission] regulates most commercial radiation sources and non-medical exposures in the US: *[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+ionizing+radiation NLM Hazardous Substances Databank &ndash; Ionizing Radiation] *[[UNSCEAR|United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]] 2000 Report [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html Volume 1: Sources], [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html Volume 2: Effects] *[http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/posters/ionising-radiation/ Beginners Guide to Ionising Radiation Measurement] *[http://www.xrayrisk.com Radiation Risk Calculator] Calculate cancer risk from CT scans and xrays. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180416160511/http://www.x-raysafety.com/rad-safety.htm Free Radiation Safety Course] *[http://www.radiationanswers.org Health Physics Society Public Education Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040623102755/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/env_rpt/aser95/appa.htm Oak Ridge Reservation] Basic Radiation Facts {{NexInt}} *[[Radiatio gamma]] *[[Radioactivitas]] {{physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Physica]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 8km9yn08nc1f1coymtocvsuxuzvphh2 3954539 3954538 2026-04-14T13:15:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumbnail|Insiginia cautionis radiationis ionizantis]] {{Latinitas|-5}} '''Radiatio ionizans''' est [[radiatio]] portante{{dubsig}} satis [[energia]]m ut [[electron]]es liberet ex [[atomus|atomis]] seu [[molecula|moleculis]], propter quod eos ionizante{{dubsig}}. Radiatio ionizans constitur{{dubsig}} subatomicium{{dubsig}} particulis impigris vel iontibus vel atomicis moventibus [[velocitas|velocitatibus]] relativisticis et [[unda electromagnetica|undis electromagneticis]] summo vi finis spectri electromagneticis. Et pro [[radiotherapia]] utetur. [[Fasciculus:Alfa beta gamma neutron radiation.svg|thumbnail|left|Genera radiotionis]] ==Notae== •{{cite book | last = Woodside | first = Gayle | title = Environmental, Safety, and Health Engineering | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1997 | location = US | pages = 476 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJP57-0UOzYC&pg=PA476&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 0471109320}}</ref><ref name="Stallcup">{{cite book | last = Stallcup | first = James G. | authorlink = | title = OSHA: Stallcup's High-voltage Telecommunications Regulations Simplified | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | year = 2006 | location = US | pages = 133 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CpyeNUgls68C&pg=SA13-PA3&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 076374347X}} •{{cite web|title=Beta Decay|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/2.html|work=Lbl.gov|date=9 August 2000}} *[http://www.nrc.gov The Nuclear Regulatory Commission] regulates most commercial radiation sources and non-medical exposures in the US: *[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+ionizing+radiation NLM Hazardous Substances Databank &ndash; Ionizing Radiation] *[[UNSCEAR|United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]] 2000 Report [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html Volume 1: Sources], [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html Volume 2: Effects] *[http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/posters/ionising-radiation/ Beginners Guide to Ionising Radiation Measurement] *[http://www.xrayrisk.com Radiation Risk Calculator] Calculate cancer risk from CT scans and xrays. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180416160511/http://www.x-raysafety.com/rad-safety.htm Free Radiation Safety Course] *[http://www.radiationanswers.org Health Physics Society Public Education Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040623102755/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/env_rpt/aser95/appa.htm Oak Ridge Reservation] Basic Radiation Facts {{NexInt}} *[[Radiatio gamma]] *[[Radioactivitas]] {{physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Physica]] {{Myrias|Physica}} ke1rlno5ola6eqhcvyb1me7bdkue6ec 3954540 3954539 2026-04-14T13:17:00Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumbnail|Insiginia cautionis radiationis ionizantis]] {{Latinitas|-5}} '''Radiatio ionizans''' est [[radiatio]] portante{{dubsig}} satis [[energia]]m ut [[electron]]es liberet ex [[atomus|atomis]] seu [[molecula|moleculis]], propter quod eos ionizante{{dubsig}}. Radiatio ionizans constitur{{dubsig}} subatomicium{{dubsig}} particulis impigris vel iontibus vel atomicis moventibus [[velocitas|velocitatibus]] relativisticis et [[unda electromagnetica|undis electromagneticis]] summo vi finis spectri electromagneticis. Et pro [[radiotherapia]] utetur{{dubsig}} . [[Fasciculus:Alfa beta gamma neutron radiation.svg|thumbnail|left|Genera radiotionis]] ==Notae== •{{cite book | last = Woodside | first = Gayle | title = Environmental, Safety, and Health Engineering | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1997 | location = US | pages = 476 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJP57-0UOzYC&pg=PA476&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 0471109320}}</ref><ref name="Stallcup">{{cite book | last = Stallcup | first = James G. | authorlink = | title = OSHA: Stallcup's High-voltage Telecommunications Regulations Simplified | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | year = 2006 | location = US | pages = 133 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CpyeNUgls68C&pg=SA13-PA3&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 076374347X}} •{{cite web|title=Beta Decay|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/2.html|work=Lbl.gov|date=9 August 2000}} *[http://www.nrc.gov The Nuclear Regulatory Commission] regulates most commercial radiation sources and non-medical exposures in the US: *[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+ionizing+radiation NLM Hazardous Substances Databank &ndash; Ionizing Radiation] *[[UNSCEAR|United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]] 2000 Report [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html Volume 1: Sources], [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html Volume 2: Effects] *[http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/posters/ionising-radiation/ Beginners Guide to Ionising Radiation Measurement] *[http://www.xrayrisk.com Radiation Risk Calculator] Calculate cancer risk from CT scans and xrays. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180416160511/http://www.x-raysafety.com/rad-safety.htm Free Radiation Safety Course] *[http://www.radiationanswers.org Health Physics Society Public Education Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040623102755/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/env_rpt/aser95/appa.htm Oak Ridge Reservation] Basic Radiation Facts {{NexInt}} *[[Radiatio gamma]] *[[Radioactivitas]] {{physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Physica]] {{Myrias|Physica}} b89u5nl8tbe78tiyjwxlqew54tfv27q 3954551 3954540 2026-04-14T13:55:53Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumbnail|Insiginia{{dubsig}} cautionis radiationis ionizantis]] {{Latinitas|-5}} '''Radiatio ionizans''' est [[radiatio]] portante{{dubsig}} satis [[energia]]m ut [[electron]]es liberet ex [[atomus|atomis]] seu [[molecula|moleculis]], propter quod eos ionizante{{dubsig}}. Radiatio ionizans constitur{{dubsig}} subatomicium{{dubsig}} particulis impigris vel iontibus vel atomicis moventibus [[velocitas|velocitatibus]] relativisticis{{dubsig}} et [[unda electromagnetica|undis electromagneticis]] summo vi finis spectri electromagneticis. Et pro [[radiotherapia]] utetur{{dubsig}} . [[Fasciculus:Alfa beta gamma neutron radiation.svg|thumbnail|left|Genera radiotionis]] ==Notae== •{{cite book | last = Woodside | first = Gayle | title = Environmental, Safety, and Health Engineering | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1997 | location = US | pages = 476 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJP57-0UOzYC&pg=PA476&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 0471109320}}</ref><ref name="Stallcup">{{cite book | last = Stallcup | first = James G. | authorlink = | title = OSHA: Stallcup's High-voltage Telecommunications Regulations Simplified | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | year = 2006 | location = US | pages = 133 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CpyeNUgls68C&pg=SA13-PA3&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 076374347X}} •{{cite web|title=Beta Decay|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/2.html|work=Lbl.gov|date=9 August 2000}} *[http://www.nrc.gov The Nuclear Regulatory Commission] regulates most commercial radiation sources and non-medical exposures in the US: *[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+ionizing+radiation NLM Hazardous Substances Databank &ndash; Ionizing Radiation] *[[UNSCEAR|United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]] 2000 Report [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html Volume 1: Sources], [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html Volume 2: Effects] *[http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/posters/ionising-radiation/ Beginners Guide to Ionising Radiation Measurement] *[http://www.xrayrisk.com Radiation Risk Calculator] Calculate cancer risk from CT scans and xrays. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180416160511/http://www.x-raysafety.com/rad-safety.htm Free Radiation Safety Course] *[http://www.radiationanswers.org Health Physics Society Public Education Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040623102755/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/env_rpt/aser95/appa.htm Oak Ridge Reservation] Basic Radiation Facts {{NexInt}} *[[Radiatio gamma]] *[[Radioactivitas]] {{physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Physica]] {{Myrias|Physica}} hpsyywtxbcucahmflot6j8eo267ngxo 3954552 3954551 2026-04-14T13:56:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumbnail|Insiginia{{dubsig}} cautionis radiationis ionizantis]] {{Latinitas|-5}} '''Radiatio ionizans''' est [[radiatio]] portante{{dubsig}} satis [[energia]]m ut [[electron]]es liberet ex [[atomus|atomis]] seu [[molecula|moleculis]], propter quod eos ionizante{{dubsig}}. Radiatio ionizans constitur{{dubsig}} subatomicium{{dubsig}} particulis impigris vel iontibus vel atomicis moventibus [[velocitas|velocitatibus]] relativisticis{{dubsig}} et [[unda electromagnetica|undis electromagneticis]] summo vi finis spectri electromagneticis. Et pro [[radiotherapia]] utetur{{dubsig}} . [[Fasciculus:Alfa beta gamma neutron radiation.svg|thumbnail|left|Genera radiotionis{{dubsig}}]] ==Notae== •{{cite book | last = Woodside | first = Gayle | title = Environmental, Safety, and Health Engineering | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1997 | location = US | pages = 476 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJP57-0UOzYC&pg=PA476&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 0471109320}}</ref><ref name="Stallcup">{{cite book | last = Stallcup | first = James G. | authorlink = | title = OSHA: Stallcup's High-voltage Telecommunications Regulations Simplified | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | year = 2006 | location = US | pages = 133 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CpyeNUgls68C&pg=SA13-PA3&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 076374347X}} •{{cite web|title=Beta Decay|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/2.html|work=Lbl.gov|date=9 August 2000}} *[http://www.nrc.gov The Nuclear Regulatory Commission] regulates most commercial radiation sources and non-medical exposures in the US: *[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+ionizing+radiation NLM Hazardous Substances Databank &ndash; Ionizing Radiation] *[[UNSCEAR|United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]] 2000 Report [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html Volume 1: Sources], [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html Volume 2: Effects] *[http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/posters/ionising-radiation/ Beginners Guide to Ionising Radiation Measurement] *[http://www.xrayrisk.com Radiation Risk Calculator] Calculate cancer risk from CT scans and xrays. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180416160511/http://www.x-raysafety.com/rad-safety.htm Free Radiation Safety Course] *[http://www.radiationanswers.org Health Physics Society Public Education Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040623102755/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/env_rpt/aser95/appa.htm Oak Ridge Reservation] Basic Radiation Facts {{NexInt}} *[[Radiatio gamma]] *[[Radioactivitas]] {{physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Physica]] {{Myrias|Physica}} ib3eh3sj3w09oeslmrxdnv6f9mftdoh 3954553 3954552 2026-04-14T13:57:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3954553 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumbnail|Insiginia{{dubsig}} cautionis radiationis ionizantis]] {{Latinitas|-5}} '''Radiatio ionizans''' est [[radiatio]] portante{{dubsig}} satis [[energia]]m ut [[electron]]es liberet ex [[atomus|atomis]] seu [[molecula|moleculis]], propter quod eos ionizante{{dubsig}}. Radiatio ionizans constitur{{dubsig}} subatomicium{{dubsig}} particulis impigris vel iontibus vel atomicis moventibus [[velocitas|velocitatibus]] relativisticis{{dubsig}} et [[unda electromagnetica|undis electromagneticis]] summo{{dubsig}} vi finis spectri electromagneticis. Et pro [[radiotherapia]] utetur{{dubsig}} . [[Fasciculus:Alfa beta gamma neutron radiation.svg|thumbnail|left|Genera radiotionis{{dubsig}}]] ==Notae== •{{cite book | last = Woodside | first = Gayle | title = Environmental, Safety, and Health Engineering | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1997 | location = US | pages = 476 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJP57-0UOzYC&pg=PA476&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 0471109320}}</ref><ref name="Stallcup">{{cite book | last = Stallcup | first = James G. | authorlink = | title = OSHA: Stallcup's High-voltage Telecommunications Regulations Simplified | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | year = 2006 | location = US | pages = 133 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CpyeNUgls68C&pg=SA13-PA3&dq=%22ionizing+radiation | doi = | isbn = 076374347X}} •{{cite web|title=Beta Decay|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/2.html|work=Lbl.gov|date=9 August 2000}} *[http://www.nrc.gov The Nuclear Regulatory Commission] regulates most commercial radiation sources and non-medical exposures in the US: *[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+ionizing+radiation NLM Hazardous Substances Databank &ndash; Ionizing Radiation] *[[UNSCEAR|United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]] 2000 Report [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html Volume 1: Sources], [http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html Volume 2: Effects] *[http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/posters/ionising-radiation/ Beginners Guide to Ionising Radiation Measurement] *[http://www.xrayrisk.com Radiation Risk Calculator] Calculate cancer risk from CT scans and xrays. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180416160511/http://www.x-raysafety.com/rad-safety.htm Free Radiation Safety Course] *[http://www.radiationanswers.org Health Physics Society Public Education Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040623102755/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/env_rpt/aser95/appa.htm Oak Ridge Reservation] Basic Radiation Facts {{NexInt}} *[[Radiatio gamma]] *[[Radioactivitas]] {{physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Physica]] {{Myrias|Physica}} p57dk36l2xr19bl90x72ra8b3b35qv6 0 255859 3954647 3509168 2026-04-14T18:21:22Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} {{res|UNSCEAR}} (ex [[Anglice|Anglico]] ''United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation'' 'comitia scientifica de effectu radiationis atomicae Consociationis Nationum') est [[organizatio]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] ad protectionem e calamitate [[radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] anno [[1955]] decreta. Sedes sua [[Vindobona]]e patet. Secretarius suus sub directione [[Programma circumiectale Nationum Unitarum|Programmatis circumiectali Nationum Unitarum]] est. Missio UNSCEAR est contra [[bomba atomica|bombas nucleares]] et relugationem{{dubsig}} usu{{dubsig}} [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]] et [[ergasterium atomicum|ergasterii atomici]], etiam cooperatione cum [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica|Societate Internationali pro Energia Atomica]] et aliis organizationibus internationalibus. == Nexus externi == *[http://www.unscear.org Situs comitiae proprius.] [[Categoria:Constituta 1955]] [[Categoria:Nationes Unitae]] [[Categoria:Radioactivitas]] [[Categoria:Vindobona]] tmatp3bz9r86m4vryou2iv924cxaxb8 3954648 3954647 2026-04-14T18:21:28Z Grufo 64423 3954648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} {{res|UNSCEAR}} (ex [[Anglice|Anglico]] ''United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation'' 'comitia scientifica de effectu radiationis atomicae Consociationis Nationum') est [[organizatio]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] ad protectionem e calamitate [[radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] anno [[1955]] decreta. Sedes sua [[Vindobona]]e patet. Secretarius suus sub directione [[Programma circumiectale Nationum Unitarum|Programmatis circumiectali Nationum Unitarum]] est. Missio UNSCEAR est contra [[bomba atomica|bombas nucleares]] et relugationem{{dubsig}} usu{{dubsig}} [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]] et [[ergasterium atomicum|ergasterii atomici]], etiam cooperatione cum [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica|Societate Internationali pro Energia Atomica]] et aliis organizationibus internationalibus. == Nexus externi == *[http://www.unscear.org Situs comitiae proprius.] [[Categoria:Constituta 1955]] [[Categoria:Nationes Unitae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] [[Categoria:Vindobona]] rxbeky0kqnij97tntqim1xwzxspef88 0 255966 3954682 3750738 2026-04-15T09:29:52Z Andrew Dalby 1084 additamenta e Vicipaediis barbaris -- sed emendare necesse est! 3954682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}}{{L}} {{In usu}} [[Fasciculus:Grégoire_de_Tours,_Histoire_des_Francs,_livres_1_à_6,_page_de_frontispice.jpg|thumb|254x254px|[[Gregorius Turonensis]], ''Historia Francorum'', libri 1 ad 6, [[frontispicium]]. [[Luxovium]] aut [[Corbie]], finis [[Saeculum 7|saeculi septimi]]. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BnF]], Manuscrits, Latin 17655 fol. 2.]] '''''Historia Francorum''''' est opus [[Gregorius Turonensis|Gregorii]], [[Episcopus|episcopi]] [[Turones|Turonensis]], [[saeculum 6|saeculo sexto]] scriptum, de rebus in [[Gallia]] vel [[Francia]] gestarum. Titulus ''Decem libri historiarum'' a principio utebatur. Agitur de generali [[mundus|mundi]] [[Ecclesia Christiana|Ecclesiaeque Christianae]] [[historia]], [[eschatologia|eschatologico]] prospectu scripta, a [[Genesis|Genese]] usque ad [[reges Franciae|reges Francorum]] anno [[572]] regnantes gesta attingente. Praeterea plures [[sanctus|sanctorum]] Gallicorum [[biographia]]s continet, inter annum [[574]] et Gregorii mortem conscriptas et sub titulum ''Liber (Libri) miraculorum'' recollectas. == Opus == Narratio magne dedicata est [[Merovingi|Merovingorum]] Galliae, quam Gregorius melius quam caeterum mundum novit: quinque e decem libris atque ''Liber miraculorum'' ad auctoris tempus pertinent. Qui potius tristem temporis sui imaginem depingit, ostendendo quae pessima aliquot regibus agentibus consecutae essent, contra quam eorum Christiani maiores, ut [[Chlodovechus]], fecerunt. Per Gregorii Turonensis ''Historiam Francorum'' ad nos pervenerunt relationes de [[Vas Suassonense|vase Suassonensi]] vel de [[Baptismus Chlodovechi|Chlodovechi baptismo]]. Itaque opus fortasse posterius vocata est ''Historia Francorum'' vel''Gesta Francorum'' vel simplicius ''Chronicae''. Quicquid est, Gregorius Turonensis propter id opus « rei gestae nationalis » pater censetur, praeclarissimum Merovingorum historicus maximaque nobis nota de eorum regnis fons. Christiano vulgo destinata erat, ut rerum gestarum notionem aucta esset in conspectu barbaricorum Francorum conversionis ad veram Chlodovechi fidem. Propterea Gregorius [[lingua Latina]] partim litteraria, partim orali usus est.<ref name="bnfhistoiredesfrancs">[http://expositions.bnf.fr/carolingiens/antho/02.htm Situs proprius] [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francogallicae]], in ''Trésor carolingien''.</ref> Cuius causa ibi multa colloquia, orationes, disceptationes citat, quod, colloquiis [[caeruleus|caeruleo colore]] indicatis, in [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/gregoire/francs1.htm computatrali Fournier versione] praecipue patet. == Compositio == Opus in libris decem divisum est.<ref>Fons enumerationis: {{qc|id=Guizot (1823)}} pp. xix-xx</ref> * Liber I: summarium antiquae et universalis mundi historiae, usque ad [[Martinus Turonensis|Martini Turonensis]] anno 397 mortem * Liber II: ab anno 397 usque ad [[Chlodovechus I (rex Francorum)|Chlodovechi I]] anno 551 mortem * Liber III: ab 511 usque ad [[Theudebertus I|Theudeberti I]] anno 547 mortem * Liber IV: ab 547 usque ad [[Sigibertus I|Sigiberti I]] anno 575 mortem * Liber V: ab 575 usque ad 580, sive quinque primi anni [[Childebertus II|Childeberti II]] regni * Liber VI: ab 580 usque ad [[Chilpericus I|Chilperici I]] anno 584 mortem * Liber VII: annus 585 * Liber VIII: a Iulio 585, iter faciente [[Gontranus I|Gontrano]], usque ad [[Liuvigildus (rex Visigothorum)|Liuvigildi]] anno 586 mortem * Liber IX: ab 587 usque ad 589 * Liber X: usque ad Augustum 591, moriente abbato Limousin saint Yrieix == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones * 1522 : ''B. Gregorii, Turonensis episcopi, historiarum precipue gallicarum lib. X. In vitas patrum fere sui tempori lib. I. De Gloria confessorum praecipue gallorum lib. I ...'' Parisiis: ab impressore [[Iodocus Badius Ascensius|Jodoco Badio]] et Joanne Parvo {{Google Books|l0A8AAAAcAAJ}} * 1561 : ''Gregorii Turonensis Historia Francorum cum Adnis Viennensis chronicon''. Lutetiae * 1836-1838 : [[Iosephus Guadet|J. Guadet]], N. R. Taranne, edd., ''Sancti Georgii Florentii Gregorii episcopi Turonensis Historiae ecclesiasticae Francorum libri decem''. 4 voll. Parisiis: Jules Renouard {{GB|UGBLAQAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|8JsUAAAAQAAJ|vol. 2}} {{GB|ZaUNAAAAIAAJ|vol. 3}} {{Google Books|2fgUAAAAQAAJ|vol. 4}} * 1886 : Histoire des Francs, livres I - VI : texte du manuscrit de Corbie. Bibliothèque nationale, ms. latin 17655 * 1893 : Histoire des Francs, livre VII - X : texte du manuscrit de Bruxelles, Bibliothèque royale de Bruxelles, ms. 9403 * 1951 : Bruno Krusch, Wilhelm Levison, edd., Gregorii episcopi Turonensis. Libri Historiarum X, MGH SS rer. Merov. 1,1, Hannover, 1951 [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_merov_1_1/#page/(III)/mode/1up textus] * 1955-1956 : Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Band I-II (ed. and German transl. Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt ; Versiones * 1610 : ''L'histoire françoise de saint Grégoire de Tours, contenue en dix livres, augmentée d'un onzième livre, traduite du latin par C. B. D.'' (versio Claudii Bonet et Sebastiani du Molin). Turonis * 1668 : ''Les histoires de S. Grégoire, évesque de Tours, contenant ses livres de la Gloire des Martyrs & des Confesseurs, avec les quatre Livres de la Vie de S. Martin, & celui de la Vie de Pères'' (versio [[Michaelis de Marolles et Frederici Leonard). Lutetiae * 1699 : Grégoire de Tours, traduction par Thierry Ruinart * 1823 : {{ec|id=Guizot (1823)|c="Histoire des Francs par Grégoire de Tours" in [[Franciscus Guizot|François Guizot]], ed., ''Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France depuis la fondation de la monarchie jusqu'au XIIIe &nbsp;siècle''. Lutetiae: J.-L.-J. Brière {{Google Books|iPEfGh7E5_UC}}}} * 1861 : Grégoire de Tours, Histoire des Francs, nouvelle édition de Guizot, augmentée de la géographie par Alfred Jacobs, 2 tomes, Librairie Académique, Paris * The History of the Franks (transl. M. Dalton), Oxford University Press, 1927. * The History of the Franks (transl. L. Thorpe), Penguin, 1974 * 1981 : Massimo Oldoni (a cura di), La Storia dei Franchi, collana Collezione Scrittori greci e latini,. 2 voll. Roma-Milano, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla-Mondadori, 1981 * 1988 : Fränkische Geschichte, 3 vols. (German transl. by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rev. by Manfred Gebauer), Essen, 1988 * 1990 : Grégoire de Tours, L'histoire des rois Francs, traduction de J.J.E. Roy, Paris, Gallimard * 2013 : Historias (Spanish transl. P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, 2013, ISBN 978-84-7723-190-5 {{NexInt}} * [[Franci]] * [[Historia Francogallica]] == Nexus externi == * ''[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html Decem libri historiarum]'' apud ''The Latin Library'' * ''[[:s:la:Historiarum Francorum libri X]]'' apud Vicifontem Latinum [[Categoria:Franciae scripta]] [[Categoria:Gregorius Turonensis]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] 51k7588ovv8z12rl0rqkm37yr7lnij3 3954685 3954682 2026-04-15T09:43:16Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3954685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}}{{L}} {{In usu}} [[Fasciculus:Grégoire_de_Tours,_Histoire_des_Francs,_livres_1_à_6,_page_de_frontispice.jpg|thumb|254x254px|[[Gregorius Turonensis]], ''Historia Francorum'', libri 1 ad 6, [[frontispicium]]. [[Luxovium]] aut [[Corbie]], finis [[Saeculum 7|saeculi septimi]]. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BnF]], Manuscrits, Latin 17655 fol. 2.]] '''''Historia Francorum''''' est opus [[Gregorius Turonensis|Gregorii]], [[Episcopus|episcopi]] [[Turones|Turonensis]], [[saeculum 6|saeculo sexto]] scriptum, de rebus in [[Gallia]] vel [[Francia]] gestarum. Titulus ''Decem libri historiarum'' a principio utebatur. Agitur de generali [[mundus|mundi]] [[Ecclesia Christiana|Ecclesiaeque Christianae]] [[historia]], [[eschatologia|eschatologico]] prospectu scripta, a [[Genesis|Genese]] usque ad [[reges Franciae|reges Francorum]] anno [[572]] regnantes gesta attingente. Praeterea plures [[sanctus|sanctorum]] Gallicorum [[biographia]]s continet, inter annum [[574]] et Gregorii mortem conscriptas et sub titulum ''Liber (Libri) miraculorum'' recollectas. == Opus == Narratio magne dedicata est [[Merovingi|Merovingorum]] Galliae, quam Gregorius melius quam caeterum mundum novit: quinque e decem libris atque ''Liber miraculorum'' ad auctoris tempus pertinent. Qui potius tristem temporis sui imaginem depingit, ostendendo quae pessima aliquot regibus agentibus consecutae essent, contra quam eorum Christiani maiores, ut [[Chlodovechus]], fecerunt. Per Gregorii Turonensis ''Historiam Francorum'' ad nos pervenerunt relationes de [[Vas Suassonense|vase Suassonensi]] vel de [[Baptismus Chlodovechi|Chlodovechi baptismo]]. Itaque opus fortasse posterius vocata est ''Historia Francorum'' vel''Gesta Francorum'' vel simplicius ''Chronicae''. Quicquid est, Gregorius Turonensis propter id opus « rei gestae nationalis » pater censetur, praeclarissimum Merovingorum historicus maximaque nobis nota de eorum regnis fons. Christiano vulgo destinata erat, ut rerum gestarum notionem aucta esset in conspectu barbaricorum Francorum conversionis ad veram Chlodovechi fidem. Propterea Gregorius [[lingua Latina]] partim litteraria, partim orali usus est.<ref name="bnfhistoiredesfrancs">[http://expositions.bnf.fr/carolingiens/antho/02.htm Situs proprius] [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francogallicae]], in ''Trésor carolingien''.</ref> Cuius causa ibi multa colloquia, orationes, disceptationes citat, quod, colloquiis [[caeruleus|caeruleo colore]] indicatis, in [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/gregoire/francs1.htm computatrali Fournier versione] praecipue patet. == Compositio == Opus in libris decem divisum est.<ref>Fons enumerationis: {{qc|id=Guizot (1823)}} pp. xix-xx</ref> * Liber I: summarium antiquae et universalis mundi historiae, usque ad [[Martinus Turonensis|Martini Turonensis]] anno 397 mortem * Liber II: ab anno 397 usque ad [[Chlodovechus I (rex Francorum)|Chlodovechi I]] anno 551 mortem * Liber III: ab 511 usque ad [[Theudebertus I|Theudeberti I]] anno 547 mortem * Liber IV: ab 547 usque ad [[Sigibertus I|Sigiberti I]] anno 575 mortem * Liber V: ab 575 usque ad 580, sive quinque primi anni [[Childebertus II|Childeberti II]] regni * Liber VI: ab 580 usque ad [[Chilpericus I|Chilperici I]] anno 584 mortem * Liber VII: annus 585 * Liber VIII: a Iulio 585, iter faciente [[Gontranus I|Gontrano]], usque ad [[Liuvigildus (rex Visigothorum)|Liuvigildi]] anno 586 mortem * Liber IX: ab 587 usque ad 589 * Liber X: usque ad Augustum 591, moriente abbato Limousin saint Yrieix == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones * 1522 : ''B. Gregorii, Turonensis episcopi, historiarum precipue gallicarum lib. X. In vitas patrum fere sui tempori lib. I. De Gloria confessorum praecipue gallorum lib. I ...'' Parisiis: ab impressore [[Iodocus Badius Ascensius|Jodoco Badio]] et Joanne Parvo {{Google Books|l0A8AAAAcAAJ}} * 1561 : ''Gregorii Turonensis Historia Francorum cum Adnis Viennensis chronicon''. Lutetiae * 1836-1838 : [[Iosephus Guadet|J. Guadet]], N. R. Taranne, edd., ''Sancti Georgii Florentii Gregorii episcopi Turonensis Historiae ecclesiasticae Francorum libri decem''. 4 voll. Parisiis: Jules Renouard {{GB|UGBLAQAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|8JsUAAAAQAAJ|vol. 2}} {{GB|ZaUNAAAAIAAJ|vol. 3}} {{Google Books|2fgUAAAAQAAJ|vol. 4}} * 1886 : Histoire des Francs, livres I - VI : texte du manuscrit de Corbie. Bibliothèque nationale, ms. latin 17655; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6227827t textus apud Gallica] * 1893 : Histoire des Francs, livre VII - X : texte du manuscrit de Bruxelles, Bibliothèque royale de Bruxelles, ms. 9403 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1120983 textus apud Gallica] * 1905 : [[Henricus Omont|Henri Omont]], praef., ''Histoire des Francs de Grégoire de Tours : ms. de Beauvais : reproduction réduite du manuscrit en onciale, latin 17654 de la Bibliothèque nationale''. Parisiis: Berthaud frères [sine anno divulgatum]; [https://archive.org/details/histoiredesfranc00greg textus apud Internet Archive] * 1951 : Bruno Krusch, Wilhelm Levison, edd., Gregorii episcopi Turonensis. Libri Historiarum X, MGH SS rer. Merov. 1,1, Hannover, 1951 [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_merov_1_1/#page/(III)/mode/1up textus] * 1955-1956 : Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Band I-II (ed. and German transl. Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt ; Versiones * 1610 : ''L'histoire françoise de saint Grégoire de Tours, contenue en dix livres, augmentée d'un onzième livre, traduite du latin par C. B. D.'' (versio Claudii Bonet et Sebastiani du Molin). Turonis * 1668 : ''Les histoires de S. Grégoire, évesque de Tours, contenant ses livres de la Gloire des Martyrs & des Confesseurs, avec les quatre Livres de la Vie de S. Martin, & celui de la Vie de Pères'' (versio [[Michaelis de Marolles et Frederici Leonard). Lutetiae * 1699 : Grégoire de Tours, traduction par Thierry Ruinart * 1823 : {{ec|id=Guizot (1823)|c="Histoire des Francs par Grégoire de Tours" in [[Franciscus Guizot|François Guizot]], ed., ''Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France depuis la fondation de la monarchie jusqu'au XIIIe &nbsp;siècle''. Lutetiae: J.-L.-J. Brière {{Google Books|iPEfGh7E5_UC}}}} * 1861 : Grégoire de Tours, Histoire des Francs, nouvelle édition de Guizot, augmentée de la géographie par Alfred Jacobs, 2 tomes, Librairie Académique, Paris * The History of the Franks (transl. M. Dalton), Oxford University Press, 1927. * The History of the Franks (transl. L. Thorpe), Penguin, 1974 * 1981 : Massimo Oldoni (a cura di), La Storia dei Franchi, collana Collezione Scrittori greci e latini,. 2 voll. Roma-Milano, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla-Mondadori, 1981 * 1988 : Fränkische Geschichte, 3 vols. (German transl. by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rev. by Manfred Gebauer), Essen, 1988 * 1990 : Grégoire de Tours, L'histoire des rois Francs, traduction de J.J.E. Roy, Paris, Gallimard * 2013 : Historias (Spanish transl. P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, 2013, ISBN 978-84-7723-190-5 {{NexInt}} * [[Franci]] * [[Historia Francogallica]] == Nexus externi == * ''[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html Decem libri historiarum]'' apud ''The Latin Library'' * ''[[:s:la:Historiarum Francorum libri X]]'' apud Vicifontem Latinum [[Categoria:Franciae scripta]] [[Categoria:Gregorius Turonensis]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] svrriy52htch03047760xv6q04q5wo7 3954688 3954685 2026-04-15T09:56:53Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}}{{L}} {{In usu}} [[Fasciculus:Grégoire_de_Tours,_Histoire_des_Francs,_livres_1_à_6,_page_de_frontispice.jpg|thumb|254x254px|[[Gregorius Turonensis]], ''Historia Francorum'', libri 1 ad 6, [[frontispicium]]. [[Luxovium]] aut [[Corbie]], finis [[Saeculum 7|saeculi septimi]]. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BnF]], Manuscrits, Latin 17655 fol. 2.]] '''''Historia Francorum''''' est opus [[Gregorius Turonensis|Gregorii]], [[Episcopus|episcopi]] [[Turones|Turonensis]], [[saeculum 6|saeculo sexto]] scriptum, de rebus in [[Gallia]] vel [[Francia]] gestarum. Titulus ''Decem libri historiarum'' a principio utebatur. Agitur de generali [[mundus|mundi]] [[Ecclesia Christiana|Ecclesiaeque Christianae]] [[historia]], [[eschatologia|eschatologico]] prospectu scripta, a [[Genesis|Genese]] usque ad [[reges Franciae|reges Francorum]] anno [[572]] regnantes gesta attingente. Praeterea plures [[sanctus|sanctorum]] Gallicorum [[biographia]]s continet, inter annum [[574]] et Gregorii mortem conscriptas et sub titulum ''Liber (Libri) miraculorum'' recollectas. == Opus == Narratio magne dedicata est [[Merovingi|Merovingorum]] Galliae, quam Gregorius melius quam caeterum mundum novit: quinque e decem libris atque ''Liber miraculorum'' ad auctoris tempus pertinent. Qui potius tristem temporis sui imaginem depingit, ostendendo quae pessima aliquot regibus agentibus consecutae essent, contra quam eorum Christiani maiores, ut [[Chlodovechus]], fecerunt. Per Gregorii Turonensis ''Historiam Francorum'' ad nos pervenerunt relationes de [[Vas Suassonense|vase Suassonensi]] vel de [[Baptismus Chlodovechi|Chlodovechi baptismo]]. Itaque opus fortasse posterius vocata est ''Historia Francorum'' vel''Gesta Francorum'' vel simplicius ''Chronicae''. Quicquid est, Gregorius Turonensis propter id opus « rei gestae nationalis » pater censetur, praeclarissimum Merovingorum historicus maximaque nobis nota de eorum regnis fons. Christiano vulgo destinata erat, ut rerum gestarum notionem aucta esset in conspectu barbaricorum Francorum conversionis ad veram Chlodovechi fidem. Propterea Gregorius [[lingua Latina]] partim litteraria, partim orali usus est.<ref name="bnfhistoiredesfrancs">[http://expositions.bnf.fr/carolingiens/antho/02.htm Situs proprius] [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francogallicae]], in ''Trésor carolingien''.</ref> Cuius causa ibi multa colloquia, orationes, disceptationes citat, quod, colloquiis [[caeruleus|caeruleo colore]] indicatis, in [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/gregoire/francs1.htm computatrali Fournier versione] praecipue patet. == Compositio == Opus in libris decem divisum est.<ref>Fons enumerationis: {{qc|id=Guizot (1823)}} pp. xix-xx</ref> * Liber I: summarium antiquae et universalis mundi historiae, usque ad [[Martinus Turonensis|Martini Turonensis]] anno 397 mortem * Liber II: ab anno 397 usque ad [[Chlodovechus I (rex Francorum)|Chlodovechi I]] anno 551 mortem * Liber III: ab 511 usque ad [[Theudebertus I|Theudeberti I]] anno 547 mortem * Liber IV: ab 547 usque ad [[Sigibertus I|Sigiberti I]] anno 575 mortem * Liber V: ab 575 usque ad 580, sive quinque primi anni [[Childebertus II|Childeberti II]] regni * Liber VI: ab 580 usque ad [[Chilpericus I|Chilperici I]] anno 584 mortem * Liber VII: annus 585 * Liber VIII: a Iulio 585, iter faciente [[Gontranus I|Gontrano]], usque ad [[Liuvigildus (rex Visigothorum)|Liuvigildi]] anno 586 mortem * Liber IX: ab 587 usque ad 589 * Liber X: usque ad Augustum 591, moriente abbato Limousin saint Yrieix == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones * 1522 : ''B. Gregorii, Turonensis episcopi, historiarum precipue gallicarum lib. X. In vitas patrum fere sui tempori lib. I. De Gloria confessorum praecipue gallorum lib. I ...'' Parisiis: ab impressore [[Iodocus Badius Ascensius|Jodoco Badio]] et Joanne Parvo {{Google Books|l0A8AAAAcAAJ}} * 1561 : ''Gregorii Turonensis Historia Francorum cum Adnis Viennensis chronicon''. Lutetiae * 1610 : ''Gregorii, Turonensis episcopi, Historiae Francorum libri decem; quibus non ita pridem adjectus est liber XI ... alio quodam auctore ... ex bibliotheca Laur. Bochelli''. Parisiis: e typographia Petri Chevalerii; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k327464t textus apud Gallica] * 1836-1838 : [[Iosephus Guadet|J. Guadet]], N. R. Taranne, edd., ''Sancti Georgii Florentii Gregorii episcopi Turonensis Historiae ecclesiasticae Francorum libri decem''. 4 voll. Parisiis: Jules Renouard {{GB|UGBLAQAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|8JsUAAAAQAAJ|vol. 2}} {{GB|ZaUNAAAAIAAJ|vol. 3}} {{Google Books|2fgUAAAAQAAJ|vol. 4}} * 1886 : Histoire des Francs, livres I - VI : texte du manuscrit de Corbie. Bibliothèque nationale, ms. latin 17655; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6227827t textus apud Gallica] * 1893 : Histoire des Francs, livre VII - X : texte du manuscrit de Bruxelles, Bibliothèque royale de Bruxelles, ms. 9403 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1120983 textus apud Gallica] * 1905 : [[Henricus Omont|Henri Omont]], praef., ''Histoire des Francs de Grégoire de Tours : ms. de Beauvais : reproduction réduite du manuscrit en onciale, latin 17654 de la Bibliothèque nationale''. Parisiis: Berthaud frères [sine anno divulgatum]; [https://archive.org/details/histoiredesfranc00greg textus apud Internet Archive] * 1951 : Bruno Krusch, Wilhelm Levison, edd., Gregorii episcopi Turonensis. Libri Historiarum X, MGH SS rer. Merov. 1,1, Hannover, 1951 [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_merov_1_1/#page/(III)/mode/1up textus] * 1955-1956 : Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Band I-II (ed. and German transl. Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt ; Versiones * 1610 : ''L'histoire françoise de saint Grégoire de Tours, contenue en dix livres, augmentée d'un onzième livre, traduite du latin par C. B. D.'' (versio Claudii Bonet et Sebastiani du Molin). Turonis * 1668 : ''Les histoires de S. Grégoire, évesque de Tours, contenant ses livres de la Gloire des Martyrs & des Confesseurs, avec les quatre Livres de la Vie de S. Martin, & celui de la Vie de Pères'' (versio [[Michaelis de Marolles et Frederici Leonard). Lutetiae * 1699 : Grégoire de Tours, traduction par Thierry Ruinart * 1823 : {{ec|id=Guizot (1823)|c="Histoire des Francs par Grégoire de Tours" in [[Franciscus Guizot|François Guizot]], ed., ''Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France depuis la fondation de la monarchie jusqu'au XIIIe &nbsp;siècle''. Lutetiae: J.-L.-J. Brière {{Google Books|iPEfGh7E5_UC}}}} * 1861 : Grégoire de Tours, Histoire des Francs, nouvelle édition de Guizot, augmentée de la géographie par Alfred Jacobs, 2 tomes, Librairie Académique, Paris * The History of the Franks (transl. M. Dalton), Oxford University Press, 1927. * The History of the Franks (transl. L. Thorpe), Penguin, 1974 * 1981 : Massimo Oldoni (a cura di), La Storia dei Franchi, collana Collezione Scrittori greci e latini,. 2 voll. Roma-Milano, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla-Mondadori, 1981 * 1988 : Fränkische Geschichte, 3 vols. (German transl. by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rev. by Manfred Gebauer), Essen, 1988 * 1990 : Grégoire de Tours, L'histoire des rois Francs, traduction de J.J.E. Roy, Paris, Gallimard * 2013 : Historias (Spanish transl. P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, 2013, ISBN 978-84-7723-190-5 {{NexInt}} * [[Franci]] * [[Historia Francogallica]] == Nexus externi == * ''[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html Decem libri historiarum]'' apud ''The Latin Library'' * ''[[:s:la:Historiarum Francorum libri X]]'' apud Vicifontem Latinum * BnF ms. Lat. 17655 (''manuscrit de Corbie''): [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84527667 Series imaginum] * BnF ms. Lat. 17654 (''manuscrit de Beauvais''): [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b85624088 Series imaginum] [[Categoria:Franciae scripta]] [[Categoria:Gregorius Turonensis]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] sptylndevk9hec5una7hk8dxmx379xh 0 267177 3954616 3954366 2026-04-14T18:08:55Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio =Textus originalis ''O Fortuna'', ortus a ''[[Carmina Burana|Carminis Buranis]]''. "Fortunae rota" in Codice Burano picta | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|O Fortuna}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XVII reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| O Fortuna, velut luna statu variabilis, semper crescis aut decrescis; vita detestabilis nunc obdurat et tunc curat ludo mentis aciem, egestatem, potestatem dissolvit ut glaciem. Sors immanis et inanis, rota tu volubilis, status malus, vana salus semper dissolubilis, obumbrata et velata michi quoque niteris; nunc per ludum dorsum nudum fero tui sceleris. Sors salutis et virtutis michi nunc contraria, est affectus et defectus semper in angaria. hac in hora sine mora corde pulsum tangite; quod per sortem sternit fortem, mecum omnes plangite!<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc celeberrimo carmine, auctor naturam mutabilem et crudelem Fortunae deplorat, eam comparans lunae quae continenter crescit aut decrescit. Fortuna hic ut vis caeca et instabilis describitur, quae vitam humanam regit, nunc egestatem afferens, nunc potestatem, sed omnia tamquam glaciem dissolvens sub ludo mentis suae.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum centrale versatur circa imaginem [[Rota Fortunae|rotae volubilis]], quae sortem immanem et inanem significat. Scriptor queritur de statu malo et vana salute, quae semper dissolubilis est; ipse sentit se victimum esse sceleris huius potentiae, cum dorsum nudum ferat propter ludum instabilem fati. Fortuna non solum res externas, sed etiam mentis aciem et spiritum mortalium variat.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, carmen ad lamentationem communem invitat. Cum sors salutis et virtutis scriptori contraria sit, et vita in continua angaria vel servitute fati transigatur, auctor iubet omnes sine mora secum plangere. Lamentatio finalis extollit potentiam sortis quae etiam viros fortes sternit, fragilitatem condicionis humanae coram incertitudine fati demonstrans.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == [[Allusio|Allusiones]] culturales == * Annis 1935-1936, carmen ''O Fortuna'' in musicam conversum est a Germanico [[Musicographus|musicographo]] [[Carolus Orff|Carolo Orff]] in [[cantata]] ''[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana]]''; * Nas usus est loco carminis ''O Fortuna'' anno 1999 in [[Cantus|cantu]] suo ''Hate me now''; * Anno 2013, [[Grex musicus|grex]] ''[[Momoiro Clover Z]]'' anteponit ''O Fortuna'' cantui suo ''Neo Stargate'', primo disci ''5th Dimension'' titulato; * Anno 2014, ''Thirty Seconds to Mars'' loco carminis ''O Fortuna'' utitur ut initialem spectaculorum suorum musicam; * Anno 2015, ''Little Mix'' carminis parte utitur in cantu ''Lighting''. == Notae == {{reflist}} {{NexInt}} * ''[[Carmina Burana]]'' * ''[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana (cantata)]]'' * [[Carolus Orff|Carl Orff]] == Nexus externi == * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180204064844/http://www.lamusiqueclassique.com/2011/10/carl-orff-carmina-burana-fortuna-imperatrix-mundi/ Carl Orff – Carmina Burana – Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi]'' apud LaMusiqueClassique.com {{Ling|Francogallice}} {{Vicifons|Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Carolus Orff]] 24k16swrr0lgipu6rld5q51cgb8v74p 0 270750 3954642 3856992 2026-04-14T18:20:07Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:The patient's skin is burned in a pattern corresponding to the dark portions of a kimono - NARA - 519686.jpg|thumb|Visio hibakushae in Hiroshima]] {{res|Hibakusha}} (Iaponice:被爆者) est nominatio hominis qui victima [[Bomba atomica|bombarum atomicarum]] in [[Hiroshima]] et [[Nagasaki]] est. Homines [[vulnus|vulno]] magno et [[cancer (morbus)|cancere]], [[leuchaemia]]m e [[radioactivitas|radioactivitate]] affecti sunt. Post [[Secundum bellum mundanum]], rectio Iaponica remedias hominibus "hibakusha" dedit. Multi scriptores [[motus pacis|moti pace]] de "hibakisha" scripserunt, inter eos est [[Yui Chunoshin]]. Anno [[2017]], [[Foedus de interdictione armorum nuclearium]] decretus est cuius praefacione de [[dolor]]e "hibakusha" scribatur.<ref>Foedus de interdictione aromrum nuclearium, Praefacio</ref> == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Nihon Hidankyo]] * [[Yukio Shimomura]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.inicom.com/hibakusha De hibakusha] (Anglice) * [http://www.gentaikyo.or.jp Situs Consilii Hiroshima Bombae Atomicae Causalitatis] (Iaponice) * [http://www.geocities.jp/s20hibaku/ Vox hibakusha] (Iaponice et pars Anglice) [[Categoria:Motus contra arma nuclearia]] [[Categoria:Hirosima]] [[Categoria:Nagasacum]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] 5ofahb3ohwitn0utyyzafrmy2dp2ogz 0 271234 3954654 3820685 2026-04-14T18:41:32Z LilyKitty 18316 de Christiano Hugenio 3954654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa scholae Vicidata}} '''Universitas Andegavensis''' fundata anno [[1337]] fuit. Erat quinta [[universitas publica]] condita in [[Andecavis|Andecavi]], [[Cauletum|Cauleto]] et [[Salmurium|Salmurio]] Galliae post Lutetiae, Tolosae, Montipessulanae. [[facultas (universitatis)|Facultates]] [[Medicina]]e, [[Ars|Artium]], [[Theologia]]eque anno 1432 additae fuit. Anno 1793 deleta fuit a Conventus. Anno 1971, Universitas Andegavensis a Quinta Reipublica recondita est. == Alumni illustres == *[[Christianus Hugenius]] *[[Dionysius Mukwege]] *[[Dionysius Papin]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.univ-angers.fr/fr/index.html Pagina Domestica] * Jean François Marie Lequeux, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=wDE8AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA500 Manuale compendium juris canonici ad usum seminariorum]'' volumen 4, p. 500 (1844) [[Categoria:Universitas Andegavensis|!]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1337]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1971]] bnsnh1wsavwl6k5dtd5qm33i7d9mcau 4 277974 3954526 3954516 2026-04-14T12:21:57Z IacobusAmor 1163 3954526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiqua pagina|ab=2019-01-07|ad=2019-12-23}} Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e MediaWiki proveniunt continet. Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]]. [[Categoria:Vicipaedia]] == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available. ''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.'' '''Recent changes''' * RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named "{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the "{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W02"/> 18:29, 7 Ianuarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18759682 --> == FileExporter beta feature == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Logo for FileExporter.svg|thumb|Coming soon: the beta feature [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]]] A new beta feature will soon be released on all wikis: The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]. It allows exports of files from a local wiki to Wikimedia Commons, including their file history and page history. Which files can be exported is defined by each wiki's community: '''Please check your wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration file documentation|configuration file]]''' if you want to use this feature. The FileExporter has already been a beta feature on [https://www.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org], [https://meta.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia], deWP, faWP, arWP, koWP and on [https://wikisource.org wikisource.org]. After some functionality was added, it's now becoming a beta feature on all wikis. Deployment is planned for January 16. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|on the project page]]. As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test the FileExporter, please activate it in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]]. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:FileImporter|central talk page]]. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]. </div> [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 09:41, 14 Ianuarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=18782700 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/] * You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup. * Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|<nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki>]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki> has a new <code>wrapper</code> parameter now. You can use it for selectors like <code dir="ltr">.mw-parser-output <nowiki><wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441] '''Problems''' * When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703] '''Changes later this week''' *You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]]. * Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable <code>minor_edit</code> has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 <section end="technews-2019-W03"/> 17:54, 14 Ianuarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18781471 --> == No editing for 30 minutes on 17 January == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will '''not be able to edit''' the wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190117T07 17 January 07:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a database problem that has to be fixed immediately. You can still read the wikis. Some wikis are not affected. They don't get this message. You can see which wikis are '''not''' affected [[:m:User:Johan (WMF)/201901ReadOnlyPage|on this page]]. Most wikis are affected. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div> 18:47, 16 Ianuarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/201901ReadOnly/Targets4&oldid=18789232 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942] '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category <code>{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}</code> to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in <code>Special:TrackingCategories</code> on Wikipedias. * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages. '''Problems''' * When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380] * Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the <code>Module</code> namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W04"/> 20:33, 21 Ianuarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_targets/1&oldid=18802322 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems. '''Problems''' * When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W05"/> 18:14, 28 Ianuarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18821217 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W06"/> 17:11, 4 Februarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18846213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]</code> [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use <code>ambox</code> there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W07"/> 18:45, 11 Februarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18862544 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W08"/> 23:13, 18 Februarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18883065 --> == Talk to us about talking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt="icon depicting two speech Bubbles"|frameless|right|120px]] The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication. We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices. We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives. We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help. '''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.''' You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: # First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]] # Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback. # Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions: ## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you? ## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them? ## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages? ## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations? ## What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"? # Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public. '''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.''' Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]]. You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer. Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:01, 21 Februarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18639017 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program] '''Changes later this week''' * When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W09"/> 21:16, 25 Februarii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18898106 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages. * The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W10"/> 16:37, 4 Martii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18912959 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the <code>mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements</code> [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the <code>#statements</code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|a Kartographer <code><maplink></code>]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]]. * There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]]. '''Problems''' * Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis. * Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976] * Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W11"/> 19:28, 11 Martii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18925338 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2019) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/72/ Kinige]''' – Primarily Indian-language ebooks - 10 books per month * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale]''' – Times Digital Archive collection added (covering 1785-2013) * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/54/ JSTOR]''' – New applications now being taken again Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/47/ Baylor University Press], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/10/ Taylor & Francis], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/46/ Cairn], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/32/ Annual Reviews] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/61/ Bloomsbury]. You can request new partnerships on our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/suggest/ Suggestions page]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 17:40, 13 Martii 2019 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=18873404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W12"/> 19:43, 18 Martii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18939566 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352] * The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414] * Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W13"/> 18:04, 25 Martii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18947493 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W14"/> 16:28, 1 Aprilis 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18980992 --> == Read-only mode for up to 30 minutes on 11 April == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will '''not be able to edit''' most Wikimedia wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April 05:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a hardware problem. You can still read the wikis. You [[phab:T220080|can see which wikis are affected]]. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div></div></div> 10:56, 8 Aprilis 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18979889 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]]. * Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218] '''Problems''' * You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html] * A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087] * Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408] '''Changes later this week''' * When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274] * The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it will return <code>"-"</code> (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W15"/> 18:23, 8 Aprilis 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18988936 --> == Wikimedia Foundation Medium-Term Plan feedback request == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The Wikimedia Foundation has published a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|Medium-Term Plan proposal]] covering the next 3–5 years. We want your feedback! Please leave all comments and questions, in any language, on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|the talk page]], by April 20. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 17:35, 12 Aprilis 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18998727 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called <code> suggestion</code>. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the <code>WikibaseQualityConstraints</code> constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439] * You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|<code>depicts</code> property]] for structured data on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W16"/> 22:59, 15 Aprilis 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19011282 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446] * The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikipedia articles will have the <code>[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]</code> [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W17"/> 19:07, 23 Aprilis 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19030007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125] '''Problems''' * Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570] '''Changes later this week''' * You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353] * When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]</code> instead of <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]</code>. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612] * You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wb_terms</code> table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W18"/> 22:28, 29 Aprilis 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19046269 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W19"/> 16:27, 6 Maii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19073915 --> == Multilingual Shared Templates and Modules == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello la-wiki community! ({{int:please-translate}}) I recently organized a project to share templates and modules between wikis. It allows modules and templates to be “language-neutral”, and store all text translations on Commons. This means that it is enough to copy/paste a template without any changes, and update the translations separately. If someone fixes a bug or adds a new feature in the original module, you can copy/paste it again without any translation work. My bot ''DiBabelYurikBot'' can help with copying. This way users can spend more time on content, and less time on updating and copying templates. Please see [[mw:WP:TNT|project page]] for details and ask questions on talk page. P.S. I am [[meta:Affiliate-selected_Board_seats/2019/Nominations/Yuri_Astrakhan_(yurik)|currently running]] for the Wikimedia board, focusing on content and support of multi-language communities. If you liked my projects like maps, graphs, or this one, I will be happy to receive your support. (any [[meta:Affiliate-selected_Board_seats/2019/Eligible_entities|registered user group]] can vote). Thank you! --[[User:Yurik|Yurik]] ([[meta:User talk:Yurik|🗨️]]) 06:23, 11 Maii 2019 (UTC)</div> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W20"/> 00:49, 14 Maii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19091659 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis. '''Problems''' * File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954] * Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wbeditentity</code> [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W21"/> 13:04, 20 Maii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19108030 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W22"/> 15:34, 27 Maii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19120221 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/] * There is now a field called <code>[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]</code> on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts] * Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W23"/> 15:24, 3 Iunii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19133752 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748] * The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891] '''Problems''' * Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W24"/> 17:06, 10 Iunii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19143311 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with <code><nowiki>[[File:Filename.midi]]</nowiki></code>. Later <code>override_midi</code> and <code>override_audio</code> will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597] * A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old <code>wgEnableAPI</code> and <code>wgEnableWriteAPI</code> values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W25"/> 20:37, 17 Iunii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19152213 --> == Wikidata Bridge: edit Wikidata’s data from Wikipedia infoboxes == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it :)'' Hello all, Many language versions of Wikipedia use the content of [[Wikidata]], the centralized knowledge base, to fill out the content of infoboxes. The data is stored in Wikidata and displayed, partially or completely, in the Wikipedia’s language, on the articles. This feature is used by many template editors, but brought several issues that were raised by communities in various places: not being able to edit the data directly from Wikipedia was one of them. This is the reason why the '''[[mw:Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]]''' project started, with the goal of offering a way to Wikipedia editors to edit Wikidata’s data more easily. This will be achieved by an interface, connected to the infobox, that users can access directly from their local wiki. The project is now at an early stage of development. A lot of [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Research|user research]] has been done, and will continue to be done through the different phases of the project. The next steps of [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Development|development]] will be achieved by the development team working at Wikimedia Deutschland, starting now until the end of 2019. In order to make sure that we’re building a tool that is answering editors’ needs, we’re using agile methods in our development process. We don’t start with a fixed idea of the tool we want to deliver: we will build it together with the editors, based on feedback loops that we will regularly organize. The first version will not necessarily have all of the features you want, but it will keep evolving. Here’s the planned timeline: * From June to August, we will build the setup and technical groundwork. * From September to November 2019, we will develop the first version of the feature and publish a test system so you can try it and give feedback. * Later on, we will test the feature on a few projects, in collaboration with the communities. ** We will first focus on early adopters communities who already implemented a shortcut from their infoboxes to edit Wikidata (for example Russian, Catalan, Basque Wikipedias) ** but we also welcome also communities who [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Get_involved|volunteer to be part of the first test round]]. ** Then we will reach some of the big Wikipedias (French, German, English) in order to see if the project scales and to address their potentially different needs. ** Even later, we can consider enabling the feature on all the other projects. In any case, no deployment or big change will be enforced on the projects without talking to the communities first, and helping the template builders to prepare for the changes they will have to do on the infoboxes’ code. If you want to get involved, there are several ways to help: * Read and help translating [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge|the documentation pages]] * Follow the [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Updates|updates]] and participate in [[mw:Topic:V1x2lxtu8rgi954a|the first feedback loop]] * Talk about it with your local community More ideas will be added [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Get_involved|on this page]] along the way If you have any questions for the development team, feel free to ask them [[mw:Talk:Wikidata_Bridge|on the main talk page]]. You can also ask under this message, but if you expect an answer from me, please make sure to ping me. Thanks for your attention, [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 13:03, 24 Iunii 2019 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=19168539 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html] * Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W26"/> 17:30, 24 Iunii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19168431 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html] '''Problems''' * Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048] * Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358] * There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W27"/> 21:23, 1 Iulii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19175317 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583] * Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W28"/> 20:13, 8 Iulii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19192465 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called <code>{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}</code> and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W29"/> 15:30, 15 Iulii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19199404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]]. * The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html] '''Problems''' * The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247] * With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525] * Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable <code>user_wpzero</code> will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W30"/> 13:07, 22 Iulii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19224936 --> == Editing News #1—July 2019 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]] <big>'''Did you know?'''</big> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device? Every article has a pencil icon at the top. Tap on the pencil icon [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|frameless|16x16px]] to start editing. '''<big>Edit Cards</big>''' [[File:EditCards-v.20.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]] This is what the new '''Edit Cards for editing links''' in the mobile visual editor look like. You can try the prototype here: '''[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].''' </div></div> Welcome back to the [[mw:Editing|Editing]] newsletter. Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|the last newsletter]], the team has released two new features for the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|mobile visual editor]] and has started developing three more. All of this work is part of the team's goal to [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2018-2019/Audiences#Outcome 3: Mobile Contribution|make editing on mobile web simpler]]. Before talking about the team's recent releases, we have a question for you: <strong>Are you willing to try a new way to add and change links?</strong> If you are interested, we would value your input! You can try this new link tool in the mobile visual editor on a separate wiki. <em>Follow these instructions and share your experience:</em> <strong>[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].</strong> === Recent releases === The mobile visual editor is a simpler editing tool, for smartphones and tablets using the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile#About|mobile site]]. The Editing team recently launched two new features to improve the mobile visual editor: # [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|Section editing]] #* The purpose is to help contributors focus on their edits. #* The team studied this with an A/B test. [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing#16 June 2019|This test showed]] that contributors who could use section editing were '''1% more likely to publish''' the edits they started than people with only full-page editing. # [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#March 1, 2019|Loading overlay]] #* The purpose is to smooth the transition between reading and editing. Section editing and the new loading overlay are '''now available to everyone''' using the mobile visual editor. === New and active projects === This is a list of our most active projects. [[mw:Help:Watching pages|Watch]] these pages to learn about project updates and to share your input on new designs, prototypes and research findings. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit cards]]: This is a clearer way to add and edit links, citations, images, templates, etc. in articles. You can try this feature now. <em>Go here to see how:</em> [[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 <em>Try Edit Cards</em>]]. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Mobile toolbar refresh]]: This project will learn if contributors are more successful when the editing tools are easier to recognize. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|Mobile visual editor availability]]: This A/B test asks: ''Are newer contributors more successful if they use the mobile visual editor?'' We are collaborating with [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default#26 June 2019 %E2%80%93 Participating wikis and test start date|20 Wikipedias]] to answer this question. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Usability improvements|Usability improvements]]: This project will make the mobile visual editor easier to use. The goal is to let contributors stay focused on editing and to feel more confident in the editing tools. === Looking ahead === * '''Wikimania:''' Several members of the Editing Team will be attending [[wmania:|Wikimania]] in August 2019. They will lead a session about mobile editing in the [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|Community Growth space]]. Talk to the team about how editing can be improved. * '''Talk Pages:''' In the coming months, the Editing Team will begin [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|improving talk pages]] and communication on the wikis. === Learning more === The [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|VisualEditor on mobile]] is a good place to learn more about the projects we are working on. The team wants to talk with you about anything related to editing. If you have something to say or ask, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]]. [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 18:32, 23 Iulii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=19175117 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W31"/> 21:42, 29 Iulii 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19235136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Problems''' *A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W32"/> 13:25, 5 Augusti 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19263690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916] * Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824] '''Changes later this week''' * Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "Wikidata item" link will be moved from "Tools" to "In other projects" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W33"/> 18:19, 12 Augusti 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19280448 --> == Update on the consultation about office actions == Hello all, Last month, the Wikimedia Foundation's Trust & Safety team [[:en:Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_152#Announcement_of_forthcoming_temporary_and_partial_ban_tool_consultation|announced]] a future consultation about partial and/or temporary [[m:Special:MyLanguage/office actions|office actions]]. We want to let you know that the '''draft version''' of this consultation has now been [[:m:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|posted on Meta]]. This is a '''draft'''. It is not intended to be the consultation itself, which will be posted on Meta likely in early September. Please do not treat this draft as a consultation. Instead, we ask your assistance in forming the final language for the consultation. For that end, we would like your input over the next couple of weeks about what questions the consultation should ask about partial and temporary Foundation office action bans and how it should be formatted. '''[[:m:Talk:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|Please post it on the draft talk page]]'''. Our goal is to provide space for the community to discuss all the aspects of these office actions that need to be discussed, and we want to ensure with your feedback that the consultation is presented in the best way to encourage frank and constructive conversation. Please visit [[:m:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|the consultation draft on Meta-wiki]] and leave your comments on the draft’s talk page about what the consultation should look like and what questions it should ask. Thank you for your input! -- The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety|Trust & Safety team]] 08:03, 16 Augusti 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=19175143 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters. * Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521] '''Changes later this week''' * Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]]. * <code>Special:Contributions/newbies</code> will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W34"/> 15:21, 19 Augusti 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19310286 --> == New tools and IP masking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hey everyone, The Wikimedia Foundation wants to work on two things that affect how we patrol changes and handle vandalism and harassment. We want to make the tools that are used to handle bad edits better. We also want to get better privacy for unregistered users so their IP addresses are no longer shown to everyone in the world. We would not hide IP addresses until we have better tools for patrolling. We have an idea of what tools ''could'' be working better and how a more limited access to IP addresses would change things, but we need to hear from more wikis. You can read more about the project [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|on Meta]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|post comments and feedback]]. Now is when we need to hear from you to be able to give you better tools to handle vandalism, spam and harassment. You can post in your language if you can't write in English. [[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div></div></div> 14:18, 21 Augusti 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tools_and_IP_message/Distribution&oldid=19315232 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week. * The previously announced change of positions of the "Wikidata item" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632] * The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] * The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for "All contents" and "All discussions". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the "All discussions" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W36"/> 09:07, 4 Septembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19350205 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Tech News: 2019-39]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some edits that used the visual editor were not working. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230272] * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 September. It will be on all wikis from 26 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to read but not to edit an important number of mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 on 24 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 26 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190925T15 25 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 might not [[:mw:Compatibility|be supported]] in the future. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They would not get security support. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them makes the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W39"/> 13:26, 24 Septembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19408393 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]]. * [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other <code>Special:</code> pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W40"/> 16:49, 30 Septembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19425400 --> == The consultation on partial and temporary Foundation bans just started == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="plainlinks"> Hello, In a [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|recent statement]], the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|requested that staff hold a consultation]] to "re-evaluat[e] or add community input to the two new office action policy tools (temporary and partial Foundation bans)". Accordingly, the Foundation's Trust & Safety team invites all Wikimedians [[:m:Office actions/Community consultation on partial and temporary office actions/09 2019|to join this consultation and give their feedback]] from 30 September to 30 October. How can you help? * Suggest how partial and temporary Foundation bans should be used, if they should (eg: On all projects, or only on a subset); * Give ideas about how partial and temporary Foundation bans should ideally implemented, if they should be; and/or * Propose changes to the existing Office Actions policy on partial and temporary bans. We offer our thanks in advance for your contributions, and we hope to get as much input as possible from community members during this consultation! </div> </div>-- [[user:Kbrown (WMF)|Kbrown (WMF)]] 17:14, 30 Septembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=19302497 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095] '''Problems''' * There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]]. * The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example <code>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page</code> would be <code>https://www.wikidata.org/</code> instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki. * There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W41"/> 15:34, 7 Octobris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19426372 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] * In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W42"/> 23:32, 14 Octobris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19459974 --> == Feedback wanted on Desktop Improvements project == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} {{int:Hello}}. The Readers Web team at the WMF will work on some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|improvements to the desktop interface]] over the next couple of years. The goal is to increase usability without removing any functionality. We have been inspired by changes made by volunteers, but that currently only exist as local gadgets and user scripts, prototypes, and volunteer-led skins. We would like to begin the process of bringing some of these changes into the default experience on all Wikimedia projects. We are currently in the research stage of this project and are looking for ideas for improvements, as well as feedback on our current ideas and mockups. So far, we have performed interviews with community members at Wikimania. We have gathered lists of previous volunteer and WMF work in this area. We are examining possible technical approaches for such changes. We would like individual feedback on the following: * Identifying focus areas for the project we have not yet discovered * Expanding the list of existing gadgets and user scripts that are related to providing a better desktop experience. If you can think of some of these from your wiki, please let us know * Feedback on the ideas and mockups we have collected so far We would also like to gather a list of wikis that would be interested in being test wikis for this project - these wikis would be the first to receive the updates once we’re ready to start building. When giving feedback, please consider the following goals of the project: * Make it easier for readers to focus on the content * Provide easier access to everyday actions (e.g. search, language switching, editing) * Put things in logical and useful places * Increase consistency in the interface with other platforms - mobile web and the apps * Eliminate clutter * Plan for future growth As well as the following constraints: * Not touching the content - no work will be done in terms of styling templates or to the structure of page contents themselves * Not removing any functionality - things might move around, but all navigational items and other functionality currently available by default will remain * No drastic changes to the layout - we're taking an evolutionary approach to the changes and want the site to continue feeling familiar to readers and editors Please give all feedback (in any language) at [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements]] After this round of feedback, we plan on building a prototype of suggested changes based on the feedback we receive. You’ll hear from us again asking for feedback on this prototype. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[mw:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 07:18, 16 Octobris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Global_message_delivery_split_4&oldid=19462890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as <code>internal</code>. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508] '''Problems''' * There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027] * The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W43"/> 14:18, 21 Octobris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19479478 --> == Beta feature "Reference Previews" == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> A new beta feature will soon be deployed to your wiki: [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]]. As you might guess from the name, this feature gives you a preview of references in the article text. That means, you can look up a reference without jumping down to the bottom of the page. Reference Previews have already been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. Now they will become available on more wikis. Deployment is planned for October 24. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on the project page]]. As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test Reference Previews, please activate the beta feature in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]] and let us know what you think. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help talk:Reference Previews|central talk page]]. We hope the feature will serve you well in your work. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]. </div> -- [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 09:47, 23 Octobris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=19478814 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414] * You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using <code>px</code> (pixels) instead of <code>em</code> ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code style="white-space:nowrap;">mw.config</code>. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W44"/> 16:09, 28 Octobris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19499434 --> == Editing News #2 – Mobile editing and talk pages == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> Inside this newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] talks about their work on the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]], on [[mw:Talk pages project|the new talk pages project]], and at [[wikimania:|Wikimania 2019]]. === Help === <strong>What talk page interactions do you remember?</strong> Is it a story about how someone helped you to learn something new? Is it a story about how someone helped you get involved in a group? Something else? Whatever your story is, we want to hear it! Please tell us a story about how you used a talk page. <mark>Please share a link to a memorable discussion, or describe it on the <strong>[[mw:Topic:V8d91yh8gcg404dj|talk page for this project]]</strong>.</mark> The team wants your examples. These examples will help everyone develop a shared understanding of what this project should support and encourage. === Talk pages project === The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk Pages Consultation]] was a global consultation to define better tools for wiki communication. From February through June 2019, more than 500 volunteers on 20 wikis, across 15 languages and multiple projects, came together with members of the Foundation to create a product direction for a set of discussion tools. The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Phase 2 report|Phase 2 Report]] of the Talk Page Consultation was published in August. It summarizes the product direction the team has started to work on, which you can read more about here: [[mw:Talk pages project|Talk Page Project project page]]. The team needs and wants your help at this early stage. They are starting to develop the first idea. Please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|<strong>"Getting involved"</strong>]] section of the project page, if you would like to hear about opportunities to participate. === Mobile visual editor === The Editing team is trying to make it simpler to edit on mobile devices. The team is changing the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|visual editor on mobile]]. If you have something to say about editing on a mobile device, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]]. ==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit Cards]] ==== [[File:Edit Cards-before-v3-comparison.png|thumb|486x486px|What happens when you click on a link. The new Edit Card is bigger and has more options for editing links.]] * On 3 September, the Editing team released [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|version 3 of Edit Cards]]. Anyone could use the new version in the mobile visual editor. * There is an [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|updated design]] on the Edit Card for adding and modifying links. There is also a new, [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#2 September 2019 - v3 deployment timing|combined workflow for editing a link's display text and target]]. * Feedback: You can try the new Edit Cards by opening the mobile visual editor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[:mw:Topic:V5rg0cqmikpubmjj|Edit cards talk page]]. ==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Toolbar]] ==== [[File:Toolbar-comparison-v1.png|thumb|486px|The editing toolbar is changing in the mobile visual editor. The old system had two different toolbars. Now, all the buttons are together. [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Tell the team what you think about the new toolbar]].]] * In September, the Editing team updated the mobile visual editor's editing toolbar. Anyone could see these changes in the mobile visual editor. ** <em>One toolbar:</em> All of the editing tools are located in one toolbar. Previously, the toolbar changed when you clicked on different things. **<em>New navigation:</em> The buttons for moving forward and backward in the edit flow have changed. **<em>Seamless switching:</em> an [[phab:T228159|improved workflow]] for switching between the visual and wikitext modes. * Feedback: You can try the refreshed toolbar by opening the mobile VisualEditor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Toolbar feedback talk page]]. === Wikimania === The Editing Team attended [[wmania:2019:Program|Wikimania 2019]] in Sweden. They led a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|the mobile visual editor]] and a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/After Flow: A new direction for improving talk pages|the new talk pages project]]. They tested [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh#v1 prototype|two]] new [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#v3 prototype|features]] in the mobile visual editor with contributors. You can read more about what the team did and learned in [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#Wikimania Stockholm: Overview|the team's report on Wikimania 2019]]. === Looking ahead === * <strong>Talk Pages Project:</strong> The team is thinking about the first set of proposed changes. The team will be working with a few communities to pilot those changes. The best way to stay informed is by adding your username to the list on the project page: [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|<strong>Getting involved</strong>]]. * <strong>Testing the mobile visual editor as the default:</strong> The Editing team plans to post results before the end of the calendar year. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|<strong>VisualEditor as mobile default project page</strong>]]. * <strong>Measuring the impact of Edit Cards:</strong> This study asks whether the project helped editors add links and citations. The Editing team hopes to share results in November. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|<strong>Edit Cards project page</strong>]]. – [[User:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 11:12, 29 Octobris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/VE_201910/4&oldid=19500850 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450] '''Changes later this week''' * <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry</code> can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip</code> to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W45"/> 16:47, 4 Novembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19523120 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W46"/> 22:02, 11 Novembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547303 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]</code> database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W47"/> 20:16, 18 Novembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290] * [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W48"/> 16:51, 25 Novembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it returns <code>"-"</code> (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W49"/> 16:57, 2 Decembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W50"/> 16:35, 9 Decembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> ==[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]]== <section begin="technews-2019-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057] * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W51"/> 00:15, 17 Decembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020. '''Recent changes''' * All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the "[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]". '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can use <code>setlang</code> in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W52"/> 20:03, 23 Decembris 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> s1c6b1pri5hlj2pekpayebwrzaqbxgf 0 282469 3954563 3952335 2026-04-14T14:43:43Z Andrew Dalby 1084 nexus 3954563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aëtius Amidenus''', litteris Graecis Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός, ex [[Amida]] oriundus, scriptor de re medica [[lingua Graeca|Graecus]], saeculo V exeunte natus, anno circiter 575 mortuus est. Opus encyclopaedicum confecit in libros XVI divisum, pluribus rebus e [[Galenus|Galeno]] et [[Oribasius|Oribasio]] demptis, multis autem ex aliorum libris hodie deperditis. Versiones Latinae ab [[Ioannes Baptista Montanus|Ioanne Baptista Montano]] et [[Ianus Cornarius|Iano Cornario]] saepe a medicis Europaeis saeculi XVI citantur. Texto Graeco librorum I-VIII iam apud Aldum anno 1534 impresso, textus librorum IX-XVI partim recenter, partim nondum divulgatus est: omnia autem in textu Latino annis 1533-1535 divulgato legi possunt. == Editiones operum == * 1533-1535 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni ... medici clarissimi Libri XVI'' (versio Latina). 3 voll. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029103/images/index.html 1] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029105/images/index.html 2] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029106/images/index.html 3] * 1534 : ''Aetii Amideni librorum medicinalium ...'' [libri I-VIII]. Venetiis: Aldus {{Ling|Graece}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139765-6 Textus] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138732-1 alius] * 1534 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni Libri sexdecim ... in quibus cuncta quae ad artem curandi pertinent, sunt congesta''. 3 voll. Venetiis: Iunta {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10621910-0 vol. 2] {{Google Books|ETmwfcTdg4UC|vol. 3}} * 1542 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/3457314 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1549 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Lugduni {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138734-2 Textus] * 1879 : C. Daremberg, C. E. Ruelle, edd., lib. 11, in editione ab iisdem curata ''[[Rufus Ephesius|Rufi Ephesii]]'' (Parisiis, 1879) p. 3 sqq. * 1892 : G. A. Kostomiris, ed., lib. 12. Parisiis * 1901 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 16. Lipsiae * 1906-1909 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 13 et 15 in ''Athena'' vol. 18 p. 241 sqq., vol. 21 p. 3 sqq. * 1911 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 9 in ''Athena'' vol. 23 p. 265 sqq. * 1935-1950 : Alexander Olivieri, ed., ''Aetii Amideni Libri medicinales'' voll. 1-2 [i.e. libri I-VIII]. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}}[http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_01.php 1] [http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_02.php 2] == Bibliographia == * Christophorus Oroscius, ''Annotationes in interpretes Aetii medici praeclarissimi''. Basileae, 1540 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164401-9 Textus] apud Monacenses * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetius-bio-3 Aetius]" in {{Smith-bio}} *Hajdu, Steven I. (2004). Medieval pathfinders in surgical oncology. ''Cancer'', 101(5), 879-87982. *Hirschberg, Waugh, Hirschberg, J., & Waugh, Richey L. (2000). ''The ophthalmology of Aetius of Amida'' (Hirschberg history of ophthalmology. Monographs ; v. 8). Oostende: J.P. Wayenborgh. *Lazaris, D., Laskaratos, P., & Lascaratos, F. (2009). Surgical Diseases of the Womb According to Aetius of Amida (6th Century a . d .). ''World Journal of Surgery'', 33(6), 1310-1317. *John Scarborough. (2013). Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections. ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', 53(4), 742-762. == Nexus externi == * Liber manuscriptus Graecus librorum IX-XVI apud [[Bibliotheca inter universitates Sanitatis (Lutetia)|Bibliothecam inter universitates Sanitatis]] Parisiensem: [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_ms02105 Textus] * Eric Gowling, ''[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6174/ Aetius of Amida. Libri Medicinales Book 1: A Translation with Commentary]" (dissertatio universitatis Glasguensis, 2014) [[Categoria:Medici Turciae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5 aut 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] d6x8uzvznmlx3c8jbcmj0vwrktlljhw 3954580 3954563 2026-04-14T16:11:40Z Andrew Dalby 1084 + 3954580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aëtius Amidenus''', litteris Graecis Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός, ex [[Amida]] oriundus, scriptor de re medica [[lingua Graeca|Graecus]], saeculo V exeunte natum, anno circiter 575 mortuum esse censetur. [[Alexandria]]e rebus medicis studuit et in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] medicus laboravit; deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] profectus est ubi titulo [[comes obsequii|comitis obsequii]]<ref>Hic titulus, eo a posterioribus attributus, saeculo VI non iam usitatum fuisse J. Scarborough adseverat ({{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 745-746</ref> in aula [[Iustinianus|Iustiniani]] et [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]]e morabat.<ref>{{ec|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. x-xii</ref> Opus encyclopaedicum confecit in "''libros medicinales''" XVI divisum. Hoc in opere res plures e [[Galenus|Galeno]] et [[Oribasius|Oribasio]] demptae, nonnullae e scientia ipsius Aëtii additae sunt. Citationes multae ex aliorum libris hodie deperditis praebentur: inter hos auctores reperiuntur [[Andreas Carystius]], [[Demosthenes Philalaetes]]. Opus omne interdum "''Tetrabiblon''" appellatur, libris sedecim in collectiones quattuor ordinatis. Versiones Latinae operis omnis, ab [[Ioannes Baptista Montanus|Ioanne Baptista Montano]] et [[Ianus Cornarius|Iano Cornario]] compositae, saepe a medicis Europaeis saeculi XVI citantur. Texto Graeco librorum I-VIII iam apud Aldum anno 1534 impresso, textus librorum IX-XVI partim recenter, partim nondum divulgatus est: omnia autem in textu Latino annis 1533-1535 divulgato legi possunt. Liber primus de medicamentis disserit, praesertim e Galeno, sed compositionibus ab ipso Aëtio additis. Liber septimus de ophthalmologia explicit. E libro sedecimo de gynaecologia et obstetrica scripto Ioannes Scarborough illum Aètium imperatricem Theodoram mulieresque aulicas curavisse suadet.<ref>{{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 751-755</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * 1533-1535 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni ... medici clarissimi Libri XVI'' (versio Latina). 3 voll. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029103/images/index.html 1] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029105/images/index.html 2] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029106/images/index.html 3] * 1534 : ''Aetii Amideni librorum medicinalium ...'' [libri I-VIII]. Venetiis: Aldus {{Ling|Graece}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139765-6 Textus] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138732-1 alius] * 1534 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni Libri sexdecim ... in quibus cuncta quae ad artem curandi pertinent, sunt congesta''. 3 voll. Venetiis: Iunta {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10621910-0 vol. 2] {{Google Books|ETmwfcTdg4UC|vol. 3}} * 1542 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/3457314 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1549 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Lugduni {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138734-2 Textus] * 1879 : C. Daremberg, C. E. Ruelle, edd., lib. 11, in editione ab iisdem curata ''[[Rufus Ephesius|Rufi Ephesii]]'' (Parisiis, 1879) p. 3 sqq. * 1892 : G. A. Kostomiris, ed., lib. 12. Parisiis * 1901 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 16. Lipsiae * 1906-1909 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 13 et 15 in ''Athena'' vol. 18 p. 241 sqq., vol. 21 p. 3 sqq. * 1911 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 9 in ''Athena'' vol. 23 p. 265 sqq. * 1935-1950 : Alexander Olivieri, ed., ''Aetii Amideni Libri medicinales'' voll. 1-2 [i.e. libri I-VIII]. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}}[http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_01.php 1] [http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_02.php 2] ; Historica et critica * Irene Calà, "Il medico Andreas nei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno" in ''Galenos'' vol. 6 (2012) pp. 53-63 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.lesetudesclassiques.be/index.php/lec/article/view/24/25 La fortuna dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno nell’Europa rinascimentale: le Annotationes di Cristobal de Horozco]" in ''Les Études Classiques'' vol. 80 (2012) pp. 187-205 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.academia.edu/69406846/Terapie_tra_magia_e_religione_La_gravidanza_e_il_parto_nei_testi_medici_della_Tarda_Antichità Terapie tra magia e religione. La gravidanza e il parto nei testi medici della tarda Antichità]" in M. T. Santamaría Hernández, ed., ''Traducción y Transmisión doctrinal de la medicina grecolatina desde la Antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno: nuevas aportaciones sobre autores y textos'' (Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2016) pp. 11-24 * Irene Calà, "Nuovi frammenti di Andrea di Caristo" in ''Medicina nei Secoli'' vol. 31 (2019) pp. 581-596 * Irene Calà, "[https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/19954/meridies_11_2.pdf Some cosmetic recipes in medical texts of late antiquity: treatments for the face in the ''Libri medicinales'' of Aëtius Amidenus]" in ''Meridies'' vol. 11 (2020) pp. 2-14 * Steven I. Hajdu, "Medieval pathfinders in surgical oncology" in ''Cancer'' vol. 101 (2004) pp. 879-882 * J. Hirschberg, J., Richey L. Waugh, ''The ophthalmology of Aetius of Amida'' (''Hirschberg history of ophthalmology. Monographs'', v. 8). Oostende: J.P. Wayenborgh, 2000 * D. Lazaris, P. Laskaratos, F. Lascaratos, "[https://www.academia.edu/37342757/Surgical_Diseases_of_the_Womb_According_to_Aetius_of_Amida_6th_Century_a_d_ Surgical Diseases of the Womb According to Aetius of Amida (6th Century AD)]" in ''World Journal of Surgery'' vol. 33 (2009) pp. 1310-1317 * Christophorus Oroscius, ''Annotationes in interpretes Aetii medici praeclarissimi''. Basileae, 1540 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164401-9 Textus] apud Monacenses * {{ec|id= Scarborough (2013)|c= John Scarborough, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/14791 Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 53 (2013) pp. 742-762 }} * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetius-bio-3 Aetius]" in {{Smith-bio}} * Weigel 1791 == Nexus externi == * Liber manuscriptus Graecus librorum IX-XVI apud [[Bibliotheca inter universitates Sanitatis (Lutetia)|Bibliothecam inter universitates Sanitatis]] Parisiensem: [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_ms02105 Textus] * {{ec|id= Gowling (2014)|c= Eric Gowling, ''[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6174/ Aetius of Amida. Libri Medicinales Book 1: A Translation with Commentary]" (dissertatio universitatis Glasguensis, 2014) }} [[Categoria:Medici Turciae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5 aut 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] o6eip7oceo0nnbzpenoumwmxne97ac0 3954581 3954580 2026-04-14T16:12:08Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aëtius Amidenus''', litteris Graecis Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός, ex [[Amida]] oriundus, scriptor de re medica [[lingua Graeca|Graecus]], saeculo V exeunte natum, anno circiter 575 mortuum esse censetur. [[Alexandria]]e rebus medicis studuit et in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] medicus laboravit; deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] profectus est ubi titulo [[comes obsequii|comitis obsequii]]<ref>Hic titulus, eo a posterioribus attributus, saeculo VI non iam usitatum fuisse J. Scarborough adseverat ({{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 745-746</ref> in aula [[Iustinianus|Iustiniani]] et [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]]e morabat.<ref>{{qc|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. x-xii</ref> Opus encyclopaedicum confecit in "''libros medicinales''" XVI divisum. Hoc in opere res plures e [[Galenus|Galeno]] et [[Oribasius|Oribasio]] demptae, nonnullae e scientia ipsius Aëtii additae sunt. Citationes multae ex aliorum libris hodie deperditis praebentur: inter hos auctores reperiuntur [[Andreas Carystius]], [[Demosthenes Philalaetes]]. Opus omne interdum "''Tetrabiblon''" appellatur, libris sedecim in collectiones quattuor ordinatis. Versiones Latinae operis omnis, ab [[Ioannes Baptista Montanus|Ioanne Baptista Montano]] et [[Ianus Cornarius|Iano Cornario]] compositae, saepe a medicis Europaeis saeculi XVI citantur. Texto Graeco librorum I-VIII iam apud Aldum anno 1534 impresso, textus librorum IX-XVI partim recenter, partim nondum divulgatus est: omnia autem in textu Latino annis 1533-1535 divulgato legi possunt. Liber primus de medicamentis disserit, praesertim e Galeno, sed compositionibus ab ipso Aëtio additis. Liber septimus de ophthalmologia explicit. E libro sedecimo de gynaecologia et obstetrica scripto Ioannes Scarborough illum Aètium imperatricem Theodoram mulieresque aulicas curavisse suadet.<ref>{{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 751-755</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * 1533-1535 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni ... medici clarissimi Libri XVI'' (versio Latina). 3 voll. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029103/images/index.html 1] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029105/images/index.html 2] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029106/images/index.html 3] * 1534 : ''Aetii Amideni librorum medicinalium ...'' [libri I-VIII]. Venetiis: Aldus {{Ling|Graece}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139765-6 Textus] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138732-1 alius] * 1534 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni Libri sexdecim ... in quibus cuncta quae ad artem curandi pertinent, sunt congesta''. 3 voll. Venetiis: Iunta {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10621910-0 vol. 2] {{Google Books|ETmwfcTdg4UC|vol. 3}} * 1542 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/3457314 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1549 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Lugduni {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138734-2 Textus] * 1879 : C. Daremberg, C. E. Ruelle, edd., lib. 11, in editione ab iisdem curata ''[[Rufus Ephesius|Rufi Ephesii]]'' (Parisiis, 1879) p. 3 sqq. * 1892 : G. A. Kostomiris, ed., lib. 12. Parisiis * 1901 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 16. Lipsiae * 1906-1909 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 13 et 15 in ''Athena'' vol. 18 p. 241 sqq., vol. 21 p. 3 sqq. * 1911 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 9 in ''Athena'' vol. 23 p. 265 sqq. * 1935-1950 : Alexander Olivieri, ed., ''Aetii Amideni Libri medicinales'' voll. 1-2 [i.e. libri I-VIII]. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}}[http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_01.php 1] [http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_02.php 2] ; Historica et critica * Irene Calà, "Il medico Andreas nei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno" in ''Galenos'' vol. 6 (2012) pp. 53-63 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.lesetudesclassiques.be/index.php/lec/article/view/24/25 La fortuna dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno nell’Europa rinascimentale: le Annotationes di Cristobal de Horozco]" in ''Les Études Classiques'' vol. 80 (2012) pp. 187-205 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.academia.edu/69406846/Terapie_tra_magia_e_religione_La_gravidanza_e_il_parto_nei_testi_medici_della_Tarda_Antichità Terapie tra magia e religione. La gravidanza e il parto nei testi medici della tarda Antichità]" in M. T. Santamaría Hernández, ed., ''Traducción y Transmisión doctrinal de la medicina grecolatina desde la Antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno: nuevas aportaciones sobre autores y textos'' (Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2016) pp. 11-24 * Irene Calà, "Nuovi frammenti di Andrea di Caristo" in ''Medicina nei Secoli'' vol. 31 (2019) pp. 581-596 * Irene Calà, "[https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/19954/meridies_11_2.pdf Some cosmetic recipes in medical texts of late antiquity: treatments for the face in the ''Libri medicinales'' of Aëtius Amidenus]" in ''Meridies'' vol. 11 (2020) pp. 2-14 * Steven I. Hajdu, "Medieval pathfinders in surgical oncology" in ''Cancer'' vol. 101 (2004) pp. 879-882 * J. Hirschberg, J., Richey L. Waugh, ''The ophthalmology of Aetius of Amida'' (''Hirschberg history of ophthalmology. Monographs'', v. 8). Oostende: J.P. Wayenborgh, 2000 * D. Lazaris, P. Laskaratos, F. Lascaratos, "[https://www.academia.edu/37342757/Surgical_Diseases_of_the_Womb_According_to_Aetius_of_Amida_6th_Century_a_d_ Surgical Diseases of the Womb According to Aetius of Amida (6th Century AD)]" in ''World Journal of Surgery'' vol. 33 (2009) pp. 1310-1317 * Christophorus Oroscius, ''Annotationes in interpretes Aetii medici praeclarissimi''. Basileae, 1540 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164401-9 Textus] apud Monacenses * {{ec|id= Scarborough (2013)|c= John Scarborough, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/14791 Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 53 (2013) pp. 742-762 }} * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetius-bio-3 Aetius]" in {{Smith-bio}} * Weigel 1791 == Nexus externi == * Liber manuscriptus Graecus librorum IX-XVI apud [[Bibliotheca inter universitates Sanitatis (Lutetia)|Bibliothecam inter universitates Sanitatis]] Parisiensem: [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_ms02105 Textus] * {{ec|id= Gowling (2014)|c= Eric Gowling, ''[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6174/ Aetius of Amida. Libri Medicinales Book 1: A Translation with Commentary]" (dissertatio universitatis Glasguensis, 2014) }} [[Categoria:Medici Turciae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5 aut 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] q0kt21fvm7ixexp2u56h56q2x7ollr3 3954583 3954581 2026-04-14T16:13:15Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aëtius Amidenus''', litteris Graecis Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός, ex [[Amida]] oriundus, scriptor de re medica [[lingua Graeca|Graecus]], saeculo V exeunte natum, anno circiter 575 mortuum esse censetur. [[Alexandria]]e rebus medicis studuit et in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] medicus laboravit; deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] profectus est ubi titulo [[comes obsequii|comitis obsequii]]<ref>Hunc titulum, Aëtio a posterioribus attributum, saeculo VI non iam usitatum fuisse J. Scarborough adseverat ({{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 745-746</ref> in aula [[Iustinianus|Iustiniani]] et [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]]e morabat.<ref>{{qc|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. x-xii</ref> Opus encyclopaedicum confecit in "''libros medicinales''" XVI divisum. Hoc in opere res plures e [[Galenus|Galeno]] et [[Oribasius|Oribasio]] demptae, nonnullae e scientia ipsius Aëtii additae sunt. Citationes multae ex aliorum libris hodie deperditis praebentur: inter hos auctores reperiuntur [[Andreas Carystius]], [[Demosthenes Philalaetes]]. Opus omne interdum "''Tetrabiblon''" appellatur, libris sedecim in collectiones quattuor ordinatis. Versiones Latinae operis omnis, ab [[Ioannes Baptista Montanus|Ioanne Baptista Montano]] et [[Ianus Cornarius|Iano Cornario]] compositae, saepe a medicis Europaeis saeculi XVI citantur. Texto Graeco librorum I-VIII iam apud Aldum anno 1534 impresso, textus librorum IX-XVI partim recenter, partim nondum divulgatus est: omnia autem in textu Latino annis 1533-1535 divulgato legi possunt. Liber primus de medicamentis disserit, praesertim e Galeno, sed compositionibus ab ipso Aëtio additis. Liber septimus de ophthalmologia explicit. E libro sedecimo de gynaecologia et obstetrica scripto Ioannes Scarborough illum Aètium imperatricem Theodoram mulieresque aulicas curavisse suadet.<ref>{{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 751-755</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * 1533-1535 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni ... medici clarissimi Libri XVI'' (versio Latina). 3 voll. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029103/images/index.html 1] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029105/images/index.html 2] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029106/images/index.html 3] * 1534 : ''Aetii Amideni librorum medicinalium ...'' [libri I-VIII]. Venetiis: Aldus {{Ling|Graece}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139765-6 Textus] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138732-1 alius] * 1534 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni Libri sexdecim ... in quibus cuncta quae ad artem curandi pertinent, sunt congesta''. 3 voll. Venetiis: Iunta {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10621910-0 vol. 2] {{Google Books|ETmwfcTdg4UC|vol. 3}} * 1542 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/3457314 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1549 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Lugduni {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138734-2 Textus] * 1879 : C. Daremberg, C. E. Ruelle, edd., lib. 11, in editione ab iisdem curata ''[[Rufus Ephesius|Rufi Ephesii]]'' (Parisiis, 1879) p. 3 sqq. * 1892 : G. A. Kostomiris, ed., lib. 12. Parisiis * 1901 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 16. Lipsiae * 1906-1909 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 13 et 15 in ''Athena'' vol. 18 p. 241 sqq., vol. 21 p. 3 sqq. * 1911 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 9 in ''Athena'' vol. 23 p. 265 sqq. * 1935-1950 : Alexander Olivieri, ed., ''Aetii Amideni Libri medicinales'' voll. 1-2 [i.e. libri I-VIII]. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}}[http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_01.php 1] [http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_02.php 2] ; Historica et critica * Irene Calà, "Il medico Andreas nei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno" in ''Galenos'' vol. 6 (2012) pp. 53-63 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.lesetudesclassiques.be/index.php/lec/article/view/24/25 La fortuna dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno nell’Europa rinascimentale: le Annotationes di Cristobal de Horozco]" in ''Les Études Classiques'' vol. 80 (2012) pp. 187-205 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.academia.edu/69406846/Terapie_tra_magia_e_religione_La_gravidanza_e_il_parto_nei_testi_medici_della_Tarda_Antichità Terapie tra magia e religione. La gravidanza e il parto nei testi medici della tarda Antichità]" in M. T. Santamaría Hernández, ed., ''Traducción y Transmisión doctrinal de la medicina grecolatina desde la Antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno: nuevas aportaciones sobre autores y textos'' (Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2016) pp. 11-24 * Irene Calà, "Nuovi frammenti di Andrea di Caristo" in ''Medicina nei Secoli'' vol. 31 (2019) pp. 581-596 * Irene Calà, "[https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/19954/meridies_11_2.pdf Some cosmetic recipes in medical texts of late antiquity: treatments for the face in the ''Libri medicinales'' of Aëtius Amidenus]" in ''Meridies'' vol. 11 (2020) pp. 2-14 * Steven I. Hajdu, "Medieval pathfinders in surgical oncology" in ''Cancer'' vol. 101 (2004) pp. 879-882 * J. Hirschberg, J., Richey L. Waugh, ''The ophthalmology of Aetius of Amida'' (''Hirschberg history of ophthalmology. Monographs'', v. 8). Oostende: J.P. Wayenborgh, 2000 * D. Lazaris, P. Laskaratos, F. Lascaratos, "[https://www.academia.edu/37342757/Surgical_Diseases_of_the_Womb_According_to_Aetius_of_Amida_6th_Century_a_d_ Surgical Diseases of the Womb According to Aetius of Amida (6th Century AD)]" in ''World Journal of Surgery'' vol. 33 (2009) pp. 1310-1317 * Christophorus Oroscius, ''Annotationes in interpretes Aetii medici praeclarissimi''. Basileae, 1540 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164401-9 Textus] apud Monacenses * {{ec|id= Scarborough (2013)|c= John Scarborough, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/14791 Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 53 (2013) pp. 742-762 }} * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetius-bio-3 Aetius]" in {{Smith-bio}} * Weigel 1791 == Nexus externi == * Liber manuscriptus Graecus librorum IX-XVI apud [[Bibliotheca inter universitates Sanitatis (Lutetia)|Bibliothecam inter universitates Sanitatis]] Parisiensem: [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_ms02105 Textus] * {{ec|id= Gowling (2014)|c= Eric Gowling, ''[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6174/ Aetius of Amida. Libri Medicinales Book 1: A Translation with Commentary]" (dissertatio universitatis Glasguensis, 2014) }} [[Categoria:Medici Turciae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5 aut 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] cv9h8nifnor4a3zoylao5jupzfri9jj 3954584 3954583 2026-04-14T16:15:11Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aëtius Amidenus''', litteris Graecis Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός, ex [[Amida]] oriundus, scriptor de re medica [[lingua Graeca|Graecus]], saeculo V exeunte natum, anno circiter 575 mortuum esse censetur. [[Alexandria]]e rebus medicis studuit et in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] medicus laboravit; deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] profectus est ubi titulo [[comes obsequii|comitis obsequii]]<ref>Hunc titulum, Aëtio a posterioribus attributum, saeculo VI non iam usitatum fuisse J. Scarborough adseverat ({{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 745-746</ref> in aula [[Iustinianus|Iustiniani]] et [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]]e morabat.<ref>{{qc|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. x-xii</ref> Opus encyclopaedicum confecit in "''libros medicinales''" XVI divisum. Hoc in opere res plures e [[Galenus|Galeno]] et [[Oribasius|Oribasio]] demptae, nonnullae e scientia ipsius Aëtii additae sunt. Citationes multae ex aliorum libris hodie deperditis praebentur: inter hos auctores reperiuntur [[Andreas Carystius]], [[Demosthenes Philalaetes]]. Opus omne interdum "''Tetrabiblon''" appellatur, libris sedecim in volumina quattuor ordinatis. Versiones Latinae operis omnis, ab [[Ioannes Baptista Montanus|Ioanne Baptista Montano]] et [[Ianus Cornarius|Iano Cornario]] compositae, saepe a medicis Europaeis saeculi XVI citantur. Texto Graeco librorum I-VIII iam apud Aldum anno 1534 impresso, textus librorum IX-XVI partim recenter, partim nondum divulgatus est: omnia autem in textu Latino annis 1533-1535 divulgato legi possunt. Liber primus de medicamentis disserit, praesertim e Galeno, sed compositionibus ab ipso Aëtio additis. Liber septimus de ophthalmologia explicit. E libro sedecimo de gynaecologia et obstetrica scripto Ioannes Scarborough illum Aètium imperatricem Theodoram mulieresque aulicas curavisse suadet.<ref>{{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 751-755</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * 1533-1535 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni ... medici clarissimi Libri XVI'' (versio Latina). 3 voll. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029103/images/index.html 1] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029105/images/index.html 2] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029106/images/index.html 3] * 1534 : ''Aetii Amideni librorum medicinalium ...'' [libri I-VIII]. Venetiis: Aldus {{Ling|Graece}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139765-6 Textus] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138732-1 alius] * 1534 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni Libri sexdecim ... in quibus cuncta quae ad artem curandi pertinent, sunt congesta''. 3 voll. Venetiis: Iunta {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10621910-0 vol. 2] {{Google Books|ETmwfcTdg4UC|vol. 3}} * 1542 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/3457314 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1549 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Lugduni {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138734-2 Textus] * 1879 : C. Daremberg, C. E. Ruelle, edd., lib. 11, in editione ab iisdem curata ''[[Rufus Ephesius|Rufi Ephesii]]'' (Parisiis, 1879) p. 3 sqq. * 1892 : G. A. Kostomiris, ed., lib. 12. Parisiis * 1901 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 16. Lipsiae * 1906-1909 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 13 et 15 in ''Athena'' vol. 18 p. 241 sqq., vol. 21 p. 3 sqq. * 1911 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 9 in ''Athena'' vol. 23 p. 265 sqq. * 1935-1950 : Alexander Olivieri, ed., ''Aetii Amideni Libri medicinales'' voll. 1-2 [i.e. libri I-VIII]. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}}[http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_01.php 1] [http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_02.php 2] ; Historica et critica * Irene Calà, "Il medico Andreas nei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno" in ''Galenos'' vol. 6 (2012) pp. 53-63 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.lesetudesclassiques.be/index.php/lec/article/view/24/25 La fortuna dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno nell’Europa rinascimentale: le Annotationes di Cristobal de Horozco]" in ''Les Études Classiques'' vol. 80 (2012) pp. 187-205 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.academia.edu/69406846/Terapie_tra_magia_e_religione_La_gravidanza_e_il_parto_nei_testi_medici_della_Tarda_Antichità Terapie tra magia e religione. La gravidanza e il parto nei testi medici della tarda Antichità]" in M. T. Santamaría Hernández, ed., ''Traducción y Transmisión doctrinal de la medicina grecolatina desde la Antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno: nuevas aportaciones sobre autores y textos'' (Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2016) pp. 11-24 * Irene Calà, "Nuovi frammenti di Andrea di Caristo" in ''Medicina nei Secoli'' vol. 31 (2019) pp. 581-596 * Irene Calà, "[https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/19954/meridies_11_2.pdf Some cosmetic recipes in medical texts of late antiquity: treatments for the face in the ''Libri medicinales'' of Aëtius Amidenus]" in ''Meridies'' vol. 11 (2020) pp. 2-14 * Steven I. Hajdu, "Medieval pathfinders in surgical oncology" in ''Cancer'' vol. 101 (2004) pp. 879-882 * J. Hirschberg, J., Richey L. Waugh, ''The ophthalmology of Aetius of Amida'' (''Hirschberg history of ophthalmology. Monographs'', v. 8). Oostende: J.P. Wayenborgh, 2000 * D. Lazaris, P. Laskaratos, F. Lascaratos, "[https://www.academia.edu/37342757/Surgical_Diseases_of_the_Womb_According_to_Aetius_of_Amida_6th_Century_a_d_ Surgical Diseases of the Womb According to Aetius of Amida (6th Century AD)]" in ''World Journal of Surgery'' vol. 33 (2009) pp. 1310-1317 * Christophorus Oroscius, ''Annotationes in interpretes Aetii medici praeclarissimi''. Basileae, 1540 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164401-9 Textus] apud Monacenses * {{ec|id= Scarborough (2013)|c= John Scarborough, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/14791 Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 53 (2013) pp. 742-762 }} * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetius-bio-3 Aetius]" in {{Smith-bio}} * Weigel 1791 == Nexus externi == * Liber manuscriptus Graecus librorum IX-XVI apud [[Bibliotheca inter universitates Sanitatis (Lutetia)|Bibliothecam inter universitates Sanitatis]] Parisiensem: [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_ms02105 Textus] * {{ec|id= Gowling (2014)|c= Eric Gowling, ''[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6174/ Aetius of Amida. Libri Medicinales Book 1: A Translation with Commentary]" (dissertatio universitatis Glasguensis, 2014) }} [[Categoria:Medici Turciae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5 aut 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] bm03j8u4oghttmk6h7j2k3koat6nuqv 3954594 3954584 2026-04-14T17:42:35Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Medici Turciae]]; +[[Categoria:Medici Byzantini]] 3954594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aëtius Amidenus''', litteris Graecis Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός, ex [[Amida]] oriundus, scriptor de re medica [[lingua Graeca|Graecus]], saeculo V exeunte natum, anno circiter 575 mortuum esse censetur. [[Alexandria]]e rebus medicis studuit et in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] medicus laboravit; deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] profectus est ubi titulo [[comes obsequii|comitis obsequii]]<ref>Hunc titulum, Aëtio a posterioribus attributum, saeculo VI non iam usitatum fuisse J. Scarborough adseverat ({{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 745-746</ref> in aula [[Iustinianus|Iustiniani]] et [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]]e morabat.<ref>{{qc|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. x-xii</ref> Opus encyclopaedicum confecit in "''libros medicinales''" XVI divisum. Hoc in opere res plures e [[Galenus|Galeno]] et [[Oribasius|Oribasio]] demptae, nonnullae e scientia ipsius Aëtii additae sunt. Citationes multae ex aliorum libris hodie deperditis praebentur: inter hos auctores reperiuntur [[Andreas Carystius]], [[Demosthenes Philalaetes]]. Opus omne interdum "''Tetrabiblon''" appellatur, libris sedecim in volumina quattuor ordinatis. Versiones Latinae operis omnis, ab [[Ioannes Baptista Montanus|Ioanne Baptista Montano]] et [[Ianus Cornarius|Iano Cornario]] compositae, saepe a medicis Europaeis saeculi XVI citantur. Texto Graeco librorum I-VIII iam apud Aldum anno 1534 impresso, textus librorum IX-XVI partim recenter, partim nondum divulgatus est: omnia autem in textu Latino annis 1533-1535 divulgato legi possunt. Liber primus de medicamentis disserit, praesertim e Galeno, sed compositionibus ab ipso Aëtio additis. Liber septimus de ophthalmologia explicit. E libro sedecimo de gynaecologia et obstetrica scripto Ioannes Scarborough illum Aètium imperatricem Theodoram mulieresque aulicas curavisse suadet.<ref>{{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 751-755</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * 1533-1535 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni ... medici clarissimi Libri XVI'' (versio Latina). 3 voll. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029103/images/index.html 1] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029105/images/index.html 2] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029106/images/index.html 3] * 1534 : ''Aetii Amideni librorum medicinalium ...'' [libri I-VIII]. Venetiis: Aldus {{Ling|Graece}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139765-6 Textus] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138732-1 alius] * 1534 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni Libri sexdecim ... in quibus cuncta quae ad artem curandi pertinent, sunt congesta''. 3 voll. Venetiis: Iunta {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10621910-0 vol. 2] {{Google Books|ETmwfcTdg4UC|vol. 3}} * 1542 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/3457314 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1549 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Lugduni {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138734-2 Textus] * 1879 : C. Daremberg, C. E. Ruelle, edd., lib. 11, in editione ab iisdem curata ''[[Rufus Ephesius|Rufi Ephesii]]'' (Parisiis, 1879) p. 3 sqq. * 1892 : G. A. Kostomiris, ed., lib. 12. Parisiis * 1901 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 16. Lipsiae * 1906-1909 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 13 et 15 in ''Athena'' vol. 18 p. 241 sqq., vol. 21 p. 3 sqq. * 1911 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 9 in ''Athena'' vol. 23 p. 265 sqq. * 1935-1950 : Alexander Olivieri, ed., ''Aetii Amideni Libri medicinales'' voll. 1-2 [i.e. libri I-VIII]. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}}[http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_01.php 1] [http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_02.php 2] ; Historica et critica * Irene Calà, "Il medico Andreas nei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno" in ''Galenos'' vol. 6 (2012) pp. 53-63 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.lesetudesclassiques.be/index.php/lec/article/view/24/25 La fortuna dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno nell’Europa rinascimentale: le Annotationes di Cristobal de Horozco]" in ''Les Études Classiques'' vol. 80 (2012) pp. 187-205 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.academia.edu/69406846/Terapie_tra_magia_e_religione_La_gravidanza_e_il_parto_nei_testi_medici_della_Tarda_Antichità Terapie tra magia e religione. La gravidanza e il parto nei testi medici della tarda Antichità]" in M. T. Santamaría Hernández, ed., ''Traducción y Transmisión doctrinal de la medicina grecolatina desde la Antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno: nuevas aportaciones sobre autores y textos'' (Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2016) pp. 11-24 * Irene Calà, "Nuovi frammenti di Andrea di Caristo" in ''Medicina nei Secoli'' vol. 31 (2019) pp. 581-596 * Irene Calà, "[https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/19954/meridies_11_2.pdf Some cosmetic recipes in medical texts of late antiquity: treatments for the face in the ''Libri medicinales'' of Aëtius Amidenus]" in ''Meridies'' vol. 11 (2020) pp. 2-14 * Steven I. Hajdu, "Medieval pathfinders in surgical oncology" in ''Cancer'' vol. 101 (2004) pp. 879-882 * J. Hirschberg, J., Richey L. Waugh, ''The ophthalmology of Aetius of Amida'' (''Hirschberg history of ophthalmology. Monographs'', v. 8). Oostende: J.P. Wayenborgh, 2000 * D. Lazaris, P. Laskaratos, F. Lascaratos, "[https://www.academia.edu/37342757/Surgical_Diseases_of_the_Womb_According_to_Aetius_of_Amida_6th_Century_a_d_ Surgical Diseases of the Womb According to Aetius of Amida (6th Century AD)]" in ''World Journal of Surgery'' vol. 33 (2009) pp. 1310-1317 * Christophorus Oroscius, ''Annotationes in interpretes Aetii medici praeclarissimi''. Basileae, 1540 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164401-9 Textus] apud Monacenses * {{ec|id= Scarborough (2013)|c= John Scarborough, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/14791 Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 53 (2013) pp. 742-762 }} * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetius-bio-3 Aetius]" in {{Smith-bio}} * Weigel 1791 == Nexus externi == * Liber manuscriptus Graecus librorum IX-XVI apud [[Bibliotheca inter universitates Sanitatis (Lutetia)|Bibliothecam inter universitates Sanitatis]] Parisiensem: [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_ms02105 Textus] * {{ec|id= Gowling (2014)|c= Eric Gowling, ''[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6174/ Aetius of Amida. Libri Medicinales Book 1: A Translation with Commentary]" (dissertatio universitatis Glasguensis, 2014) }} [[Categoria:Medici Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5 aut 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] 6hi2qs64g3fko8429s2qj19a43o91qd 3954655 3954594 2026-04-14T18:52:42Z Andrew Dalby 1084 + 3954655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aëtius Amidenus''', litteris Graecis Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός, ex [[Amida]] oriundus, scriptor de re medica [[lingua Graeca|Graecus]], saeculo V exeunte natum, anno circiter 575 mortuum esse censetur. [[Alexandria]]e rebus medicis studuit et in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] medicus laboravit; deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] profectus est ubi titulo [[comes obsequii|comitis obsequii]]<ref>Hunc titulum, Aëtio a posterioribus attributum, saeculo VI non iam usitatum fuisse J. Scarborough adseverat ({{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 745-746</ref> in aula [[Iustinianus|Iustiniani]] et [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]]e morabat.<ref>{{qc|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. x-xii</ref> Opus encyclopaedicum confecit in "''libros medicinales''" XVI divisum. Hoc in opere res plures e [[Galenus|Galeno]] et [[Oribasius|Oribasio]] demptae, nonnullae e scientia ipsius Aëtii additae sunt. Citationes multae ex aliorum libris hodie deperditis praebentur: inter hos auctores enumerantur [[Iulius Agrippa]], [[Andreas Carystius]], [[Archigenes]], [[Titus Statilius Crito]], [[Demosthenes Philalethes]], [[Herodotus (medicus)|Herodotus]], Ioannes Unguentarius, [[Leonidas (medicus)|Leonidas]], [[Nechepso]], [[Posidonius (medicus)|Posidonius]], [[Rufus Ephesius]].<ref>{{qc|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. xix-xx</ref> Opus omne interdum "''Tetrabiblon''" appellatur, libris sedecim in volumina quattuor ordinatis. Versiones Latinae operis omnis, ab [[Ioannes Baptista Montanus|Ioanne Baptista Montano]] et [[Ianus Cornarius|Iano Cornario]] compositae, saepe a medicis Europaeis saeculi XVI citantur. Texto Graeco librorum I-VIII iam apud Aldum anno 1534 impresso, textus librorum IX-XVI partim recenter, partim nondum divulgatus est: omnia autem in textu Latino annis 1533-1535 divulgato legi possunt. Liber primus de medicamentis disserit, praesertim e Galeno, sed compositionibus ab ipso Aëtio additis. Liber septimus de ophthalmologia explicit. E libro sedecimo de gynaecologia et obstetrica scripto Ioannes Scarborough illum Aètium imperatricem Theodoram mulieresque aulicas curavisse suadet.<ref>{{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 751-755</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * 1533-1535 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni ... medici clarissimi Libri XVI'' (versio Latina). 3 voll. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029103/images/index.html 1] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029105/images/index.html 2] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029106/images/index.html 3] * 1534 : ''Aetii Amideni librorum medicinalium ...'' [libri I-VIII]. Venetiis: Aldus {{Ling|Graece}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139765-6 Textus] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138732-1 alius] * 1534 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni Libri sexdecim ... in quibus cuncta quae ad artem curandi pertinent, sunt congesta''. 3 voll. Venetiis: Iunta {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10621910-0 vol. 2] {{Google Books|ETmwfcTdg4UC|vol. 3}} * 1542 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/3457314 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1549 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Lugduni {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138734-2 Textus] * 1879 : C. Daremberg, C. E. Ruelle, edd., lib. 11, in editione ab iisdem curata ''[[Rufus Ephesius|Rufi Ephesii]]'' (Parisiis, 1879) p. 3 sqq. * 1892 : G. A. Kostomiris, ed., lib. 12. Parisiis * 1901 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 16. Lipsiae * 1906-1909 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 13 et 15 in ''Athena'' vol. 18 p. 241 sqq., vol. 21 p. 3 sqq. * 1911 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 9 in ''Athena'' vol. 23 p. 265 sqq. * 1935-1950 : Alexander Olivieri, ed., ''Aetii Amideni Libri medicinales'' voll. 1-2 [i.e. libri I-VIII]. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}}[http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_01.php 1] [http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_02.php 2] ; Historica et critica * Irene Calà, "Il medico Andreas nei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno" in ''Galenos'' vol. 6 (2012) pp. 53-63 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.lesetudesclassiques.be/index.php/lec/article/view/24/25 La fortuna dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno nell’Europa rinascimentale: le Annotationes di Cristobal de Horozco]" in ''Les Études Classiques'' vol. 80 (2012) pp. 187-205 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.academia.edu/69406846/Terapie_tra_magia_e_religione_La_gravidanza_e_il_parto_nei_testi_medici_della_Tarda_Antichità Terapie tra magia e religione. La gravidanza e il parto nei testi medici della tarda Antichità]" in M. T. Santamaría Hernández, ed., ''Traducción y Transmisión doctrinal de la medicina grecolatina desde la Antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno: nuevas aportaciones sobre autores y textos'' (Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2016) pp. 11-24 * Irene Calà, "Nuovi frammenti di Andrea di Caristo" in ''Medicina nei Secoli'' vol. 31 (2019) pp. 581-596 * Irene Calà, "[https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/19954/meridies_11_2.pdf Some cosmetic recipes in medical texts of late antiquity: treatments for the face in the ''Libri medicinales'' of Aëtius Amidenus]" in ''Meridies'' vol. 11 (2020) pp. 2-14 * Steven I. Hajdu, "Medieval pathfinders in surgical oncology" in ''Cancer'' vol. 101 (2004) pp. 879-882 * J. Hirschberg, J., Richey L. Waugh, ''The ophthalmology of Aetius of Amida'' (''Hirschberg history of ophthalmology. Monographs'', v. 8). Oostende: J.P. Wayenborgh, 2000 * D. Lazaris, P. Laskaratos, F. Lascaratos, "[https://www.academia.edu/37342757/Surgical_Diseases_of_the_Womb_According_to_Aetius_of_Amida_6th_Century_a_d_ Surgical Diseases of the Womb According to Aetius of Amida (6th Century AD)]" in ''World Journal of Surgery'' vol. 33 (2009) pp. 1310-1317 * Christophorus Oroscius, ''Annotationes in interpretes Aetii medici praeclarissimi''. Basileae, 1540 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164401-9 Textus] apud Monacenses * {{ec|id= Scarborough (2013)|c= John Scarborough, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/14791 Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 53 (2013) pp. 742-762 }} * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetius-bio-3 Aetius]" in {{Smith-bio}} * Weigel 1791 == Nexus externi == * Codex manuscriptus Graecus librorum IX-XVI apud [[Bibliotheca inter universitates Sanitatis (Lutetia)|Bibliothecam inter universitates Sanitatis]] Parisiensem: [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_ms02105 Textus] * {{ec|id- Calà (2012)|c= Irene Calà, ''[https://amsdottorato.unibo.it/id/eprint/4988/ Per l’edizione del Primo dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno]'' (dissertatio Almae matris studiorum Bononiensis, 2012) * {{ec|id= Gowling (2014)|c= Eric Gowling, ''[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6174/ Aetius of Amida. Libri Medicinales Book 1: A Translation with Commentary]'' (dissertatio universitatis Glasguensis, 2014) }} [[Categoria:Medici Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5 aut 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] e5raln2pm9a9e8u7ys6ky88mujohpp2 3954661 3954655 2026-04-14T19:15:50Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aëtius Amidenus''', litteris Graecis Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός, ex [[Amida]] oriundus, scriptor de re medica [[lingua Graeca|Graecus]], saeculo V exeunte natum, anno circiter 575 mortuum esse censetur. [[Alexandria]]e rebus medicis studuit et in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] medicus laboravit; deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] profectus est ubi titulo [[comes obsequii|comitis obsequii]]<ref>Hunc titulum, Aëtio a posterioribus attributum, saeculo VI non iam usitatum fuisse J. Scarborough adseverat ({{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 745-746</ref> in aula [[Iustinianus|Iustiniani]] et [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]]e morabat.<ref>{{qc|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. x-xii</ref> Opus encyclopaedicum confecit in "''libros medicinales''" XVI divisum. Hoc in opere res plures e [[Galenus|Galeno]] et [[Oribasius|Oribasio]] demptae, nonnullae e scientia ipsius Aëtii additae sunt. Citationes multae ex aliorum libris hodie deperditis praebentur: inter hos auctores enumerantur [[Iulius Agrippa]], [[Andreas Carystius]], [[Archigenes]], [[Titus Statilius Crito]], [[Demosthenes Philalethes]], [[Herodotus (medicus)|Herodotus]], Ioannes Unguentarius, [[Leonidas (medicus)|Leonidas]], [[Nechepso]], [[Posidonius (medicus)|Posidonius]], [[Rufus Ephesius]].<ref>{{qc|id= Gowling (2014)}} pp. xix-xx</ref> Opus omne interdum "''Tetrabiblon''" appellatur, libris sedecim in volumina quattuor ordinatis. Versiones Latinae operis omnis, ab [[Ioannes Baptista Montanus|Ioanne Baptista Montano]] et [[Ianus Cornarius|Iano Cornario]] compositae, saepe a medicis Europaeis saeculi XVI citantur. Texto Graeco librorum I-VIII iam apud Aldum anno 1534 impresso, textus librorum IX-XVI partim recenter, partim nondum divulgatus est: omnia autem in textu Latino annis 1533-1535 divulgato legi possunt. Liber primus de medicamentis disserit, praesertim e Galeno, sed compositionibus ab ipso Aëtio additis. Liber septimus de ophthalmologia explicit. E libro sedecimo de gynaecologia et obstetrica scripto Ioannes Scarborough illum Aètium imperatricem Theodoram mulieresque aulicas curavisse suadet.<ref>{{qc|id= Scarborough (2013)}} pp. 751-755</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * 1533-1535 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni ... medici clarissimi Libri XVI'' (versio Latina). 3 voll. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029103/images/index.html 1] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029105/images/index.html 2] [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00029106/images/index.html 3] * 1534 : ''Aetii Amideni librorum medicinalium ...'' [libri I-VIII]. Venetiis: Aldus {{Ling|Graece}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139765-6 Textus] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138732-1 alius] * 1534 : Ioannes Baptista Montanus, [[Ianus Cornarius]], interprr., ''Aetii Amideni Libri sexdecim ... in quibus cuncta quae ad artem curandi pertinent, sunt congesta''. 3 voll. Venetiis: Iunta {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10621910-0 vol. 2] {{Google Books|ETmwfcTdg4UC|vol. 3}} * 1542 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/3457314 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1549 : [[Ianus Cornarius]], interpr., ''Aetii medici Graeci Contractae ex veteribus medicinae tetrabiblos''. Lugduni {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10138734-2 Textus] * 1879 : C. Daremberg, C. E. Ruelle, edd., lib. 11, in editione ab iisdem curata ''[[Rufus Ephesius|Rufi Ephesii]]'' (Parisiis, 1879) p. 3 sqq. * 1892 : G. A. Kostomiris, ed., lib. 12. Parisiis * 1901 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 16. Lipsiae * 1906-1909 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 13 et 15 in ''Athena'' vol. 18 p. 241 sqq., vol. 21 p. 3 sqq. * 1911 : S. Zervos, ed., lib. 9 in ''Athena'' vol. 23 p. 265 sqq. * 1935-1950 : Alexander Olivieri, ed., ''Aetii Amideni Libri medicinales'' voll. 1-2 [i.e. libri I-VIII]. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}}[http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_01.php 1] [http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_08_02.php 2] ; Historica et critica * Irene Calà, "Il medico Andreas nei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno" in ''Galenos'' vol. 6 (2012) pp. 53-63 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.lesetudesclassiques.be/index.php/lec/article/view/24/25 La fortuna dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno nell’Europa rinascimentale: le Annotationes di Cristobal de Horozco]" in ''Les Études Classiques'' vol. 80 (2012) pp. 187-205 * Irene Calà, "[https://www.academia.edu/69406846/Terapie_tra_magia_e_religione_La_gravidanza_e_il_parto_nei_testi_medici_della_Tarda_Antichità Terapie tra magia e religione. La gravidanza e il parto nei testi medici della tarda Antichità]" in M. T. Santamaría Hernández, ed., ''Traducción y Transmisión doctrinal de la medicina grecolatina desde la Antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno: nuevas aportaciones sobre autores y textos'' (Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2016) pp. 11-24 * Irene Calà, "Nuovi frammenti di Andrea di Caristo" in ''Medicina nei Secoli'' vol. 31 (2019) pp. 581-596 * Irene Calà, "[https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/19954/meridies_11_2.pdf Some cosmetic recipes in medical texts of late antiquity: treatments for the face in the ''Libri medicinales'' of Aëtius Amidenus]" in ''Meridies'' vol. 11 (2020) pp. 2-14 * Steven I. Hajdu, "Medieval pathfinders in surgical oncology" in ''Cancer'' vol. 101 (2004) pp. 879-882 * J. Hirschberg, J., Richey L. Waugh, ''The ophthalmology of Aetius of Amida'' (''Hirschberg history of ophthalmology. Monographs'', v. 8). Oostende: J.P. Wayenborgh, 2000 * D. Lazaris, P. Laskaratos, F. Lascaratos, "[https://www.academia.edu/37342757/Surgical_Diseases_of_the_Womb_According_to_Aetius_of_Amida_6th_Century_a_d_ Surgical Diseases of the Womb According to Aetius of Amida (6th Century AD)]" in ''World Journal of Surgery'' vol. 33 (2009) pp. 1310-1317 * Christophorus Oroscius, ''Annotationes in interpretes Aetii medici praeclarissimi''. Basileae, 1540 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164401-9 Textus] apud Monacenses * {{ec|id= Scarborough (2013)|c= John Scarborough, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/14791 Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 53 (2013) pp. 742-762 }} * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetius-bio-3 Aetius]" in {{Smith-bio}} * C. Weigel, ''Aetianarum exercitationum specimen''. Lipsiae: Officina Taubetiana, 1791 (dissertatio universitatis Lipsiensis); [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_90959x69x27 Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://numerabilis.u-paris.fr/ressources/pdf/medica/bibnum/90959x69x27/90959x69x27.pdf alibi] == Nexus externi == * Codex manuscriptus Graecus librorum IX-XVI apud [[Bibliotheca inter universitates Sanitatis (Lutetia)|Bibliothecam inter universitates Sanitatis]] Parisiensem: [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_ms02105 Textus] * {{ec|id- Calà (2012)|c= Irene Calà, ''[https://amsdottorato.unibo.it/id/eprint/4988/ Per l’edizione del Primo dei Libri medicinales di Aezio Amideno]'' (dissertatio Almae matris studiorum Bononiensis, 2012) * {{ec|id= Gowling (2014)|c= Eric Gowling, ''[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6174/ Aetius of Amida. Libri Medicinales Book 1: A Translation with Commentary]'' (dissertatio universitatis Glasguensis, 2014) }} [[Categoria:Medici Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5 aut 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] jqwd5xsfm2qfir07srgpi7jfxt0u5at 0 290775 3954646 3559670 2026-04-14T18:21:09Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Sievert}} unitas [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]], signo '''Sv''', est [[mensura]] [[dosis aequivalens|dosis aequivalentis]] <math>H</math>. Unitas haec ita quantitas radiis ionizantibus ''expositionis'' describit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Pfalzner P.M. |title=Sievert, gray and dose equivalent |journal=Journal of the Canadian Association of Radiologists |year=1983 |month=Dec |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=298-300 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6668293/}}</ref>. Nimirum in [[radioprotectio]]ne unitas Sv maximum momentum habet. Vulgo unitas Sv gradum periculi radiis describit. Definitio unitatis Sv est :<math>\mathrm{1\, Sv = 1\,\frac{J}{kg}}\,</math>, quo<br /> ''J'' est [[Joulium]], mensura [[energia]]e <math>E</math><br/> ''kg'' est [[chiliogramma]], mensura [[massa]]e <math>m</math>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Becquerel (unitas)]] * [[Gray (unitas)]] {{physica-stipula}} {{Unitates SI}} [[Categoria:Unitates physicae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] {{Myrias|Physica}} px5rmxbvq0k8oygb7bxz4jlx8jcg89u 0 290781 3954641 3552704 2026-04-14T18:19:50Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Gray}} unitas [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]], signo '''Gy''', est [[mensura]] [[dosis absorbata]]e <math>D</math>. Unitas haec ita quantitas radiis ionizantibus ''applicata'' describit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Pfalzner P.M. |title=Sievert, gray and dose equivalent |journal=Journal of the Canadian Association of Radiologists |year=1983 |month=Dec |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=298-300 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6668293/}}</ref>. Nimirum in [[radiotherapia]] unitas Gy maximum momentum habet. Definitio unitatis Gy est :<math>\mathrm{1\, Gy = 1\,\frac{J}{kg}}\,</math>, quo<br /> ''J'' est [[Joulium]], mensura [[energia]]e <math>E</math><br/> ''kg'' est [[chiliogramma]], mensura [[massa]]e <math>m</math>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Becquerel (unitas)]] * [[Sievert (unitas)]] {{physica-stipula}} {{Unitates SI}} [[Categoria:Unitates physicae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] {{Myrias|Physica}} r74ug8yls3kohzvvts7008x3r5fcqky 0 290802 3954637 3552705 2026-04-14T18:18:20Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Becquerel}} unitas [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]], signo '''Bq''', est [[mensura]] [[activitas (physica)|activitatis]] <math>A</math> quantitatis materiae radioactivae, quo secundi desintegratio singularis [[nucleus atomi|nuclei]] (1 Bq = s⁻¹) fit. Unitas haec igitur ''numerus'' desintegrationum materiae radioactivae, cum atomis ex nucleis instabilibus ([[Isotopus|isotopis]]) compositis, describit. Unitas Bq ergo indicium <u>neque</u> [[energia]]e <math>E</math> <u>neque</u> periculi organismi est. Unitas Bq anno 1976, una cum unitate [[Gray (unitas)|Gy]], in systemate [[SI]] inclusa est, usūs ergo commendata est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wyckoff H. O., Allisy A., Lidén K. |title=The new special names of SI units in the field of ionizing radiations |journal=Radiology |year=1976 |month=Ian |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=233-4 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1244665/}}</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Gray (unitas)]] * [[Sievert (unitas)]] {{physica-stipula}} {{Unitates SI}} [[Categoria:Unitates physicae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] {{Myrias|Physica}} lnb6zvt0szvvwsixa2timef0btmlaqi 0 293640 3954673 3948864 2026-04-14T22:03:40Z LilyKitty 18316 eventa et fontem addo 3954673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Strait of hormuz.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Fretum Ormusense [[Irania]]m ad [[septentrio]]nes versus et [[Musandam Governoratus|Musandam Governoratus Omanae]] et [[Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti|Emiratus Arabicos Coniunctos]] ad [[meridies|meridiem]] separat.]] '''Fretum Ormusense'''<ref>"[https://www.austriaca.at/0xc1aa5576%200x00375584.pdf ... si hoc fretum, quemadmodum illud Ormusense, armis occuparent]": FERNBERGERS ''INDISCHE REISE'' p. 17</ref> vel '''Fretum Ormus'''<ref>"Fretum Ormus, ab urbe opposita sic dictum": [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui-RyltvoHQC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=fretum+ormus&source=bl&ots=YIQ1FPY32K&sig=ACfU3U0gHS0OvYboKt3FgZkD_aroASgzsA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieubD0-q3tAhVZElkFHS-mC40Q6AEwEnoECBUQAg#v=onepage&q=fretum%20ormus&f=false ''Rudimenta Sphæricæ Doctrinæ & Geographiæ Compendiolum. juncta Ejusdem Adumtratione Latiore,''] (Argentorati: Typis Carolinis, 1671), 65.</ref> ([[Persice]] تنگه هرمز ''Tangeh-ye Hormoz''; [[Arabice]] مَضيق هُرمُز‎ ''Maḍīq Hurmuz'') est [[fretum]] quod inter [[Sinus Persicus|Sinum Persicum]] et [[Sinus Omanensis|Sinum Omanensem]] patet. Solus transitus [[mare|maritimus]] a Sinu Persico ad [[oceanus|oceanum]] apertum, unus ex [[mundus|mundo]] [[locus strangulationis|locis strangulationis]] maximi momenti est.<ref name=oilpricecom01>{{cite web |url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html |title=How Iran Plans To Bypass The World’s Main Oil Chokepoint |publisher=Oilprice.com |author=Viktor Katona |accessdate=11 Septembris 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html |archive-date=11 Septembris 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Patent in [[litus|litore]] [[septentrio]]nali [[Irania]], et in litore [[meridies|meridiano]] [[Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti]] et [[Musandam Governoratus|Musandam]], [[inclavatura et exclavatura|exclavatura]] [[Omana]]e. Fretum est 104 fere [[mille passuum|milium passum]] nauticorum [[longitudo|longum]] et a 52 milia passum nautica ad 21 milia passuum nautica [[latitudo|latum]].<ref name=dyke-20081002>{{cite web |page=216 |url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |title=Transit Passage Through International Straits |author=Jon M. Van Dyke |publisher=University of Hawaii |date=2 Octobris 2008 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50 |accessdate=6 Iulii 2019}}.</ref><ref>U.S. Energy Information Administration, "The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint," 4 Ianuarii 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430. Editio archivata.]</ref> Intra hoc [[corpus aquae]] sunt duae [[insula]]e, [[Harmozia (insula)|Harmozia]]<ref>[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&nativeno=213 vol. II, p. 213].</ref> (''Ormus'') et [[Caramana]]<ref>''Orbis Latinus'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&nativeno=426 vol. I, p. 426].</ref> (''Qeshm''). [[Urbs|Urbes]] ad freti litus iacentes sunt [[Bandar Abbas]] et [[Khasab]]. Via marina principalis de [[commercium|commercio]] [[petroleum|petrolei]] et post [[Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam anni 2026|impetum Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam anni 2026]], a copiis militares [[Irania]]e de facto claudendum est.<ref>Quod violatio [[Pactio Nationum Unitarum de lege maris]] (articulo 37) esse potest.</ref> Deinde a die [[13 Aprilis]] [[2026]], [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] sectione Medii Orientis hoc fretum claudere initiat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the Strait of Hormuz and how many were attacked?]</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Straße von Hormuz.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Despectus in fretum ex [[satelles|satellite]].]] [[Fasciculus:Strait of Hormuz from 35,000 Feet.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Despectus in Fretum Ormusense ex [[aeroplanum|aeroplano]] circa 35&thinsp;000 [[pes (mensura)|pedes]] [[altitudo|alto]]. Musandam in ima [[photographema]]tis parte videtur.]] [[Fasciculus:Strait of hormuz full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tabula geographica]] Freti Ormusensis, cum finibus maritimis et politicis (2004).]] * Diba, Bahman Aghai. [[2011]]. "Is Iran legally permitted to close Strait of Hormuz to countries that impose sanctions against Iran's oil?" Cupertino Californiae: Payvand Iranian-American Website. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html Editio interretialis.] * Ramazani, Rouhollah K. [[1979]]. ''The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz.'' Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff [International Publishers]. ISBN 9028600698. * Waehlisch, Martin. [[2012]]. "The Iran-United States Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law." ''Yale Journal of International Law Online'' 37 (Spring): 23–34. [http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law Editio interretialis.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032552/http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law Editio archivata, 25 Augusti 2012.] * Wise, Harold Lee. [[2007]]. ''Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88.'' Annapoli: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-970-3. [http://www.insidethedangerzone.com Situs interretialis.] {{NexInt}} * [[Regnum Ormusense]]: de nomine cf. "''Zeifadin, Rex Ormusensis''", tragoediam Ioannis Bielski {{Google Books|d50pwqMSf48C|col. 1462}} * [[Periplus maris Erythraei]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Strait of Hormuz|Fretum Ormusense}} {{Fontes geographici}} * Robert Strauss Center. [http://strausscenter.org/hormuz/straitofhormuz.html "Strait of Hormuz."] De rebus politicis, oeconomicis, negotii, technologiae, rerum militarium * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200807125602/http://www.dataxinfo.com/index.htm "Strait of Hormuz."] * Federation of American Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200216210525/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/facility/abu-musa.htm "Abu Musa Island."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071205075953/https://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/ir655-chart-2888-1580px.html 1580-pixel-wide "Strait of Hormuz – U.K. Admiralty Chart 2888" (pars).] * [http://www.analysis.williamdoneil.com/How_Great_a_Concern.htm "How Great a Concern? Iranian Threats to Close the Strait of Hormuz."] Cum nexibus ad periodicum ''International Security.'' Cum [http://www.analysis.williamdoneil.com/Hormuz.jpg tabula geographica freti et regionis circumdantis.] * American Society of International Law. [http://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage "Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran’s Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers."] ;Pelliculae *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160101141753/http://www.presstv.ir/Program/224278.html "Politics of Strait of Hormuz."] PressTV (2012). *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REYrYbagLj8 "Iran shoots down U.S. military drone over Strait of Hormuz."] CBS. {{coord|26|34|N|56|15|E|display=title}} [[Categoria:Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti]] [[Categoria:Freta Oceani Indici|Ormus]] [[Categoria:Freta Asiae|Hormus]] [[Categoria:Freta internationalia]] [[Categoria:Irania]] [[Categoria:Omana]] [[Categoria:Geographia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Mare Arabicum]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} tkmo9wksy89dcicxdlzjtznue15qkdf 0 306161 3954596 3953560 2026-04-14T17:43:32Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Medici Byzantini]] 3954596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit. Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,<ref>[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]</ref> sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officium magistri in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit. Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.<ref>[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., "Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator" in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)</ref> Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: prima, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.<ref>{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}</ref> == Opera == [[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]] * [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum * Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')<ref>{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89</ref> * Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')<ref>{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}</ref> * Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. "illius Seth")<ref>{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192</ref> * Ἀντιρρητικὸς πρὸς Γαληνόν (''Antirrhetica contra Galenum'')<ref>{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}</ref> * Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v<ref>{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361</ref> <!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --> * Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''<ref>{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]" in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Fontes fere coaevi * [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7 ; Editiones operum * 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}} ** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata * 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }} * 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus] * 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }} * 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité "Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique"''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939 * 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }} * 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], "The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts" in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }} * 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= Marie Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, Antoine Pietrobelli, "Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth" in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }} * 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }} * 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }} * 2023 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth: Weltall, Erde, Mensch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe''. Speyer, 2023 ; Eruditio {{Vide-etiam|Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus#Bibliographia}} * {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, "Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee" in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }} * Georges Arabatzis, "Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du "Conspectus rerum naturalium" in M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Intellect et imagination dans la philosophie médiévale'' (Tornaci: Brepols, 2006. ''Rencontres de philosophie médiévale'', vol. 11) pars 1 pp. 483-493 * Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45 * Roland Betancourt, ''Sight, Touch, and Imagination in Byzantium'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2018) pp. 78–85 ("Symeon Seth and the Arab World") * Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442 * {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997 [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }} * Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, "Le traducteur grec du traité de Rhazès sur la variole" in Antonio Garzya, Jacques Jouanna, edd., ''Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci. Atti del II Convegno Internazionale, Parigi, 24-26 maggio 1994'' (Neapoli, 1996) * Georg Harig, "Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth" in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR] * [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], "Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth" in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913) * Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309 * Paul Magdalino, "The Byzantine reception of classical astrology" in Catherine Holmes, Judith Waring, edd., ''Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2002, pp. 33–57 * {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }} * {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }} * M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du "Conspectus rerum naturalium"'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006) * Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, "Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth" in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315 * {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], "Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }} * Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, "Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI" in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus] * Jakub Sypiański, "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]" in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168 * {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, "Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }} == Nexus externi == * ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]'' ** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, "[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]" (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }} * {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, "[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]" (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }} * {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, "Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture" (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]] [[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]] [[Categoria:Medici Byzantini]] jtrermqap4yor63t2jyknfgsrkoxyqb 0 308973 3954629 3952738 2026-04-14T18:12:24Z Grufo 64423 +{{Titulus ad litteram}} 3954629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} [[Fasciculus:Tempus adest floridum.jpg|thumb|Hymnus in ''Piis cantionibus'']] {{lres|Tempus adest floridum}} est [[medium aevum|mediaevale]] [[carmen]] [[ver]]nale, anno 1582 in ''{{Creanda|fr|Piæ Cantiones|Piae Cantiones|Piis Cantionibus}}'' editum. Carmen est notabile quia melodia eius a clarissimo cantu [[Dies Natalis Christi|natalicio]] [[Anglia|Anglico]] ''{{Creanda|en|Good King Wenceslas|Bonus rex Venceslaus}}'' (de [[Venceslaus I (dux Bohemiae)|Venceslao Bohemico]]) mutuata est. == Versus == {{Versus numerati| 1. Tempus adest floridum, surgunt namque flores, Vernales in omnibus imitantur mores, Hoc, quod frigus laeserat, reparant calores, Cernimus hoc fieri per multos labores. 2. Sunt prata plena floribus iucundo aspectu, Ubi iuvat cernere herbas cum delectu, Gramina et plantulae hieme quiescunt, Vernali in tempore virent et adcrescunt. 3. Hae vobis pulchre monstrant Deum creatorem, Quem quoque nos credimus omnium factorem; Tempus ergo hilare, quo laetari libet, Renovato iam mundo nos novari decet. 4. Terra ornatur floribus et multo decore, Nos honestis moribus et vero amore, Gaudeamus igitur tempore iucundo, Laudemusque Dominum pectoris e fundo. }} == Nexus externi == * [https://hymnary.org/tune/tempus_adest_floridum ''Tempus adest floridum''] in ''Hymnary,org'' * [https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=13153 ''Tempus adest floridum''] in ''Lieder,net'' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv8PgukSLX0 Melodia] (''Youtube'') {{Nexus absunt}} [[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]] 0tqu7fjhuzqumdsy7lsmlvcth9sad7c 0 312189 3954662 3940817 2026-04-14T19:39:52Z LilyKitty 18316 de Mundana Dies Quantica 3954662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa tabellaria |; Constans Planckiana | Dimensiones: {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}} | Magnitudo: {{val|6.62607015|e=-34|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}} |; Constans Planckiana minuta | Dimensiones: {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}} | Magnitudo: {{val|1.054571817|e=-34|end=…|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}} }} {{Res|Constans Planckiana}}, ({{mvar/Planck}} notata)<ref name="nist-planck-constant">{{cite web | url = https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?h | title = 2018 CODATA Value: Planck constant | date = [[27 Maii]] [[2022]] | work = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty | publisher = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] | access-date = 2019-05-20 }}</ref> est prima [[quantitas constans|constans]] [[physica]], magnopere necessaria in [[aequatio]]nibus [[mechanica quantica|mechanicae quanticae]]: [[energia]] enim cuiuscumque [[photon]]is eius [[frequentia]]e, constante Planckiana [[multiplicatio|multiplicatae]], congruit ({{math|{{mvar|E|nota=𝘌 est energia}} {{=}} {{mvar/Planck}}{{mvar|f|nota=𝘧 est frequentia}}}}). [[Maximilianus Planck]] talem quantitatem anno [[1900]] proposuit constantem proportionalitatis ad [[radiatio corporis nigri|radiationem corporis nigri]] explicandam. Saepe postea constantem appellavit “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|quantum||en|qid=Q46344}} actionis”. Anno [[1905]] quidem [[Albertus Einstein]] tale “quantum” vel “minimum elementum energiae” ad naturam [[radiatio electromagnetica|undarum electromagneticarum]] duxerat.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Max Planck Nobel Lecture | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1918/planck/lecture/ | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230714164215/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1918/planck/lecture/ | archive-date = 2023-07-14 | access-date = 2023-07-14 }}</ref> Ei sunt [[dimensio]]nes {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}}. Anno [[1918]], Planck [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae]] accepit, “meritis suis in progressu physicae per inventionem quantorum energiae agnitis”.<ref>{{Cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1918/summary/ | website = The Nobel Prize | access-date = 2024-04-15 }}</ref> In [[metrologia]], una cum aliis constantibus, constans Planckiana adhibetur ad [[chiliogramma]] ({{*ie}} unitas [[massa]]e [[Systema internationale unitatum|Systematis internationalis unitatum]]) definiendum. Unitates Systematis internationalis sic definiuntur ut constanti Planckianae, secundum tales unitates scriptae, ''exacte'' congruunt {{val|6.62607015|e=-34|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}}. Si secundum unitates electronvoltae et secundi scribitur, constanti Planckianae congruunt {{val|4.135667696|e=-15|end=…|u=[[eV|eV]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]}}. == Constans Planckiana minuta == <!-- Pagina “Constans Planckiana minuta” hic redirigit. Nota bene: Etiam est Vicidata Q2115969 --> Saepe constanti Planckianae {{mvar/Planck}} una cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|coefficiens|coefficiente|en|qid=Q50700}} {{math|{{ofrac|1|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} occurritur. Hoc evenit quia naturale est frequentia angulari ({{*ie}} radiantes per secundum) in loco frequentiae simplicis ({{*ie}} cycli per secundum, vel hertz) uti. Idcirco physici et constantem Planckianam et talem coefficientem in unam novam constantem, {{Res|constantem Planckianam minutam}} vel {{Res|constantem Diracianam}} appellatam, unire solent. Talis nova constants, {{mvar/hbar}} notata ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|glyphum|glypho|en|qid=Q36975}} "[[H|ha]] incisae", [[Unicodex]] U+210F), aequatione {{math|{{mvar/hbar}} {{=}} {{vfrac|{{mvar/Planck}}|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} definitur. Ei congruunt {{val|1.054571817|e=-34|end=…|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}}.<ref name="nist-reduced-planck-constant">{{cite web | url = https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?hbar | title = 2018 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant | date = [[27 Maii]] [[2022]] | work = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty | publisher = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] | access-date = 2019-05-20 }}</ref> Combinatio {{math|{{ofrac|{{mvar/Planck}}|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} in commentatione [[Nicolaus Bohr|Nicolai Bohr]] anni [[1913]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bohr | first = Nicolaus | author-link = Nicolaus Bohr | date = [[Iulius|Iulio]] [[1913]] | title = On the constitution of atoms and molecules. Prima pars. | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2493915 | journal = The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science | volume = 26 | issue = 151 | pages = 1–25 | doi = 10.1080/1478644130863495 }}. p. 15.</ref> primum apparuit, ubi signo {{math|{{mvar|M}}₀}} notata est. Quindecim annos postea talis combinatio in litteris scientificis saepe adhibita est, sed semper sine seorsa nota. Deinde, anno [[1926]], in suis lectionibus, [[Ervinus Schrödinger]] et [[Paulus Dirac]] specialia symbola proposuerunt: notam {{mvar|K}} in casu Schrödinger<ref name="schrodinger-1926-erste">{{cite journal | last = Schrödinger | first = Ervinus | author-link = Ervinus Schrödinger | title = Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem | journal = Annalen der Physik | year = [[1926]] | volume = 384 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–376 | doi = 10.1002/andp.19263840404 | doi-access = free }}</ref> et notam {{mvar|h|nota=𝘩 non est constans Planckiana, sed est constans Planckiana minuta}} in casu Dirac<ref>{{cite journal | last = Dirac | first = Paulus A. M. | author-link = Paulus Dirac | title = On the theory of quantum mechanics | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character | date = [[October|Octobre]] [[1926]] | volume = 112 | issue = 762 | pages = 661–677 | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1926.0133 | doi-access = free }}</ref> – glypho simili constanti Planckianae simplici. Dirac notā {{mvar|h|nota=𝘩 non est constans Planckiana, sed est constans Planckiana minuta}} usque ad annum [[1930]] usus est, cum glyphum {{mvar/hbar}} in suo libro ''Principia Mechanicae Quanticae'' introducturus esset.<ref name="mehra-et-rechenberg-v6">{{cite book | last1 = Mehra | first1 = Jagdish | last2 = Rechenberg | first2 = Helimutus | title = The Historical Development of Quantum Theory | volume = 6 | year = [[2000]] | publisher = Springer | location = Novi Eboraci | language = en | page = 291 }}</ref> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Mechanica quantica]] * [[Mundana Dies Quantica]] * [[Systema internationale unitatum]] * [[Unitates Planckianae]] {{Physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Physica]] [[Categoria:Quantitates constantes physicae]] 1lhbhbkkl9vm8u7kyfnixz124inzaci 3954674 3954662 2026-04-15T01:03:35Z Grufo 64423 Minora typographica 3954674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa tabellaria |; Constans Planckiana | Dimensiones: {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}} | Magnitudo: {{val|6.62607015|e=-34|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}} |; Constans Planckiana minuta | Dimensiones: {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}} | Magnitudo: {{val|1.054571817|e=-34|end=…|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}} }} {{Res|Constans Planckiana}}, ({{mvar/Planck}} notata)<ref name="nist-planck-constant">{{Opus | titulus = 2018 CODATA Value: Planck constant | contextus = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty | tempus = 2022-05-27 | domus editoria = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] | url = https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?h | tempus inspectionis = 2019-05-20 }}.</ref> est fundamentalis [[quantitas constans|constans]] [[physica]], magnopere necessaria in [[aequatio]]nibus [[mechanica quantica|mechanicae quanticae]]: [[energia]] enim cuiuscumque [[photon]]is eius [[frequentia]]e, constante Planckiana [[multiplicatio|multiplicatae]], congruit ({{math|{{mvar|E|nota=𝘌 est energia}} {{=}} {{mvar/Planck}}{{mvar|f|nota=𝘧 est frequentia}}}}). [[Maximilianus Planck]] talem quantitatem anno [[1900]] proposuit constantem proportionalitatis ad [[radiatio corporis nigri|radiationem corporis nigri]] explicandam. Saepe postea constantem appellavit “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|quantum||en|qid=Q46344}} actionis”. Anno [[1905]] quidem [[Albertus Einstein]] tale “quantum” vel “minimum elementum energiae” ad naturam [[radiatio electromagnetica|undarum electromagneticarum]] duxerat.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Max Planck Nobel Lecture | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1918/planck/lecture/ | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20230714164215 | tempus inspectionis = 2023-07-14 | url-status = vivit }}.</ref> Ei sunt [[dimensio]]nes {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}}. Anno [[1918]], Planck [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae]] accepit, “ob merita sua in progressu physicae per inventionem quantorum energiae agnita”.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 | domus editoria = The Nobel Prize | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1918/summary/ | tempus inspectionis = 2024-04-15 }}.</ref> In {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|metrologia||en|qid=Q394}}, una cum aliis constantibus, constans Planckiana adhibetur ad [[chiliogramma]] ({{*ie}} unitas [[massa]]e [[Systema internationale unitatum|Systematis internationalis unitatum]]) definiendum. Unitates Systematis internationalis sic definiuntur ut constanti Planckianae, secundum tales unitates scriptae, ''exacte'' congruunt {{val|6.62607015|e=-34|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}}. Si secundum unitates electronvoltae et secundi scribitur, constanti Planckianae congruunt {{val|4.135667696|e=-15|end=…|u=[[eV|eV]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]}}. == Constans Planckiana minuta == <!-- Pagina “Constans Planckiana minuta” hic redirigit. Nota bene: Etiam est Vicidata Q2115969 --> Saepe constanti Planckianae {{mvar/Planck}} una cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|coefficiens|coefficiente|en|qid=Q50700}} {{math|{{ofrac|1|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} occurritur. Hoc evenit quia naturale est frequentia angulari ({{*ie}} radiantes per secundum) in loco frequentiae simplicis ({{*ie}} cycli per secundum, vel hertz) uti. Idcirco physici et constantem Planckianam et talem coefficientem in unam novam constantem, {{Res|constantem Planckianam minutam}} vel {{Res|constantem Diracianam}} appellatam, unire solent. Talis nova constants, {{mvar/hbar}} notata ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|glyphum|glypho|en|qid=Q36975}} "[[H|ha]] incisae", [[Unicodex]] U+210F), aequatione {{math|{{mvar/hbar}} {{=}} {{vfrac|{{mvar/Planck}}|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} definitur. Ei congruunt {{val|1.054571817|e=-34|end=…|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}}.<ref name="nist-reduced-planck-constant">{{Opus | titulus = 2018 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant | contextus = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty | tempus = 2022-05-27 | domus editoria = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] | url = https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?hbar | tempus inspectionis = 2019-05-20 }}.</ref> Combinatio {{math|{{ofrac|{{mvar/Planck}}|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} in commentatione [[Nicolaus Bohr|Nicolai Bohr]] anni [[1913]]<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Bohr | nomen = Nicolaus | commentatio de auctore = Nicolaus Bohr | titulus = On the constitution of atoms and molecules. Prima pars. | contextus = The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science | volumen = 26 | fasciculus = 151 | annus = 1913 | mensis = 7 | paginae = 1–25 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2493915 | doi = 10.1080/1478644130863495 }}. p. 15.</ref> primum apparuit, ubi signo {{math|{{mvar|M}}₀}} notata est. Quindecim annis post talis combinatio in litteris scientificis saepe adhibita est, sed semper sine seorsa nota. Deinde, anno [[1926]], in suis lectionibus, [[Ervinus Schrödinger]] et [[Paulus Dirac]] specialia symbola proposuerunt: notam {{mvar|K}} in casu Schrödinger<ref name="schrodinger-1926-erste">{{Opus | cognomen = Schrödinger | nomen = Ervinus | commentatio de auctore = Ervinus Schrödinger | titulus = Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem | contextus = Annalen der Physik | volumen = 384 | fasciculus = 4 | annus = 1926 | paginae = 361–376 | doi = 10.1002/andp.19263840404 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}.</ref> et notam {{mvar|h|nota=𝘩 non est constans Planckiana, sed est constans Planckiana minuta}} in casu Dirac<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Dirac | nomen = Paulus A. M. | commentatio de auctore = Paulus Dirac | titulus = On the theory of quantum mechanics | contextus = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character | volumen = 112 | fasciculus = 762 | annus = 1926 | mensis = 10 | paginae = 661–677 | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1926.0133 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}.</ref> – glypho simili constanti Planckianae simplici. Dirac notā {{mvar|h|nota=𝘩 non est constans Planckiana, sed est constans Planckiana minuta}} usque ad annum [[1930]] usus est, quum glyphum {{mvar/hbar}} in suo libro ''Principia Mechanicae Quanticae'' introducturus esset.<ref name="mehra-et-rechenberg-v6">{{Opus | cognomen 1 = Mehra | nomen 1 = Jagdish | cognomen 2 = Rechenberg | nomen 2 = Helimutus | titulus = The Historical Development of Quantum Theory | volumen = 6 | annus = 2000 | lingua = en | pagina = 291 | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = Springer }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Mechanica quantica]] * [[Mundana Dies Quantica]] * [[Systema internationale unitatum]] * [[Unitates Planckianae]] {{Physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Physica]] [[Categoria:Quantitates constantes physicae]] 8osdb9fsrhk0y1taa0em95ktaerpnlo 3954676 3954674 2026-04-15T01:05:47Z Grufo 64423 3954676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa tabellaria |; Constans Planckiana | Dimensiones: {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}} | Magnitudo: {{val|6.62607015|e=-34|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}} |; Constans Planckiana minuta | Dimensiones: {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}} | Magnitudo: {{val|1.054571817|e=-34|end=…|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}} }} {{Res|Constans Planckiana}}, ({{mvar/Planck}} notata)<ref name="nist-planck-constant">{{Opus | titulus = 2018 CODATA Value: Planck constant | contextus = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty | tempus = 2022-05-27 | domus editoria = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] | url = https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?h | tempus inspectionis = 2019-05-20 }}.</ref> est fundamentalis [[quantitas constans|constans]] [[physica]], magnopere necessaria in [[aequatio]]nibus [[mechanica quantica|mechanicae quanticae]]: [[energia]] enim cuiuscumque [[photon]]is eius [[frequentia]]e, constante Planckiana [[multiplicatio|multiplicatae]], congruit ({{math|{{mvar|E|nota=𝘌 est energia}} {{=}} {{mvar/Planck}}{{mvar|f|nota=𝘧 est frequentia}}}}). [[Maximilianus Planck]] talem quantitatem anno [[1900]] proposuit constantem proportionalitatis ad [[radiatio corporis nigri|radiationem corporis nigri]] explicandam. Saepe postea constantem appellavit “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|quantum||en|qid=Q46344}} actionis”. Anno [[1905]] quidem [[Albertus Einstein]] tale “quantum” vel “minimum elementum energiae” ad naturam [[radiatio electromagnetica|undarum electromagneticarum]] duxerat.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Max Planck Nobel Lecture | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1918/planck/lecture/ | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20230714164215 | tempus inspectionis = 2023-07-14 }}.</ref> Ei sunt [[dimensio]]nes {{Dimensiones|2|1|−1}}. Anno [[1918]], Planck [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae]] accepit, “ob merita sua in progressu physicae per inventionem quantorum energiae agnita”.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 | domus editoria = The Nobel Prize | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1918/summary/ | tempus inspectionis = 2024-04-15 }}.</ref> In {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|metrologia||en|qid=Q394}}, una cum aliis constantibus, constans Planckiana adhibetur ad [[chiliogramma]] ({{*ie}} unitas [[massa]]e [[Systema internationale unitatum|Systematis internationalis unitatum]]) definiendum. Unitates Systematis internationalis sic definiuntur ut constanti Planckianae, secundum tales unitates scriptae, ''exacte'' congruunt {{val|6.62607015|e=-34|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}}. Si secundum unitates electronvoltae et secundi scribitur, constanti Planckianae congruunt {{val|4.135667696|e=-15|end=…|u=[[eV|eV]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]}}. == Constans Planckiana minuta == <!-- Pagina “Constans Planckiana minuta” hic redirigit. Nota bene: Etiam est Vicidata Q2115969 --> Saepe constanti Planckianae {{mvar/Planck}} una cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|coefficiens|coefficiente|en|qid=Q50700}} {{math|{{ofrac|1|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} occurritur. Hoc evenit quia naturale est frequentia angulari ({{*ie}} radiantes per secundum) in loco frequentiae simplicis ({{*ie}} cycli per secundum, vel hertz) uti. Idcirco physici et constantem Planckianam et talem coefficientem in unam novam constantem, {{Res|constantem Planckianam minutam}} vel {{Res|constantem Diracianam}} appellatam, unire solent. Talis nova constants, {{mvar/hbar}} notata ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|glyphum|glypho|en|qid=Q36975}} "[[H|ha]] incisae", [[Unicodex]] U+210F), aequatione {{math|{{mvar/hbar}} {{=}} {{vfrac|{{mvar/Planck}}|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} definitur. Ei congruunt {{val|1.054571817|e=-34|end=…|u=[[metrum|m]]²&thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&thinsp;[[secundum|s]]⁻¹}}.<ref name="nist-reduced-planck-constant">{{Opus | titulus = 2018 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant | contextus = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty | tempus = 2022-05-27 | domus editoria = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] | url = https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?hbar | tempus inspectionis = 2019-05-20 }}.</ref> Combinatio {{math|{{ofrac|{{mvar/Planck}}|2{{mvar/pi}}}}}} in commentatione [[Nicolaus Bohr|Nicolai Bohr]] anni [[1913]]<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Bohr | nomen = Nicolaus | commentatio de auctore = Nicolaus Bohr | titulus = On the constitution of atoms and molecules. Prima pars. | contextus = The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science | volumen = 26 | fasciculus = 151 | annus = 1913 | mensis = 7 | paginae = 1–25 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2493915 | doi = 10.1080/1478644130863495 }}. p. 15.</ref> primum apparuit, ubi signo {{math|{{mvar|M}}₀}} notata est. Quindecim annis post talis combinatio in litteris scientificis saepe adhibita est, sed semper sine seorsa nota. Deinde, anno [[1926]], in suis lectionibus, [[Ervinus Schrödinger]] et [[Paulus Dirac]] specialia symbola proposuerunt: notam {{mvar|K}} in casu Schrödinger<ref name="schrodinger-1926-erste">{{Opus | cognomen = Schrödinger | nomen = Ervinus | commentatio de auctore = Ervinus Schrödinger | titulus = Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem | contextus = Annalen der Physik | volumen = 384 | fasciculus = 4 | annus = 1926 | paginae = 361–376 | doi = 10.1002/andp.19263840404 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}.</ref> et notam {{mvar|h|nota=𝘩 non est constans Planckiana, sed est constans Planckiana minuta}} in casu Dirac<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Dirac | nomen = Paulus A. M. | commentatio de auctore = Paulus Dirac | titulus = On the theory of quantum mechanics | contextus = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character | volumen = 112 | fasciculus = 762 | annus = 1926 | mensis = 10 | paginae = 661–677 | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1926.0133 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}.</ref> – glypho simili constanti Planckianae simplici. Dirac notā {{mvar|h|nota=𝘩 non est constans Planckiana, sed est constans Planckiana minuta}} usque ad annum [[1930]] usus est, quum glyphum {{mvar/hbar}} in suo libro ''Principia Mechanicae Quanticae'' introducturus esset.<ref name="mehra-et-rechenberg-v6">{{Opus | cognomen 1 = Mehra | nomen 1 = Jagdish | cognomen 2 = Rechenberg | nomen 2 = Helimutus | titulus = The Historical Development of Quantum Theory | volumen = 6 | annus = 2000 | lingua = en | pagina = 291 | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = Springer }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Mechanica quantica]] * [[Mundana Dies Quantica]] * [[Systema internationale unitatum]] * [[Unitates Planckianae]] {{Physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Physica]] [[Categoria:Quantitates constantes physicae]] 7cva4keju9xxexynt2rt1n2gw0j0lrv 0 315942 3954669 3909659 2026-04-14T21:18:55Z UV 1088 3954669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Rainer Weiss - December 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Rainerus Weiss]] '''Rainerus Weiss''' (natus die [[29 Septembris]] [[1932]] [[Berolinum|Berolini]]; mortuus die [[25 Augusti]] [[2025]] [[Cantabrigia Massachusettensium|Cantabrigiae]], [[Massachusetta]]e) fuit [[physicus]] [[CFA|Americanus]] origine [[Germania]]e qui gravitatis et [[astrophysica]]e peritus et anno [[2017]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae]] accepit cum [[Barry Barish]] et [[Kip Thorne]] accepit, ratione studii [[fluctus gravitatis|flucti gravitatis]].<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/weiss/facts/ De Rainerio Weiss] apud nobelprize.org.</ref> Alumnus [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]] et [[professor]] eius instituti factus est. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Rainer Weiss|Rainerus Weiss}} {{Lifetime|1932|2025|Weiss, Rainerus}} [[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Physici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]] gz7m0rb0yqjs871lg1e300jiblyyxca 0 318769 3954667 3917250 2026-04-14T21:15:26Z UV 1088 3954667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} {{Vicificanda}} {{latinitas}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Museo de Arte Colonial - Don Pedro Ortiz de Zárate.jpg|thumb|upright|Petrus Orticius Saratensis]] '''Petrus Orticius Saratencis''' vel '''Petrus Omaguacensis''' ([[Hispanice]] ''Pedro Ortiz de Zárate'') (Sanctus Salvator Iuiuyensis natus anno [[1622]], ibi obitus anno [[1683]]) sacerdos catholicus fuit, qui evangelizationi populorum indigenarum [[Chaco (provincia)|Chaco Argentinensis]] se dedit. Una cum presbytero Italico Ioanne Antonio Solinas, ut “[[martyres]] Zentae” commemorantur. Die 2 mensis Iulii anno 2022 [[Beatificatio|beatificatus]] est, et dies suus est [[27 Octobris]]. Orticius Saratensis anno 1622 natus est in oppido Sanctus Salvator Iuiuyensis, filius Ioannis Ochoa Saratensis et Petronillae Carriso Garnicensis. A primis conquisitatoribus Septentrionalis Argentinae originem traxit, et a patre suo hereditate accepit ''encomiendum'' Omaguacae, inter alias possessiones. Matrimonium iniit cum Petronilla Ibarrensis et Arganariatus Murguiensis, haerede Palatii Murguia in Astigarraga, [[Hispania]]. Ex hoc coniugio duo filii nati sunt: Ioannes Orticius Murguiensis atque Didacus Orticius Sarantensis.<ref>Dardanelli, Tomás Estanislao (2022). «La familia del beato Pedro Ortiz de Zárate». ''Genealogía N°42,'' Bonus Aër: Institutum Argentinum Scientiarum Genealogicarum.</ref> Viduitatem anno 1654 passus, sacris ordinibus initiatus est, atque curatus Omaguacae ei commissus est; deinde parochiam Sanctus Salvator Iuiuyensis suscepit. Decennio 1680 evangelizationi [[Indi Americani|gentium indigenarum]] Chacoensium se totum addixit, una cum sacerdote [[Societas Iesu|Societatis Iesu]] Ioanne Antonio Solinas. Die 27 mensis Octobris anno 1683, coetus indigenarum bellatorum, de missionariis diffisus, eos aggressus est dum in statione Sanctae Mariae in Valle Zentae, provincia [[Salta]], versarentur. Resistendi facultate fracta, captivi expoliati sunt et iugulati.<ref>Vergara, Miguel Ángel (1965). ''Don Pedro Ortiz de Zárate: Jujuy, tierra de mártires (siglo XVII)''. Urbs Rosariensis: Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio Salesiano San José.</ref> Die 2 mensis Iulii anno 2022, Petrus Orticius Saratensis ob fidem christianam vitam suam donans, in [[Beatificatio|Beatorum]] numerum relatus est. Celebratio liturgica habita est in Parco Familiae urbis Orán, in provincia [[Salta]]. Praefuit ritui Marcello Semeraro, Praefecto Congregationis de Causis Sanctorum. Una cum Petrus Orticius Saratensis, etiam Pater Ioannes Antonius Solinas beatificatus est. == Notae == <references /> {{Lifetime|1622|1683|Orticius Saratencis, Petrus}} [[Categoria:Clerici Argentinae]] [[Categoria:Presbyteri catholici]] [[Categoria:Missionarii]] [[Categoria:Beati]] [[Categoria:Martyres]] 5ukoo7ea7fvhnt2jlkkzgnr6eo8k289 0 320233 3954531 3954506 2026-04-14T12:37:50Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3954531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} {{Capsa scholae Vicidatorum}} {{res|Universitas Colgatensis}}<ref>Vide ''colgatensem,'' nomen adiectivum cuiusdam [[species|speciei]] generis ''Cissitis'': [https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=1DE388C0-D964-D262-102F-120EFA955A41 ''Cissites colgatensis.'']</ref> est [[collegium privatum]] [[Hamelduna]]e{{dubsig}} in [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]] situm. Quod [[collegium]] [[artes liberales|artium liberalium]] anno [[1819]] fundatum est nomine '''Societatis Discplinae Baptistae Civitatis Novi Eboraci''', et illo nomine exercuit usque ad [[1823]], quando transnominatum{{dubsig}} est ut '''Institutio Theologica Litterariaque Hameldunae''', nuncupatum saepe '''Collegium Hameldunae''' (1823-[[1846]]), tum '''Collegium Matildessunis''' (1846-1890), et suum nomen praesens ab [[1890]]. Universitas circiter 3200 [[discipulus|discipulos]] in quinquaginta sex [[disciplina|disciplinis]] principali{{dubsig}} [[baccalaureatus|baccalaureatuum]]{{dubsig}} conscribit. Discipuli in supra{{dubsig}} 200 sodalitatibus [[organizatio]]nibusque participant.{{dubsig}} ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} * [https://www.colgate.edu/ Situs interretialis] {{Uni-stipula}} [[Categoria:Universitas Colgatensis]] fo1z16d28jjfrkrwjph4qpq2550gd7y 10 320314 3954567 3947777 2026-04-14T15:02:19Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954567 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#tag:inputbox| type = create prefix = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{praefixum|}}}|{{{praefixum}}}|Adumbratio:}} summary = Prima adumbratio editintro = Formula:Petitio novae adumbrationis/monitus preload = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{exemplar|}}}|{{{exemplar}}}|Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio}} placeholder = {{{suasio|Nomen paginae adumbrandae (e.g. “Europa”)}}} buttonlabel = Parare{{safesubst:<noinclude />P{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{amplitudo|}}}|1|2}}| width {{safesubst:<noinclude />=}} {{{amplitudo|}}}}} break = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{versus|}}}|plures|yes|no}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 4so1vci7z75aq7oeuiaohz2n91x2sgr 4 322071 3954558 3953145 2026-04-14T14:30:31Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta */ 3954558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...") on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} 130nrbi0q53zkhhtj00245zcahzqtzq 3954559 3954558 2026-04-14T14:31:04Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta */ 3954559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} skhj0ir81q7br4onzclrmg1dw6vcg8i 3954564 3954559 2026-04-14T14:58:37Z Grufo 64423 /* De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta */ 3954564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace only if it is a newly created page (< 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} rbvcht4btbggcxxwy2rq9u795o6kt3e 10 323172 3954675 3952846 2026-04-15T01:05:20Z Grufo 64423 url-status 3954675 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Idcirco verbatim|{{{1|}}}| {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:x|{{{1}}}}}}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />Idcirco verbatim|{{{2|}}}| {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:x|{{{2}}}}}}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />Idcirco verbatim|{{{3|}}}| {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:x|{{{3}}}}}}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />Idcirco verbatim|{{{display-authors|}}}| {{safesubst:<noinclude />!}} auctores dumtaxat {{safesubst:<noinclude />=}} {{{display-authors}}}}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />Idcirco verbatim|{{{display-editors|}}}| 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{{Latinitas|-5}} [[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]] '''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]</ref> == Cursus belli == [[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]] Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]</ref> Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant. Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html "Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms."]</ref> Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].</ref> Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 "Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised."]</ref> Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].</ref> et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call "UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation."]</ref> Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.<ref>[https://www.https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump "A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war."]</ref> Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says "'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says."]</ref> Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian "Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian."].</ref> Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo "Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?"]</ref> Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], <!--unus???--> auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no "War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel."]</ref> Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o "US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing."]</ref> Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]</ref> Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro "Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?"]</ref> Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]</ref> [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.<ref>Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. </ref> Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].</ref> Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].</ref> Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad "[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]" mittere potest.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]</ref> Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]</ref> Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']</ref> Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a "veto" [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]</ref> Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.<ref>[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]</ref> Die [[10 Aprilis]] 2026, Delegatio Iraniae ad [[Islamabada]]m [[Pakistania]]e iit for talks with US pro negotio indutiae formalis die [[11 Aprilis]] 2026 cum Civitatum Foederatarum.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/10/iran-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-threaten-us-iran-ceasefire-talks Iran war updates: Iranian dekegation arrives in Pakistan]</ref> Die [[12 Aprilis]] 2026, Colloqium negotii inter [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobum David Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum et delegation Iraniae [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudi Pezeshkian]] per auxulium [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pakistania]]e fuit, sed in vana quod rectio Iraniae creationem armae nuclearis non abrogare posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7k4y0veyo Iran talks ware major test for JD Vance. How did he do?]</ref> Die [[13 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia occidentalis|Oriente Medii]] (CENTCOM) a directione Donaldi Trump [[Fretum Ormusense]] claudendum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the strait of Hormuz and how many ware attacked?]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]] [[Categoria:2026]] sf12fwfbv2uxwsbmas4e0ys85ja2iep 4 323763 3954565 3949785 2026-04-14T15:00:13Z Grufo 64423 Minima 3954565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Compendia paginae|VP:ADU}} {{res|Adumbratio}} est pagina imperfecta in seorsum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] posita (''spatium adumbrationum''), quo novae commentationes<ref>[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Paginis discretivis]] inclusis; rarissime etiam paginae aliorum spatiorum nominalium, velut {{mach|Porta:}}, {{mach|Formula:}}, et {{mach|Vicipaedia:}}, primum in spatio adumbrationum incubantur.</ref> intra tempus definitum<ref>Sex mensibus ab ultima emendatione substantiva actis, adumbratio deleri potest. Vide [[#Adumbrationes derelictae|§ ''Adumbrationes derelictae'']].</ref> creari atque perfici possunt. Spatium adumbrationum occasionem praebet novas commentationes parandi et responsa accipiendi antequam ipsae spatium encyclopaedicum incolant (''spatium principale''). Tibi non est necesse in adumbratione primum elaborare quotienscumque de nova re scribere cupis; nam in spatio encyclopaedico auctoribus licet novas commentationes statim creare. Spatium adumbrationum a nostro [[Vicipaedia:Scriptorium|Scriptorio]] in hoc differt: Scriptorium est locus ubi tirones linguam Latinam atque quomodo paginae Vicipaedianae creentur discere possunt, spatium autem adumbrationum est locus ubi paginae imperfectae, etiam a Vicipaedianis peritis scriptae, ponuntur. Ultro, adumbrationes ab omnibus emendari possunt, paginae autem in Scriptorio a primo auctore tantum sunt recensendae. Si agnitus aut agnita es (id est, nomen Vicipaedianum habes situique dedisti), etiam [[Auxilium:Adumbratio in spatio usoris|adumbrationes in tuo spatio usoris]] conficere potes. Plura tamen responsa tibi exspectanda sunt si in spatium nominale commune adumbrationem ponis. In [[Vicipaedia Latina]], spatium nominale adumbrationum die [[2 Maii]] [[2026]] conditum est.<ref>''[[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]'' (die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]]). Phabricator.</ref> == De adumbrationibus creandis == Omnibus, usoribus sine nomine inclusis, licet adumbrationes excogitare emendareque. Verbum {{mach|Adumbratio:}} titulum adumbrationis praecedit. Exempli gratia, “Adumbratio:Europa” commentationem de “Europa” incubat. Adumbrationes etiam suas paginas disputationis praebent. {| style="margin: 2em auto;" ! style="text-align: left;" | Novam adumbrationem parare |- | {{Petitio novae adumbrationis|amplitudo=41}} |- | style="text-align: center; font-size: x-small" | (litterae capitaneae minusculaeque recto modo scribendae sunt) |} Si vis, adumbratione creatā, in summa pagina scribe: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><noinclude>{{Adumbratio}}</noinclude></syntaxhighlight> === De commentationibus factis adumbrationibus === In spatio encyclopaedico aliquando paginae nimis breves vel quae nostris criteriis minimis carent creantur. Si ante minus quam 90 dies creatae sunt,<ref>[[Vicipaedia:Redirectio|Redirectiones]] factae paginae habentur “novae paginae”.</ref> possibile est ad spatium adumbrationum eas movere. Hoc in casu, mos est creatorem creatricemve paginae<ref>Aut usorem qui novam paginam pro veterem redirectionem commutavit.</ref> monere; exempli gratia, si pagina “Absurdilandia” mota est in spatium adumbrationis, in pagina disputationis creatoris, scribe: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione|Absurdilandia}}</syntaxhighlight> Si ulteriora legere vis, vide {{Fsn|Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione}}. == De adumbrationum deletione == Adumbrationes sunt opera adhuc imperfecta, idcirco pleraque criteria Vicipaediana de bonitate non sunt eis implenda. Auctoribus sufficiens tempus ita condonandum est ut contextum vel [[Vicipaedia:Gravitas|gravitatem]] constituant aut ex aliis linguis vertant, necnon omnes necessarias emendationes faciant (nihilominus [[#Adumbrationes derelictae|adumbrationes derelictae]] post sex menses deleri possunt). Hoc significat adumbrationes iisdem [[Vicipaedia:Deletio|criteriis deletionis]] ac paginae principales non subici. Exempli gratia, rationes quales “contextus obscurus”, “dubia gravitas”, aut “non Latine scriptum” ad adumbrationes non adhibentur. === Deletio celeris === Nonnulla deletionis celeris criteria ad adumbrationes adhiberi possunt. Adumbrationes quae [[ius auctoris|iura auctorum]] violant, [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor|vandalismum]] continent, sunt experimenta, aut [[merx|merces]] aperte praeconantur, celeriter deleri possunt. === Adumbrationes derelictae === Sex mensibus ab ultima emendatione substantiva actis, licet adumbrationem delere. Hoc in casu creator, unā hebdomade ante, de deletione monendus est. === Redirectiones ex adumbrationibus motis ortae === [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio|Redirectiones]] quae ex adumbrationibus in aliud spatium nominale motis oriuntur servandae sunt. == De nexibus ad adumbrationibus == In paginis spatii nominalis encyclopaedici (''principalis''), spatii nominalis <code>Fasciculus:</code>, spatii nominalis <code>Categoria:</code> et spatii nominalis <code>Porta:</code>, nemini licet nexūs ad paginam spatii nominalis <code>Adumbratio:</code> addere. Tales nexūs detrahentur. Licet tamen nexūs ad paginas quae ad adumbrationes [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio|redigunt]] scribere, dummodo ipsae redirectiones non iaceant in spatio adumbrationum. == Annotationes == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Auxilium:Adumbratio in spatio usoris]] * [[Vicipaedia:Scriptorium]] * {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes paginae in spatio nominali adumbrationum|namespace=118}} * {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes disputationes adumbrationum|namespace=119}} * [[:Categoria:Adumbrationes Vicipaedianae]] * [[Specialis:Paginae breves]] * [[Auxilium:Harenarium]] * [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale]] === Formulae === * {{Fn|Adumbratio}} * {{Fn|Petitio novae adumbrationis}} * {{Fsn|Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione}} * {{Fn|Movenda ad spatium adumbrationum}} === Disputationes === * {{Nexus ad caput|Vicipaedia:Taberna|De novo spatio adumbrationum}} * {{Nexus ad caput|Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35|De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo}} * {{Nexus ad caput|Vicipaedia:Taberna|De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā &#123;&#123;Augenda&#125;&#125; utuntur}} === Ad magistratūs === * [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-0]] * [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-118]] * [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] * [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]] == Nexus externi == * [[:En:Wikipedia:Drafts]] [[Categoria:Vicipaedia]] [[Categoria:Adumbrationes Vicipaedianae| ]] k8eh4t103i7nicnzjnf4qz9fceksf0x 3954566 3954565 2026-04-14T15:01:45Z Grufo 64423 Mendam correxi 3954566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Compendia paginae|VP:ADU}} {{res|Adumbratio}} est pagina imperfecta in seorsum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] posita (''spatium adumbrationum''), quo novae commentationes<ref>[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Paginis discretivis]] inclusis; rarissime etiam paginae aliorum spatiorum nominalium, velut {{mach|Porta:}}, {{mach|Formula:}}, et {{mach|Vicipaedia:}}, primum in spatio adumbrationum incubantur.</ref> intra tempus definitum<ref>Sex mensibus ab ultima emendatione substantiva actis, adumbratio deleri potest. Vide [[#Adumbrationes derelictae|§ ''Adumbrationes derelictae'']].</ref> creari atque perfici possunt. Spatium adumbrationum occasionem praebet novas commentationes parandi et responsa accipiendi antequam ipsae spatium encyclopaedicum incolant (''spatium principale''). Tibi non est necesse in adumbratione primum elaborare quotienscumque de nova re scribere cupis; nam in spatio encyclopaedico auctoribus licet novas commentationes statim creare. Spatium adumbrationum a nostro [[Vicipaedia:Scriptorium|Scriptorio]] in hoc differt: Scriptorium est locus ubi tirones linguam Latinam atque quomodo paginae Vicipaedianae creentur discere possunt, spatium autem adumbrationum est locus ubi paginae imperfectae, etiam a Vicipaedianis peritis scriptae, ponuntur. Ultro, adumbrationes ab omnibus emendari possunt, paginae autem in Scriptorio a primo auctore tantum sunt recensendae. Si agnitus aut agnita es (id est, nomen Vicipaedianum habes situique dedisti), etiam [[Auxilium:Adumbratio in spatio usoris|adumbrationes in tuo spatio usoris]] conficere potes. Plura tamen responsa tibi exspectanda sunt si in spatium nominale commune adumbrationem ponis. In [[Vicipaedia Latina]], spatium nominale adumbrationum die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]] conditum est.<ref>''[[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]'' (die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]]). Phabricator.</ref> == De adumbrationibus creandis == Omnibus, usoribus sine nomine inclusis, licet adumbrationes excogitare emendareque. Verbum {{mach|Adumbratio:}} titulum adumbrationis praecedit. Exempli gratia, “Adumbratio:Europa” commentationem de “Europa” incubat. Adumbrationes etiam suas paginas disputationis praebent. {| style="margin: 2em auto;" ! style="text-align: left;" | Novam adumbrationem parare |- | {{Petitio novae adumbrationis|amplitudo=41}} |- | style="text-align: center; font-size: x-small" | (litterae capitaneae minusculaeque recto modo scribendae sunt) |} Si vis, adumbratione creatā, in summa pagina scribe: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><noinclude>{{Adumbratio}}</noinclude></syntaxhighlight> === De commentationibus factis adumbrationibus === In spatio encyclopaedico aliquando paginae nimis breves vel quae nostris criteriis minimis carent creantur. Si ante minus quam 90 dies creatae sunt,<ref>[[Vicipaedia:Redirectio|Redirectiones]] factae paginae habentur “novae paginae”.</ref> possibile est ad spatium adumbrationum eas movere. Hoc in casu, mos est creatorem creatricemve paginae<ref>Aut usorem qui novam paginam pro veterem redirectionem commutavit.</ref> monere; exempli gratia, si pagina “Absurdilandia” mota est in spatium adumbrationis, in pagina disputationis creatoris, scribe: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione|Absurdilandia}}</syntaxhighlight> Si ulteriora legere vis, vide {{Fsn|Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione}}. == De adumbrationum deletione == Adumbrationes sunt opera adhuc imperfecta, idcirco pleraque criteria Vicipaediana de bonitate non sunt eis implenda. Auctoribus sufficiens tempus ita condonandum est ut contextum vel [[Vicipaedia:Gravitas|gravitatem]] constituant aut ex aliis linguis vertant, necnon omnes necessarias emendationes faciant (nihilominus [[#Adumbrationes derelictae|adumbrationes derelictae]] post sex menses deleri possunt). Hoc significat adumbrationes iisdem [[Vicipaedia:Deletio|criteriis deletionis]] ac paginae principales non subici. Exempli gratia, rationes quales “contextus obscurus”, “dubia gravitas”, aut “non Latine scriptum” ad adumbrationes non adhibentur. === Deletio celeris === Nonnulla deletionis celeris criteria ad adumbrationes adhiberi possunt. Adumbrationes quae [[ius auctoris|iura auctorum]] violant, [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor|vandalismum]] continent, sunt experimenta, aut [[merx|merces]] aperte praeconantur, celeriter deleri possunt. === Adumbrationes derelictae === Sex mensibus ab ultima emendatione substantiva actis, licet adumbrationem delere. Hoc in casu creator, unā hebdomade ante, de deletione monendus est. === Redirectiones ex adumbrationibus motis ortae === [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio|Redirectiones]] quae ex adumbrationibus in aliud spatium nominale motis oriuntur servandae sunt. == De nexibus ad adumbrationibus == In paginis spatii nominalis encyclopaedici (''principalis''), spatii nominalis <code>Fasciculus:</code>, spatii nominalis <code>Categoria:</code> et spatii nominalis <code>Porta:</code>, nemini licet nexūs ad paginam spatii nominalis <code>Adumbratio:</code> addere. Tales nexūs detrahentur. Licet tamen nexūs ad paginas quae ad adumbrationes [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio|redigunt]] scribere, dummodo ipsae redirectiones non iaceant in spatio adumbrationum. == Annotationes == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Auxilium:Adumbratio in spatio usoris]] * [[Vicipaedia:Scriptorium]] * {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes paginae in spatio nominali adumbrationum|namespace=118}} * {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes disputationes adumbrationum|namespace=119}} * [[:Categoria:Adumbrationes Vicipaedianae]] * [[Specialis:Paginae breves]] * [[Auxilium:Harenarium]] * [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale]] === Formulae === * {{Fn|Adumbratio}} * {{Fn|Petitio novae adumbrationis}} * {{Fsn|Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione}} * {{Fn|Movenda ad spatium adumbrationum}} === Disputationes === * {{Nexus ad caput|Vicipaedia:Taberna|De novo spatio adumbrationum}} * {{Nexus ad caput|Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35|De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo}} * {{Nexus ad caput|Vicipaedia:Taberna|De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā &#123;&#123;Augenda&#125;&#125; utuntur}} === Ad magistratūs === * [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-0]] * [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-118]] * [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] * [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]] == Nexus externi == * [[:En:Wikipedia:Drafts]] [[Categoria:Vicipaedia]] [[Categoria:Adumbrationes Vicipaedianae| ]] 5p8wps6jgays6l5pu1f1q94tnrevkwd 0 324237 3954644 3954302 2026-04-14T18:20:52Z Grufo 64423 Nomen categoriae mutatum est 3954644 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Nu chem 2.jpg|thumb|Aequatio nuclearis carbonii-14 dissilientis in nitrogenium-14 et electronem. Massa servata est, numero atomico mutato.]] {{res|Reactio nuclearis}} est mutatio intra [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleos]] facta praecipue in [[Neutron|neutronum]] et [[Proton|protonum]] numero quae etiam ad [[Massa atomica|massam]] et [[Elementum chemicum|elementi naturam]] pertinere potest. A [[Reactio chemica|reactione chemica]] multum differt eo quod non ad [[Electron|electronum]] orbes nec ad [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula]] spectat sed saepe ipsum elementum in aliud mutatur ([[transmutatio nuclearis]]: ita [[carbonium]]-14 in [[nitrogenium]]-14 mutari solet). Econtra in reactionibus chemicis elementa integra servantur. Praeterea [[Isotopus|isotopi]], e.g. carbonium-12 et carbonium-14, circiter eisdem reactionibus chemicis obnoxii sunt, reactionibus autem nuclearibus ex toto diversis. Praeterea reactiones nucleares plurimam energiam liberant, multo magis quam [[combustio]]. Reactiones nucleares naturaliter sive per [[Radioactivitas|radioactivitatem]] in nucleis instabilibus fiunt, sive per electronis capturam, sive collidentibus invicem particulis et nuclidis in media [[stella|stellarum]] parte, quae nucleosynthesis stellaris appellatur. Artificialiter quoque hodie in laboratoriis fiunt ubi per [[Particularum acceleratrum|particularum acceleratra]] magna vi in varios nucleos immittuntur atque ita illis nucleis inseruntur. Magis quam 2700 nuclida artificialia circiter 270 in natura rerum inventis sic addita sunt. == De aequationibus nuclearibus == Ut reactiones chemicae reactiones nucleares per [[aequatio|aequationes]]<ref>[https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/21-2-nuclear-equations Chemistry 2e].</ref> notantur in quibus dextra laevaque massa et [[Onus electricum|onera electrica]] aequari debent. Exempli gratia cum radioactivitas [[uranium]] emissa particula alpha in [[radon]] mutat sic notatur: :{{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + {{chem|4|2|He}} (sc. particula α). Aequatio nuclida potius quam atomos respicit. Aut cum [[calcium]]-41 electrone capto [[kalium]] fit: :{{chem|41|20|Ca|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e → {{chem|41|19|K|}} Aut cum [[Oxygenium|oxygenium-]]15 emisso positrone [[nitrogenium]]-15 fit: :{{chem|15|8|O|}} → {{chem|15|7|N|}} + ⁰₊₁e Et anno [[1919]] Rutherford atomos nitrogenii per [[Fusio nuclearis|fusionem]] cum particulis alpha in oxygenium-17 sic transmutavit: : {{chem|14|7|N|}} + {{chem|4|2|He}} → {{chem|17|8|O|}} + {{chem|1|1|p}}[[proton|p]] Quod si unum e nuclidis reactionis participibus ignotum est, ita ex ceteris colligi potest. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *F. Haddad, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0928125824003589 Production des radionucléides - Partie 2 : les accélérateurs de particules]", ''Médecine Nucléaire'', 2025: 33-36 * I. E. McCarthy, ''Nuclear reactions'', Pergamon Press, 1970 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=OepPDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_reactions reactiones nucleares] spectant. [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] 9vu6dsw1mkuf0pwtn2kd0ztltnxwy0m 1 324269 3954527 3954512 2026-04-14T12:27:28Z IacobusAmor 1163 /* de electronica sensu lato */ 3954527 wikitext text/x-wiki == de electronica sensu lato == Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim dicere "electronica" pro sensu lato et "physica electronica" pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Apud Vicidata has entitates invenio: :* [[Electronica]] → [[:d:Q11650]] :* [[Ingeniaria electronica]] → [[:d:Q126095]] :* [[Merx electronica]] (?) → [[:d:Q581105]] :* [[Electronica numerica]] → [[:d:Q173156]] :* [[Industria electronica]] → [[:d:Q5358497]] : --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Sensum quod dicere volo "consumer electronics" bene capit. Sed, mea sententia, terminus "merx electronica" non convenit. Fortasse terminus "electronica quotidiana" placetne omnibus? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:43, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Consumers in this sense are buyers, so 'consumer electronics' literally = ''electronica emptorum,'' but maybe the idea is better given as ''electronica venalia'' ('electronics for sale'), in which ''electronica'' here is neuter plural (the products), distinct from ''[[electronica]]'' (feminine singular, the discipline). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 20:44, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]], quid censeas de nomine “[[Merx electronica]]” ([[:d:Q581105]])? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 10:24, 10 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Uterque terminus (et Merx electronia et Electronica venalis) idem fere dicunt, sed hoc non plane est sententia. Nam elementa ut restitoria et transistra quoque res venales et merx sunt, quia sunt taberna quae ea vendunt, sed "consumer electronics" proprie significat "apparatus electronicus usitate pro vulgo venditurus", e.g., non elementa electronica et non apparatus specializatus ad usum ingeniarium. Vulgus haud umquam restitoria emunt. [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:40, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Iam habemus [[Elementum electronicum]] ([[:d:Q11653]]). Merx autem electronica vel Electronica venalis entitatem [[:d:Q581105]] ([[:en:Consumer electronics]]) indicent. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:33, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::''Electronica venalia'' (pl.), non ''venalis'' (sing.)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:27, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::::Grufo, potesne explicare argumentum tuum? Solum repites punctum sine argumento. [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) rw35lbgumhmlnk8qr5ophp56vyn2mx2 3954547 3954527 2026-04-14T13:47:06Z Grufo 64423 /* de electronica sensu lato */ 3954547 wikitext text/x-wiki == de electronica sensu lato == Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim dicere "electronica" pro sensu lato et "physica electronica" pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Apud Vicidata has entitates invenio: :* [[Electronica]] → [[:d:Q11650]] :* [[Ingeniaria electronica]] → [[:d:Q126095]] :* [[Merx electronica]] (?) → [[:d:Q581105]] :* [[Electronica numerica]] → [[:d:Q173156]] :* [[Industria electronica]] → [[:d:Q5358497]] : --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Sensum quod dicere volo "consumer electronics" bene capit. Sed, mea sententia, terminus "merx electronica" non convenit. Fortasse terminus "electronica quotidiana" placetne omnibus? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:43, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Consumers in this sense are buyers, so 'consumer electronics' literally = ''electronica emptorum,'' but maybe the idea is better given as ''electronica venalia'' ('electronics for sale'), in which ''electronica'' here is neuter plural (the products), distinct from ''[[electronica]]'' (feminine singular, the discipline). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 20:44, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]], quid censeas de nomine “[[Merx electronica]]” ([[:d:Q581105]])? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 10:24, 10 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Uterque terminus (et Merx electronia et Electronica venalis) idem fere dicunt, sed hoc non plane est sententia. Nam elementa ut restitoria et transistra quoque res venales et merx sunt, quia sunt taberna quae ea vendunt, sed "consumer electronics" proprie significat "apparatus electronicus usitate pro vulgo venditurus", e.g., non elementa electronica et non apparatus specializatus ad usum ingeniarium. Vulgus haud umquam restitoria emunt. [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:40, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Iam habemus [[Elementum electronicum]] ([[:d:Q11653]]). Merx autem electronica vel Electronica venalia<s>s</s> entitatem [[:d:Q581105]] ([[:en:Consumer electronics]]) indicent. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:33, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::''Electronica venalia'' (pl.), non ''venalis'' (sing.)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:27, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::::Grufo, potesne explicare argumentum tuum? Solum repites punctum sine argumento. [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::::: @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: Ita. [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafael]], ignosce mihi si mea verba visa sint obscura. Huic tuae sententiae respondebam: “Nam elementa ut restitoria et transistra quoque res venales et merx sunt, quia sunt taberna quae ea vendunt”; argumentum meum hoc est, quod restitoria et transistra cum “merce electronica” (vel aliter appellata) non confundentur, quia iam est pagina “[[Elementum electronicum]]” quae ea tractat. Titulus a te propositus “Electronica quotidiana” etiam convenire potest, attamen [[:d:Q581105#sitelinks-wikipedia|non est titulus communis]] aliis linguis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:47, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) 0azdt28snb920466pi5soywq6h6p5fs 3954557 3954547 2026-04-14T14:08:33Z Grufo 64423 /* de electronica sensu lato */ +Supellex electronica 3954557 wikitext text/x-wiki == de electronica sensu lato == Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim dicere "electronica" pro sensu lato et "physica electronica" pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Apud Vicidata has entitates invenio: :* [[Electronica]] → [[:d:Q11650]] :* [[Ingeniaria electronica]] → [[:d:Q126095]] :* [[Merx electronica]] (?) → [[:d:Q581105]] :* [[Electronica numerica]] → [[:d:Q173156]] :* [[Industria electronica]] → [[:d:Q5358497]] : --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Sensum quod dicere volo "consumer electronics" bene capit. Sed, mea sententia, terminus "merx electronica" non convenit. Fortasse terminus "electronica quotidiana" placetne omnibus? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:43, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Consumers in this sense are buyers, so 'consumer electronics' literally = ''electronica emptorum,'' but maybe the idea is better given as ''electronica venalia'' ('electronics for sale'), in which ''electronica'' here is neuter plural (the products), distinct from ''[[electronica]]'' (feminine singular, the discipline). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 20:44, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]], quid censeas de nomine “[[Merx electronica]]” ([[:d:Q581105]])? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 10:24, 10 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Uterque terminus (et Merx electronia et Electronica venalis) idem fere dicunt, sed hoc non plane est sententia. Nam elementa ut restitoria et transistra quoque res venales et merx sunt, quia sunt taberna quae ea vendunt, sed "consumer electronics" proprie significat "apparatus electronicus usitate pro vulgo venditurus", e.g., non elementa electronica et non apparatus specializatus ad usum ingeniarium. Vulgus haud umquam restitoria emunt. [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:40, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Iam habemus [[Elementum electronicum]] ([[:d:Q11653]]). Merx autem electronica vel Electronica venalia<s>s</s> entitatem [[:d:Q581105]] ([[:en:Consumer electronics]]) indicent. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:33, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::''Electronica venalia'' (pl.), non ''venalis'' (sing.)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:27, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::::Grufo, potesne explicare argumentum tuum? Solum repites punctum sine argumento. [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::::: @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: Ita. [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafael]], ignosce mihi si mea verba visa sint obscura. Huic tuae sententiae respondebam: “Nam elementa ut restitoria et transistra quoque res venales et merx sunt, quia sunt taberna quae ea vendunt”; argumentum meum hoc est, quod restitoria et transistra cum “merce electronica” (vel aliter appellata) non confundentur, quia iam est pagina “[[Elementum electronicum]]” quae ea tractat. Titulus a te propositus “Electronica quotidiana”, quamquam [[:d:Q581105#sitelinks-wikipedia|non sit titulus communis]] aliis linguis, etiam convenire potest. P.S. Alius titulus qui quotidianitatem indicat est “'''Supellex electronica'''”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:47, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) f9iqjorhufudcrrctc9kgpd7wlbzs7w 0 324309 3954628 3953998 2026-04-14T18:11:18Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Flete flenda}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero V reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Flete / flenda / perhorrete / perhorrenda / lugete / lugenda / pavete / pavenda / dolete / dolenda! Etates / currunt / anni / labuntur / vitium / remanet / peccata / crescunt / tyranni / statuuntur. Virtus / cessat / ecclesia / calcatur / clerus / ambit / Mammon / regnat / simonia / dominatur. Pontifices / errant / reges / turbantur / proceres / turbant / sacraria / sordent / leges / violantur. Abbas / inflatur / possessa / vastat / prebendam / minuit / contio / declamitat / fessa / astat. Militibus / gaudet / laude / inescatur / monachos / horret / mundalia / colit / fraude / insidiatur. Subiecti / dissiliunt / stulti / gaudent / gnari / merent / contemptus / attollitur / inulti / audent. Ordo / languet / pudicitia / sordescit / pietas / refugit / doctrina / rarescit / sophia / hebescit. Insons / plectitur / pupillus / artatur / humilis / teritur / viduata / premitur / pusillus / spoliatur. Ingenuus / servit / servus / honoratur / parasitus / tonat / scurra / imperitat / protervus / domniatur. Elluo / prestat / periurus / ditatur / raptor / viget / fallax / excellit / Epicurus / decoratur. Delicie / enervant / fastus / turget / inimicitie / exercentur / tumor / furit / astus / urget. Blandimenta / suadent / mine / adduntur / rabies / sevit / usura / tractatur / rapine / aguntur. Idcirco / cedimur / pesti / incidimus / detrimentum / patimur / grave / languescimus / mesti / imus. Aër / tabet / languores / adaugentur / incendia / consumunt / mucro / sevit / timores / habentur. Aurum / fallit / censores / falluntur / pravi / presunt / iusti / desunt / meliores / rapiuntur. Giraldus / prefuit / mores / ornavit / deflendus / ruit / ovile / orbavit / dolores / cumulavit. Omnipotens / audi / penis / tollatur / hostis / fugiat / paradisus / pateat / amenis / foveatur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, brevibus et concisis metris compositum, est lamentatio morum quae corruptionem generalem societatis mediaevalis depingit. Auctor auditorem invitat ad fletum et pavorem, quia mundus in peius ruit: dum anni labuntur, peccata crescunt et tyranni potestatem occupant. Ecclesia ipsa videtur conculcata, dum clerus ambitione ducitur et simonia ubique dominatur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Scriptor per singulos gradus hierarchiae percurrit, denuntians pontifices errantes, reges turbatos, et abbates superbiā inflatos qui opes ecclesiae vastant. In hoc mundo inverso, virtutes sicut pudicitia, pietas, et sophia obsolescunt, dum vitia vigent. Ordo socialis pariter confunditur: ingenui serviunt, servi honorantur, et parasiti in aulis imperitant. Iustitia deest, et divitiae (aurum) vel ipsos censores corrumpunt.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In fine carminis, mentio fit cuiusdam Giraldi, cuius mors dolores cumulavit et ovile orbum reliquit, quod ad certum eventum historicum alludere videtur. Carmen clauditur precatione ad Deum Omnipotentem, ut poenas tollat, hostes fuget, et fidelibus aditum ad paradisum patefaciat.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 5d5c3topyyvv4o634uvqm4sn834rvj2 0 324310 3954627 3953961 2026-04-14T18:11:03Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Florebat olim studium}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VI reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = }}.</ref> <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 185).</ref>. Carmen auctore caret nec de tempore compositionis constat <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.</ref>. Quamvis codex Carminum Buranorum circiter annos 1225/1230 exaratus sit, hic textus contentiones ingenii saeculo XII ortas refert <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 15.</ref>. In hac sylloge, carmen CB 6 exemplum praebet poesis ad ethicam argumentationem ac criticam socialem adhibitae <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 31, 165.</ref>. == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Florebat olim studium, nunc vertitur in tedium; iam scire diu viguit, sed ludere prevaluit. iam pueris astutia contingit ante tempora, qui per malivolentiam excludunt sapientiam. sed retro actis seculis vix licuit discipulis tandem nonagenarium quiescere post studium. at nunc decennes pueri decusso iugo liberi se nunc magistros iactitant, ceci cecos precipitant, implumes aves volitant, brunelli chordas incitant, boves in aula salitant, stive precones militant. in taberna Gregorius iam disputat inglorius; severitas Ieronymi partem causatur obuli; Augustinus de segete, Benedictus de vegete sunt colloquentes clanculo et ad macellum sedulo. Mariam gravat sessio, nec Marthe placet actio; iam Lie venter sterilis, Rachel lippescit oculis. Catonis iam rigiditas convertitur ad ganeas, et castitas Lucretie turpi servit lascivie. quod prior etas respuit, iam nunc latius claruit; iam calidum in frigidum et humidum in aridum, virtus migrat in vitium, opus transit in otium; nunc cuncte res a debita exorbitantur semita. vir prudens hoc consideret, cor mundet et exoneret, ne frustra dicat «Domine!» in ultimo examine; quem iudex tunc arguerit, appellare non poterit.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor deplorat occasum studiorum et [[sapientia|sapientiae]], querens quod veterum [[disciplina]] in [[otium]] et ludum conversa sit. Describitur [[mundus inversus]] ubi pueri decennes, iugo disciplinae excusso, [[magister|magistros]] se iactant et "ceci cecos precipitant". [[Allegoria|Allegoriae]] animalium adhibentur ad stultitiam temporis demonstrandam: [[bos|boves]] in aula saltant et [[asinus|asini]] (brunelli) chordas incitant, quod significat confusionem ordinis naturalis et socialis.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In parte prima, auctor praeteritum tempus, studiis florens ac severum, cum praesenti otio lusuque depravato comparat <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.</ref>. Praecipue iuvenum [[discipulus|discipulorum]] ("puerorum decennes") arguitur [[superbia]], qui laborem discendi recusantes, ante tempus sese magistros profitentur <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.</ref>. Haec rerum condicio per imagines paradoxas describitur: caeci caecos ducunt, asini [[lyra]]m pulsant, boves saltant et rustici praedicant <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.</ref>. Argumentum carminis ad corruptionem auctoritatum religiosarum extenditur, inducendo Sanctos Patres ut [[Gregorius I|Gregorium]], [[Hieronymus|Ieronymum]], [[Augustinus (sanctus)|Augustinum]] et [[Benedictus de Nursia|Benedictum]] in actibus mundanis vel indecoris. Hi sancti, qui olim sapientiam et severitatem repraesentabant, nunc in [[taberna]]s disputant aut de mercibus et segetibus in macello colloqui dicuntur. Etiam figurae biblicae sicut [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Maria]], [[Martha]], [[Lia]] et [[Rachel]], necnon exempla [[virtus|virtutis]] antiquae sicut [[Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis|Cato]] et [[Lucretia (matrona)|Lucretia]], vitiis aut sterilitati succumbere videntur, significantes penitus subversionem moralem.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In sectione media, [[satira]] ad auctoritates religiosas moralesque pertinet. Sancti Patres (Gregorius, Hieronymus, Augustinus ac Benedictus) in tabernis inter epulas potusque degentes aut de nummulis rixantes finguntur <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.</ref>. Pariter personae [[Biblia|biblicae]] et antiquae degenerant: Maria et Martha officia neglegunt, casta Lucretia luxuriae indulget et severus Cato gulae deservit <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.</ref>. In ultima parte, scriptor universalem diagnosim praebet mundi ubi "virtus migrat in [[vitium]]" et omnia a debita semita exorbitant. Carmen cum admonitione [[eschatologia|eschatologica]] clauditur: vir prudens debet cor mundare ante ultimum examen divinum. Nam cum [[dies iudicii]] advenerit, nemo contra sententiam Iudicis aeterni appellare poterit, et stultitia praesentis saeculi tunc penitus arguetur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Hoc opus speciem praebet [[planctus]] more conservativo compositi, quo corruptela studiorum ac morum illius aetatis denuntiatur <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.</ref>. Textus in topo mundi inversi cardine vertitur, ubi pristina bona ac [[hierarchia]]e funditus evertuntur <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.</ref>. ==Investigatio critica== Ex parte culturae, carmen ''Florebat olim studium'' habetur index mundi visus [[monachus|monastici]], qui cum [[schola cathedralis|scholis cathedralibus]] urbis tunc nascentibus decertat <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.</ref>. Auctor veterem discendi rationem, stabilem ac contemplativam in divina pagina positam, extollit; contra novos studiorum locos, certaminis ac passionis plenos, impugnat <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.</ref>. Stilus [[ironia]] sophistica et [[parodia]] intertextuali distinguitur. [[Scriptura Sacra|Scripturarum Sacrarum]] auctoritatumque classicarum loci adhibentur sed in diversum detorti, ut praesentis aetatis falsitas demonstretur <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 132, 134.</ref>. Carmen monitu eschatologico clauditur: ad extremum [[Iudicium Universale|Iudicium]] provocatur, ubi vir prudens cor purgare iubetur, cum apud divinum iudicem nulla appellatio possit admitti <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.</ref>. == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] dw6rshp4ansic2xtxvbvuwq44ly1u21 0 324333 3954626 3954101 2026-04-14T18:10:52Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Postquam nobilitas}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VII reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Postquam nobilitas servilia cepit amare, Cepit nobilitas cum servis degenerare. Nobilitas, quam non probitas regit atque tuetur, Lapsa iacet nullique placet, quia nulla videtur. Nobilitas hominis mens est, deitatis imago. Nobilitas hominis virtutum clara propago. Nobilitas hominis mentem frenare furentem. Nobilitas hominis humilem relevare iacentem. Nobilitas hominis nature iura tenere. Nobilitas hominis nisi turpia nulla timere. Nobilis est ille, quem virtus nobilitavit; Degener est ille, quem virtus nulla beavit.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor naturam verae nobilitatis investigat et deplorat corruptionem classis nobilium sui temporis. Primum asserit nobilitatem degenerare cum servilia vitia et mores plebeios amare incipit. Sine probitate et virtute, nobilitas ipsa dilabitur et prorsus evanescit, quia honor externus sine interiori dignitate nullius momenti est.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum centrale carminis est definitio ethica et philosophica nobilitatis, quae non ex genere sed ex mente oriri dicitur. Mens humana describitur ut "deitatis imago" et fons clarus virtutum. Vera nobilitas in actionibus moralibus consistit: in refrenandis cupiditatibus furestibus, in adiuvandis humilibus, in legibus naturae servandis et in timendo nihil nisi turpitudinem moralem.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, carmen conclusionem percutientem de hominis statu proponit. Nobilis appellari non potest nisi is quem virtus re vera nobilitavit; contra, quicumque virtute caret, degener habendus est, quantumvis alto loco natus sit. Sic auctor idealem goliardicum et humanisticum praebet, ubi meritum personale nobilitati sanguinis anteponitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] hp9p9zrphlm6cijunnkfl30sudwpgzt 0 324335 3954625 3954106 2026-04-14T18:10:41Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Licet eger cum egrotis}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VIII reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Licet eger cum egrotis et ignotus cum ignotis fungar tamen vice cotis, ius usurpans sacerdotis. flete, Sion filie! presides ecclesie imitantur hodie Christum a remotis. Si privata degens vita vel sacerdos vel levita sibi dari vult petita, hac incedit via trita: previa fit pactio Simonis auspicio, cui succedit datio: sic fit Giezita. Iacet ordo clericalis in respectu laicalis, sponsa Christi fit mercalis, generosa generalis; veneunt altaria, venit eucharistia, cum sit nugatoria gratia venalis. Donum Dei non donatur, nisi gratis conferatur; quod qui vendit vel mercatur, lepra Syri vulneratur. quem sic ambit ambitus, idolorum servitus, templo sancti Spiritus non compaginatur. Si quis tenet hunc tenorem, frustra dicit se pastorem nec se regit ut rectorem, renum mersus in ardorem. hec est enim alia sanguisuge filia, quam venalis curia duxit in uxorem. In diebus iuventutis timent annos senectutis, ne fortuna destitutis desit eis splendor cutis. et dum querunt medium, vergunt in contrarium; fallit enim vitium specie virtutis. Ut iam loquar inamenum: sanctum chrisma datur venum, iuvenantur corda senum nec refrenant motus renum. senes et decrepiti quasi modo geniti nectaris illiciti hauriunt venenum. Ergo nemo vivit purus, castitatis perit murus, commendatur Epicurus nec spectatur moriturus. grata sunt convivia; auro vel pecunia cuncta facit pervia pontifex futurus.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor satiricus de gravi vitiis et corruptione cleri conqueritur. Invocans munus "cotis" (quae ferrum acuit sed ipsa secare non valet), scriptor sacerdotale officium usurpat ut praesides Ecclesiae reprehendat, qui Christum non sequuntur nisi a longe. Lamentatio ad filias Sion dirigitur, quia ordo clericalis ad vilitatem laicalem decidit et Ecclesia, sponsa Christi, iam facta est res mercalis.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum praecipue simoniam impugnat: gratia divina, quae gratuita esse deberet, venalis facta est in curiis. Auctor memorat pacta Simonis Magi et nefas Giezi, monens eos qui sacramenta (altaria, eucharistiam, chrisma) vendunt lepra morali vulnerari. Cupiditas et ambitus tamquam idolorum servitus describuntur, quae pastores a templo Spiritus Sancti separant, eos in "filium sanguisugae" transformantes.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Postremo, carmen describit senes et iuvenes cleri qui, virtutis speciem simulantes, vitiis carnalibus et luxuriae Epicuri indulgent. Metus inopiae in senectute eos ad pecuniam cumulandam impellit, unde castitatis murus perit et omnia jura per pecuniam pervia fiunt. Scriptor acerbe concludit neminem purum vivere, cum futuri pontifices non Deum, sed aurum et convivia colant.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> ==Investigatio critica== {{...}} == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 4xz4umbqgdw40g2mlc5l8ta08qldi85 0 324339 3954624 3954292 2026-04-14T18:10:30Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Iudas gehennam meruit}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero IX reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Iudas gehennam meruit, quod Christum semel vendidit; vos autem michi dicite: qui septies cotidie corpus vendunt dominicum, quod superat supplicium? Perpendite subtiliter: cum vendant missam viliter et peccent in alterutrum sumendo plus vel modicum, quod anhelant ad munera, finis est avaritia. Petrus damnato Simone gravi sub anathemate docuit, ut fidelibus non esset locus amplius in donis spiritalibus emptis a venditoribus. Multi nunc damnant Simonem Magum magis quam demonem, heredes autem Simonis suis fovent blanditiis. Simon nondum est mortuus, si vivit in heredibus. Quamvis cogente Abraham Ephron sumens pecuniam agrum sepulcro vendidit, Ephran vocari meruit; nunc Ephranitas dicere multos potestis simile.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor argumentum simoniae ac corruptionis ecclesiasticae verbis acerrimis tractat, conferens peccatum Iudae Iscariotis cum vitiis clericorum sui temporis. Si Iudas damnationem aeternam meruit quia Christum semel tantum vendidit, scriptor quaerit quale supplicium maneat eos qui cotidie corpus Dominicum per missas venales negotientur. Avaritia hic demonstratur ut radix omnium malorum in vita religiosa.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Poeta deinde ad exempla scripturarum recurrit, memorans condemnationem Simonis Magi a Petro apostolo factam. Auctor arguit Simonem non vere mortuum esse, quoniam eius heredes spirituales, scilicet simoniaci, adhuc in Ecclesia floreant et blanditiis foveantur. Haec hypocrisis clerum perstringit, qui verbis Simonem damnant sed re vera eius mores sequuntur, dona spiritualia pecunia commutantes.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, carmen ad historiam Abrahae et Ephron refert, ubi venditio agri pro sepulcro vituperatur. Per hanc comparationem, scriptor hodiernos negotiatores sacrorum "Ephranitas" nominat, significans nomen pristinum amittere eos qui cupiditate trahuntur. Carmen sic claudit lamentationem de statu morali mundi, ubi sacra Deo debita ad quaestum turpem redacta sunt.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> ==Investigatio critica== {{...}} == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] rxl0k9yw5rmdyzv2gwqkpqjs5t0w1tk 0 324340 3954623 3954294 2026-04-14T18:10:21Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Ecce sonat in aperto vox clamantis in deserto: nos desertum, nos deserti, nos de pena sumus certi. nullus fere vitam querit, et sic omne vivens perit. omnes quidem sumus rei, nullus imitator Dei, nullus vult portare crucem, nullus Christum sequi ducem. quis est verax, quis est bonus, vel quis Dei portat onus? ut in uno claudam plura: mors extendit sua iura. iam mors regnat in prelatis: nolunt sanctum dare gratis, quod promittunt sub ingressu, sancte mentis in excessu; postquam sedent iam securi, contradicunt sancto iuri. rose fiunt saliunca, domus Dei fit spelunca. sunt latrones, non latores, legis Dei destructores. Simon sedens inter eos dat magnates esse reos. Simon prefert malos bonis, Simon totus est in donis, Simon regnat apud Austrum, Simon frangit omne claustrum. cum non datur, Simon stridet, sed si detur, Simon ridet; Simon aufert, Simon donat, hunc expellit, hunc coronat, hunc circumdat gravi peste, illum nuptiali veste; illi donat diadema, qui nunc erat anathema. iam se Simon non abscondit, res permiscet et confundit. iste Simon confundatur, cui tantum posse datur! Simon Petrus hunc elusit et ab alto iusum trusit; dum superbit motus penna, datus fuit in gehenna. quisquis eum imitatur, cum eodem puniatur et sepultus in infernum penas luat in eternum! Amen.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor biblicam prophetiam Iohannis Baptistae ("vox clamantis in deserto") ad statum moralem sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse desertum virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo velit crucem portare aut Christum sequi, et mors spiritalis iura sua super omnes extendat.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem praelatorum et simoniae intenditur. Auctor denuntiat ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem "Simonis" (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Conclusio carminis gravem exsecrationem in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in gehennam praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in inferno puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> ==Investigatio critica== {{...}} == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 19vl11c3bx5q6dbyrae60oyl9osq2m8 0 324341 3954622 3954308 2026-04-14T18:10:10Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|In terra summus}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XI reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| In terra summus rex est hoc tempore Nummus. Nummum mirantur reges et ei famulantur. Nummo venalis favet ordo pontificalis. Nummus in abbatum cameris retinet dominatum. Nummum nigrorum veneratur turba priorum. Nummus magnorum fit iudex conciliorum. Nummus bella gerit, nec si vult, pax sibi deerit. Nummus agit lites, quia vult deponere dites. Erigit ad plenum de stercore Nummus egenum. Omnia Nummus emit venditque, dat et data demit. Nummus adulatur, Nummus post blanda minatur. Nummus mentitur, Nummus verax reperitur. Nummms periuros miseros facit et perituros. Nummus avarorum deus est et spes cupidorum. Nummus in errorem mulierum ducit amorem. Nummus venales dominas facit imperiales. Nummus raptores facit ipsos nobiliores. Nummus habet plures quam celum sidera fures. Si Nummus placitat, cito cuncta pericula vitat. Si Nummus vicit, dominus cum iudice dicit: «Nummus ludebat, agnum niveum capiebat.» Nummus, rex magnus, dixit: «Niger est meus agnus». Nummus fautores habet astantes seniores. Si Nummus loquitur, pauper tacet; hoc bene scitur. Nummus merores reprimit relevatque labores. Nummus corda necat sapientum, lumina cecat. Nummus, ut est certum, stultum docet esse disertum. Nummus habet medicos, fictos acquirit amicos. In Nummi mensa sunt splendida fercula densa. Nummus laudatos pisces comedit piperatos. Francorum vinum Nummus bibit atque marinum. Nummus famosas vestes gerit et pretiosas. Nummo splendorem dant vestes exteriorem. Nummus eos gestat lapides, quos India prestat. Nummus dulce putat, quod eum gens tota salutat. Nummus et invadit et que vult oppida tradit. Nummus adoratur, quia virtutes operatur: Hic egros sanat, secat, urit et aspera planat, Vile facit carum, quod dulce est, reddit amarum Et facit audire surdum claudumque salire. De Nummo quedam maiora prioribus edam: Vidi cantantem Nummum, missam celebrantem; Nummus cantabat, Nummus responsa parabat; Vidi, quod flebat, dum sermonem faciebat, Et subridebat, populum quia decipiebat. Nullus honoratur sine Nummo, nullus amatur. Quem genus infamat, Nummus: «Probus est homo!» clamat. Ecce patet cuique, quod Nummus regnat ubique. Sed quia consumi poterit cito gloria Nummi, Ex hac esse schola non vult Sapientia sola.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor personificatione utitur ad describendam potentiam absolutam pecuniae, quae "Nummus" vocatur et summus rex mundi declaratur. Carmen per seriem paradoxorum et accusationum ostendit quomodo omnes ordines societatis, a regibus usque ad abbates et monachos, huic novo deo serviant et eius imperium venerentur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum praecipue intendit in corruptionem moralem et socialem, ubi Nummus iustitiam flectit, bella gerit, et leges mutat secundum voluntatem suam. Auctor satirice dicit Nummum omnia emere et vendere, atque facultatem habere convertendi mendacium in veritatem et scelestos in nobiles. Etiam in rebus spiritualibus Nummus dominatur, nam auctor se vidisse fatetur pecuniam ipsam missas celebrantem et populum decipientem sub specie pietatis.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Conclusio carminis admonet de fragilitate huius mundanae gloriae. Quamvis Nummus ubique regnet et miracula vana operetur, sicut sanationes vel honorum distributiones, eius potestas fluxa est et cito consumi potest. Una Sapientia, quae res aeternas respicit, ab hac schola cupida et corrupta se separare vult, ordinem moralem contra avaritiam defendens.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 2ljedvr71e8l3bj7ofb1csu2k1uy322 0 324342 3954621 3954297 2026-04-14T18:09:59Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Procurans odium}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XII reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Procurans odium effectu proprio vix detrahentium gaudet intentio. nexus est cordium ipsa detractio: sic per contrarium ab hoste nescio fit hic provisio; in hoc amantium felix condicio. Insultus talium prodesse sentio, tollendi tedium fulsit occasio; suspendunt gaudium pravo consilio, sed desiderium auget dilatio: tali remedio de spinis hostium uvas vindemio.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor argumentum paradoxale tractat de effectu detractionis in res amatorias. Quamvis invidi et detractores odium seminare conentur, eorum malitiae intentio saepe in contrarium vertitur. Nam ipsa detractio, quae amantibus obesse deberet, vinculum cordium firmius reddit et amantium condicionem felicem facit, dum eos contra communes hostes coniungit.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Poeta explicat quomodo insultus invidorum non taedium, sed occasionem renovandi gaudii praebeant. Licet consilia pravorum laetitiam ad tempus suspendere videantur, ipsa dilatio desiderium et amorem magis incendit. Per hanc ratiocinationem, auctor concludit se ex malitia aliorum fructum bonum capere posse, ut metaphorice dicat se "uvas de spinis hostium" vindemiare.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 6x5ejnmvt1prisqoc1718t9hgga7awj 0 324343 3954620 3954299 2026-04-14T18:09:47Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Invidus invidia}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XIII reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Invidus invidia comburitur intus et extra. Invidus alterius rebus macrescit opimis. Invidia Siculi non invenere tyranni Maius tormentum. qui non moderabitur ire, Infectum volet esse, dolor quod suaserit aut mens.<ref> Horatius, Ep. 1, 2, 57-60</ref> Invidiosus ego, non invidus esse laboro. Iustius invidia nichil est, que protinus ipsos Corripit auctores excruciatque suos. Invidiam nimio cultu vitare memento.<ref> Dist. Caton. 2, 13, 1</ref><ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen est collectio sententiarum moralium quae naturam destruentem invidiae mactant et vituperant. Scriptor variis auctoritatibus utitur ad demonstrandum quomodo invidia non solum alios petat, sed ipsum invidum cruciet et consumat. Prima sententia declarat invidum "intus et extra" incendi, significans hunc morbum animi totum hominem invadere.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In secunda parte, auctor versus ex Horatii Epistulis affert, ubi dicitur invidiam esse tormentum gravius quam ulla crudelitas tyrannorum Siculorum inventa. Describitur invidus qui, cum aliena prosperitate tabescat, nisi iram moderabitur, postea paenitebit id quod dolor aut mens impulerit fieri. Hoc momentum exprimit necessitatem temperantiae contra impetus animi iniquos.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultimis partibus, carmen paradoxon iustitiae invidiae proponit, quia ipsa autores suos excruciat, et finem facit admonitione e Distichis Catonis sumpta. Scriptor lectorem hortatur ad invidiam vitandam, etiam per moderationem in victu vel cultu, ne alienis oculis stimulum praebeat. Sic carmen, per flosculos auctorum classicorum, ethicam socialem et personalem goliardicam instruit.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] jcs8zdo273ok13m7q2s05u8xym04b5y 0 324346 3954666 3954343 2026-04-14T21:02:16Z LilyKitty 18316 de freto pro navigatione internationali 3954666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:UNCLOS logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] Pactionis Nationum Unitarum de lege maris]] [[Fasciculus:Law of the Sea Convention.svg|thumb|Civitates quae Pactionem Nationum Unitarum de lege maris{{dubsig}}.]] [[Fasciculus:Maritime Zones under International Law.png|thumb|Mare, territoria, et [[planities litoralis]].]] '''Pactio Nationum Unitarum de lege maris''' est [[ius internationale]] de [[mare|mari]], [[terra]], et [[insula|insulis]] a [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] decreta die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1982]], et die [[16 Novembris]] [[1994]] in potestatem iit.{{dubsig}} Pactione hae{{dubsig}} et de mare publica, [[fretum|freto]]rs pro [[ars navigandi|navigatione]] internationali,<ref>Articulo 37</ref> [[planities litoralis|planitie litorari]], zona oeconomica exclusiva, et [[oceanus mundi|oceano mundi]] definit et hodie 172 civitates hanc ratam habent.<ref>[https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm Ocean & Law of the Sea | Chronological lists of ratification] (Nationes Unitae)</ref> Pactio et [[Tribunal internationale iuris maritimi]] definit. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm Textus Pactionis] ([[Anglice]]) [[Categoria:Ius internationale]] [[Categoria:Maria]] [[Categoria:Nationes Unitae]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1982]] m2alsjtsjvoekufct92qo9u9or5n2rm 0 324349 3954619 3954363 2026-04-14T18:09:34Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|O varium Fortune}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XIV reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| O varium Fortune lubricum, dans dubium tribunal iudicum, non modicum paras huic premium, quem colere tua vult gratia et petere rote sublimia, dans dubia tamen, prepostere de stercore pauperem erigens, de rhetore consulem eligens. Edificat Fortuna, diruit; nunc abdicat, quos prius coluit; quos noluit, iterum vendicat hec opera sibi contraria, dans munera nimis labilia; mobilia sunt Sortis federa, que debiles ditans nobilitat et nobiles premens debilitat. Quid Dario regnasse profuit? Pompeïo quid Roma tribuit? Succubuit? uterque gladio. eligere media tutius quam petere rote sublimius et gravius a summo ruere: fit gravior lapsus a prosperis et durior ab ipsis asperis. Subsidio Fortune labilis cur prelio Troia tunc nobilis, nunc flebilis ruit incendio? quis sanguinis Romani gratiam, quis nominis Greci facundiam, quis gloriam fregit Carthaginis? Sors lubrica, que dedit, abstulit; hec unica que fovit, perculit. Nil gratius Fortune gratia, nil dulcius est inter dulcia quam gloria, si staret longius. sed labitur ut olus marcidum et sequitur agrum nunc floridum, quem aridum cras cernes. igitur improprium non edo canticum: o varium Fortune lubricum.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor naturam instabilem et mutabilem Fortunae describit, quae sine ordine hominum sortes evertit. Fortuna fingitur ut vis potens quae pauperes de stercore erigit et rhetores in consules mutat, sed eadem celeritate munera labilia rursus eripit. Haec "Sortis foedera" mobilia dicuntur, quia potentes debilitant et debiles nobilitant, rotam suam sine intermissione volvens.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum per exempla historica illustratur, commemoratis claris viris et civitatibus quae ruinam fecerunt. Auctor de Dario, Pompeio, Troia, et Carthagine loquitur ut demonstret nihil in terris firmum esse; cuncta enim quae Sors lubrica dedit, eadem postea abstulit. Inde deducitur monitum morale: tutius est vitam mediam eligere quam fastigia petere, quia lapsus ab alta prosperitate semper gravior et durior sentitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Denique carmen concluditur meditatione de fugacitate gloriae mundanae, quae comparatur olitibus marcidis vel agro qui hodie floret sed cras aridus erit. Quamvis Fortunae gratia dulcis videatur, eius brevitas omnem laetitiam corrumpit. Poeta igitur hanc lamentationem iustam esse confirmat, iterans versus initiales de lubricitate fati humani.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] abdvcfr5wk892nyc0do4uhlu1abde8g 0 324350 3954618 3954364 2026-04-14T18:09:22Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Celum, non animum}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XV reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> <ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 19.</ref>. == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Celum, non animum mutat stabilitas, firmans id optimum, quod mentis firmitas vovet - cum animi tamen iudicio; nam si turpissimi voti consilio vis scelus imprimi facto nefario, debet hec perimi facta promissio. Non erat stabilis gradus, qui cecidit, pes eius labilis domus, que occidit. hinc tu considera, quid agi censceas, dum res est libera; sic sta, ne iaceas; prius delibera, quod factum subeas, ne die postera sero peniteas. Facti dimidium habet, qui ceperit, ceptum negotium si non omiserit, non tantum deditus circa principia, nedum sollicitus pro finis gloria; nam rerum exitus librat industria, subit introitus preceps incuria. Coronat militem finis, non prelium; dat hoc ancipitem metam, is bravium; iste quod tribuit, dictat stabilitas; istud quod metuit, inducit levitas; nam palmam annuit mentis integritas, quam dari respuit vaga mobilitas. Mutat cum Proteo figuram levitas, assumit ideo formas incognitas; vultum constantia conservans intimum, alpha principia et o novissimum flectens fit media, dans finem optimum, mutans in varia celum, non animum.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine moralistico, auctor stabilitatem mentis et constantiam laudat, incipiens a celebri sententia Horatiana quae docet caelum mutari posse, sed non animum. Argumentum principale versatur circa firmitatem propositi, quae tantum bona esse dicitur si iudicio recti animi regatur; nam promissa nefaria vel turpia non servanda, sed potius perimenda sunt secundum auctorem.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Poeta lectorem hortatur ad prudentiam et deliberationem antequam aliquid agat, ne serum paeniteat. Exemplum dat de domo labili et gradu instabili qui cadit, monens ut unusquisque statum suum servet ne iaceat. Doctrina de perseverantia hic explicatur: qui coepit negotium iam dimidium facti habet, sed gloria vera non in initiis, sed in exitu rerum per industriam librato consistit.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, carmen opponit integritatem mentis et levitatem mutabilem. Dum levitas Protei more figuras varias et incognitas assumit, constantia vultum intimum servat et ab initio (alpha) usque ad finem (omega) perstat. Victoria vel "bravium" non proelio ipsi, sed fini et stabilitati tribuitur, quia mentis integritas palmam meretur, quam vaga mobilitas amittit.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 1ty652b7zjpnc863pso814ie98g0o2v 0 324351 3954617 3954365 2026-04-14T18:09:09Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Fortune plango vulnera}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XVI reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Fortune plango vulnera stillantibus ocellis, quod sua michi munera subtrahit rebellis. verum est, quod legitur fronte capillata, sed plerumque sequitur Occasio calvata. In Fortune solio sederam elatus, prosperitatis vario flore coronatus; quicquid enim florui felix et beatus, nunc a summo corrui gloria privatus. Fortune rota volvitur: descendo minoratus; alter in altum tollitur; nimis exaltatus rex sedet in vertice - caveat ruinam! nam sub axe legimus Hecubam reginam.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor mutabilitatem fati personaeque [[Fortuna|Fortunae]] deplorat, quae beneficia sua instabili more adimit. Poeta luctum suum verbis "stillantibus ocellis" exprimit, memorans allegoriam antiquam Occasionis, quae fronte capillata sed vertice calva fingitur, ut significetur opportunitatem fugacem comprehendi debere antequam elabatur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum centrale versatur circa conversionem rerum humanarum et casum a summo gradu felicitatis. Scriptor sese quondam in solio prosperitatis sedentem et floribus coronatum fuisse fatetur, sed nunc, gloria privatus, se a culmine cecidisse videt. Haec imago vanitatem honorum mundanorum et fragilitatem status beati sub imperio fati demonstrat.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, carmen celeberrimam imaginem [[Rota Fortunae|Rotae Fortunae]] describit, quae perpetuo motu alios erigit et alios deicit. Dum unus ascendit, alter minoratus descendit; etiam rex, qui in vertice rotae sedet, de ruina monetur. Exemplum mythologicum [[Hecuba|Hecubae]] reginae adhibetur ad confirmandum neminem, quantumvis potentem, ab axe fati et ab extrema miseria esse immune.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 4zrkzfensa97xbnsuenjb92e4h3rjla 0 324352 3954615 3954425 2026-04-14T18:08:42Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|O Fortuna levis}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XVIII reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| O Fortuna levis! cui vis das munera que vis, Et cui vis que vis auferet hora brevis. Passibus ambiguis Fortuna volubilis errat Et manet in nullo certa tenaxque loco; Sed modo leta manet, modo vultus sumit acerbos, Et tantum constans in levitate manet<ref>Ovid. Trist. 5, 8, 15-18</ref>. Dat Fortuna bonum, sed non durabile donum; Attollit pronum, faciens de rege colonum. Quos vult Sors ditat, quos non vult, sub pede tritat. Qui petit alta nimis, retro lapsus ponitur imis.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, quod ex variis auctoritatibus et sententiis poeticis constat, natura mutabilis [[Fortuna (dea)|Fortunae]] describitur. Auctor effert levitatem fati, quod munera pro arbitrio distribuit et eadem celeriter aufert. Secunda pars carminis versus ex [[Ovidius|Ovidii]] ''Tristibus'' profert, ubi dea volubilis dicitur errante passu procedere, numquam in eodem loco constans, sed tantum in propria levitate perseverans.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum centrale est fragilitas rerum humanarum et potentia sortis in cursu vitae. Fortuna dona dat non durabilia, quae subito hominem humilem attollere possunt, sed etiam regem in colonum vertere, ordinem socialem evertendo. Sors hic apparet ut vis caeca quae quosdam ditat et alios sub pede tritat, nullam iustitiam humanam sequens.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, carmen monitum morale praebet de periculis superbiae et ambitionis immodicae. Qui "alta nimis" petere conatur, periculo expositionis ad ruinam subitam obnoxius est, quia lapsus retro eum in ima ponit. Haec est classica imago [[Rota Fortunae|Rotae Fortunae]], quae omnia humana in perpetuo motu et instabilitate tenet.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] alkuz88ydqrl67t7cdfj056xqqea23b 0 324353 3954614 3954426 2026-04-14T18:08:29Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Regnabo; regno; regnavi; sum sine regno}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XVIIIa reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Regnabo; regno; regnavi; sum sine regno.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc brevissimum carmen, quod saepissime cum imagine [[Rota Fortunae|Rotae Fortunae]] in manuscriptis coniungitur, quattuor stadia potentiae humanae verbis paucissimis describit. Per haec quattuor verba, auctor mutationem inevitabilem fati et fragilitatem gloriae mundanae exprimit, quae nullo modo stabilis esse potest.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Sententia "Regnabo, regno, regnavi, sum sine regno" quattuor figuras personat quae circum rotam deae [[Fortuna (dea)|Fortunae]] disponuntur. Primus gradus spem futuri regni indicat, secundus culmen potentiae praesentis, tertius lapsum iam inchoatum, et quartus ultimam miseriam ac privationem omnis honoris. Est igitur carmen didacticum de vanitate rerum mundanarum.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In contextu codicis, hoc carme brevitate sua vim summam habet ad commonendos homines, etiam potentes, de eorum condicione mortali. Quattuor tempora grammaticis formis (futuro, praesenti, perfecto) utuntur ad demonstrandum motum perpetuum et circulum vitae, ubi nemo in eodem statu manere sinitur ob instabilitatem orbis.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] jragmdty6f10gx3elijllr36k6tht4f 0 324355 3954613 3954428 2026-04-14T18:08:15Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Est modus in verbis}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XX reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Est modus in verbis, duo sunt contraria verba: «Do das» et «teneo» contendunt lite superba. Per «do das» largi conantur semper amari, Set «teneo tenui» miseri potiuntur avari. Sicut in omne quod est mensuram ponere prodest, Sic sine mensura non stabit regia cura. Virtus est medium vitiorum utrimque reductum, Et mala sunt vicina bonis; errore sub illo Virtus pro vitio crimina sepe tulit. <ref>Horatius, Ep. 1,18,9</ref> <ref>Ovidius, Remedia 323/24</ref> Dum stultus vitat vitia, in contraria currit; Fallit enim vitium specie virtutis et umbra. <ref>Horatius, Sat. 1, 2, 24</ref> <ref>Juvenalis 14, 109</ref><ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen morale brevem sed acrem deliberationem de ethica Aristotelica et Horatiana praebet, praesertim de virtute quae in medio consistit. Auctor initium facit a contentione verborum "dandi" et "tenendi", quae depinguntur sicut duo principia opposita: largitas, quae amorem quaerit, et avaritia, quae miseros homines ad tenacitatem obligat. Haec oppositio inter liberalitatem et cupiditatem argumentum est pernotum in [[Litterae Latinae mediaevales|litteris mediis]].<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In secunda et tertia parte, carmen extollit momentum mensurae et moderationis, non solum in vita privata sed etiam in "regia cura", id est in gubernatione civitatis. Scripturae veterum auctorum hic resonant, nam sententia de virtute quae est "medium vitiorum" directe ex ethica classica sumitur. Auctor monet mala saepe bonis vicina esse, et homines propter errorem iudicii virtutem pro vitio damnare posse, quod difficultatem verae probitatis discernendae indicat.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Ultima pars carminis, auctoritatibus [[Horatius|Horatii]] et [[Iuvenalis|Iuvenalis]] fulta, periculum stultitiae describit. Stultus enim, dum unum vitium fugere conatur, in oppositum ruit quia non servat modum. Vitium ipsum fallax esse dicitur, quia saepe "specie virtutis" se tegit, decipiens eos qui non satis vigiles sunt ad veram naturam rerum perspiciendam. Haec collectio sententiarum ad usum paedagogicum et moralem in scholis cathedralis saeculi XIII aptissima erat.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] ez6bb6x0fk40w5ussx7azrs12fzb79d 0 324356 3954612 3954429 2026-04-14T18:08:03Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Veritas veritatum}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXI reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Veritas veritatum, via, vita, veritas, per veritatis semitas eliminans peccatum! te verbum incarnatum clamant fides, spes, caritas, tu prime pacis statum reformas post reatum, tu post carnis delicias das gratias, ut facias beatum. o quam mira potentia, quam regia vox principis, cum egrotanti precipis: «surge, tolle grabatum!» Omnia sub peccato clausit Ade meritum; dum pronior in vetitum non paruit mandato, de statu tam beato nos dedit in interitum; de morsu venenato fel inhesit palato per hoc culpe dispendium in vitium nascentium translato. mortis amare poculum in seculum transfunditur, nil cui dulce bibitur de vase vitiato. Spiritus veritatis, spiritus consilii modo penam supplicii non reddit pro peccatis, ut timor castitatis, quo revertentur filii, castiget in prelatis fermentum vetustatis. sed quando sponsus veniet, inveniet, quid faciet ingratis. non huic penam abstulit, cui distulit, sed animam nunc impinguat ad victimam adeps iniquitatis. Tarditas prelatorum iudicem exasperat; sed his qui solus reserat medullas animorum, a fructibus eorum novit eos et tolerat, quos extra viam morum fert impetus errorum. sed «ecce» clamat «venio cum gladio fiagitio malorum!» et cum purgabit aream, tunc paleam abiciet: sic erit, quando veniet ille Sanctus Sanctorum. Cecidit in preclaris hominum funiculus; sed nostre mentis oculus per vias huius maris ad vie singularis metam contendit sedulus. sed luxus secularis per ministros altaris nunc solis vacat opibus patentibus hiatibus avaris. sic per prelatos mammone mors anime concipitur, dum cunctis male vivitur ad formam exemplaris.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, [[Philippus Cancellarius]] theologicas ac morales quaestiones de Redemptione et corruptione cleri tractat. Initium carminis Christum invocat ut summam Veritatem et Verbum incarnatum, qui per fitem, spem, et caritatem hominem ad beatitudinem reducit, pristinum pacis statum post peccatum originale reformans.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Auctor deinde de lapsu Adami disserit, per quem mors et vitium in genus humanum sicut venenum et poculum amarum transfunduntur. Quamvis Spiritus veritatis modo poenam differat ut castitatem foveat, scriptor monet iudicium futurum esse inevitabile. Qui iniquitate impinguantur, quasi victimae ad sacrificium parantur, cum poena divina non sublata sed tantum dilata sit.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Ultima carminis pars acerrimam criticam contra praelatos et ministros altaris dirigit. Auctor eorum tarditatem et luxum condemnat, arguens eos, qui speculum virtutis esse deberent, soli avaritiae et "mammone" vacare. Per mala exempla eorum mors animae concipitur, dum mundus ad formam pravam exemplar corruptum sequitur, iudicio Sancti Sanctorum imminente.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 3ukel8igafag99u2hwsntxz13dgiyu9 0 324357 3954611 3954430 2026-04-14T18:07:52Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Homo, quo vigeas vide!}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXII reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Homo, quo vigeas vide! Dei fidei adhereas, in spe gaudeas, et in fide intus ardeas, foris luceas, turturis retorqueas os ad ascellas. docens ita verbo, vita oris vomere de cordibus fidelium evellas lolium, lilium insere rose, ut alium per hoc corripere speciose valeas. virtuti, saluti omnium studeas, noxias delicias detesteris, opera considera, que si non feceris, damnaberis. hac in via milita gratie et premia cogita patrie, et sic tuum cor in perpetuum gaudebit.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, [[Philippus Cancellarius]] hominem hortatur ad vitam spiritualem colendam et ad fidem divinam firmiter adhaerendum. Auctor metaphoris utitur ad describendam integritatem Christianam, ubi homo intus caritate ardere et foris luce operum bonorum splendere debet. Imago turturis, quae os ad ascellas retorquet, videtur esse symbolum humilitatis vel contemplationis interioris qua quisque se ipsum inspicere debet.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum morale carminis in munere praedicandi et docendi vertitur. Per metaphoram agricolae, scriptor suadet ut "oris vomere," id est verbo Dei, lolium vitiorum ex cordibus fidelium evellatur, et in eorum loco lilia virtutum ac rosae caritatis inserantur. Hic labor non solum ad propriam salutem, sed ad utilitatem omnium spectat, ut proximus exemplo specioso corrigatur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, carmen severe monet de necessitate operum bonorum ad damnationem vitandam. Homo debet delicias noxias detestari et in hac vita terrena, quae est via vel militia, pro gratia divina certare. Finis ultimus est contemplatio praemiorum patriae caelestis, ubi cor iusti in perpetuum gaudebit, ordine mundano superato per spem et laborem virtutis.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 8oranaip5fl2m5gtuzlvgbybc3wbu5m 0 324358 3954610 3954431 2026-04-14T18:07:40Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Vide, qui nosti litteras}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXIII reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Vide, qui nosti litteras et bene doces vivere, quid sit doctrina littere, de quo et ad quid referas. diligenter considera, si sis doctor, quid doceas, et quod doces, hoc teneas, ne tua perdant opera eterna Christi munera. Vide, qui colis studium pro Dei ministerio, ne abutaris studio suspirans ad dispendium lucri, nec te participes coniuge vite vitio; namque multos invenio, qui sunt huius participes, ecclesiarum principes. Vide, qui debes sumere religionis gloriam summi per Dei gratiam, ne te possit decipere nec trudat in interitum Philisteus improvide – namque prodent te Dalide – ut non amittas meritum, Deus, tuorum militum.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen est exhortatio moralis et satira directis ad litteratos, doctores, et ecclesiae principes, monens eos de necessitate congruentiae inter verba et facta. Auctor incipit admonendo illos qui "litteras norunt" ut diligenter considerent quid doceant, ne per hypocrisim et malam vitam praemia aeterna Christi amittant.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In secunda parte, carmen reprehendit clericos et scholares qui studio abutuntur non ad Dei ministerium, sed ad avaritiam et lucrum mundanum spectantes. Scriptor acerbe notat multos "ecclesiarum principes" his vitiis implicari, vitam spiritualem cum vitiis saecularibus foedantes.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Ultima strophe allegoria biblica utitur, commonens religiosos ne a "Philisteo" (hoc est, a diabolo vel peccato) decipiantur nec a "Dalide" (cupiditate vel illecebris mundi) prodantur. Finis carminis est precatio ut milites Dei meritum suum non amittant et ad interitum non trahantur propter imprudentiam moralem.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] ddyziie7jqo62yx3bso2ahqlwd4rabv 0 324359 3954609 3954432 2026-04-14T18:07:28Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Iste mundus furibundus}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXIV reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Iste mundus furibundus falsa prestat gaudia, Quia fluunt et decurrunt ceu campi lilia. Laus mundana, vita vana vera tollit premia, Nam impellit et submergit animas in tartara. Lex carnalis et mortalis valde transitoria Fugit, transit velut umbra, que non est corporea. Quod videmus vel tenemus in presenti patria, Dimittemus et perdemus quasi quercus folia. Fugiamus, contemnamus huius vite dulcia, Ne perdamus in futuro pretiosa munera! Conteramus, confringamus carnis desideria, Ut cum iustis et electis in celesti gloria Gratulari mereamur per eterna secula! Amen.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor thema classicum ''contemptus mundi'' tractat, monens de vanitate rerum terrestrium et fragilitate vitae humanae. Mundus ipse "furibundus" describitur, qui solum gaudia falsa et fluxa praebere potest, quae sicut lilia agri celeriter decurrunt et marcescunt.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum carminis ad pericula moralis vitae intendit: laus mundana et vita inanis veram beatitudinem auferunt, animas ad Tartara vel damnationem impellentes. Creator carminis adhibet similitudines biblicas et naturales, sicut umbram vel folia quercus caduca, ut demonstret omnia quae in hac "praesenti patria" tenemus mox amittenda esse.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, carmen adhortationem asceticam praebet. Poeta fideles urget ut dulcia huius vitae fugiant et desideria carnis confringant. Finis ultimus est meritum gloriae caelestis, ut homo inter iustos et electos in aeternum gratulari possit, mundanis rebus posthabitis.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] nft4ii4a3woe5vhpryzra1vx2o5c2w0 0 324360 3954608 3954435 2026-04-14T18:07:14Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Vivere sub meta}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXV reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Vivere sub meta lex precipit atque propheta. Est velut unda maris vox, gloria, laus popularis. Omina sunt hominum tenui pendentia filo.<ref>Ovidius, Ex Ponto 4, 3, 35</ref> Qui differt penas, peccandi laxat habenas. Nil fieri stulte credit, qui peccat inulte. Discit enim citius meminitque libentius illud,<ref>Horatius, Ep. 2, 2, 262</ref> Quod quis deridet, quam quod probat et veneratur.<ref> Horatius, Ep. 2, 2, 263</ref><ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen breve constat sententiis moralibus et didacticis quae homines ad vitam moderatam et virtuosam exhortantur. Primum distichon monet vitam "sub meta", id est intra fines debitos et mensuram, tam lege divina quam propheticis verbis praecipi. Auctor vanitatem rerum mundanarum extollit, comparans gloriam et laudem popularem undae maris, quae instabilis et fugax est, fragilitatem condicionis humanae verbis [[Ovidius|Ovidii]] confirmans.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Deinde, carmen de iustitia et poena tractat, affirmans dilationem poenarum fomitem esse peccandi. Qui enim sine vindicta peccat, se stulte agere non credit, ideoque licentius in vitia delabitur. Haec monitio momentum disciplinae moralis in societate Christiana mediaevali exprimit, ne impunitas nequitiam alat.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> In ultima parte, versus e libris [[Horatius|Horatii]] sumpti explicant naturam humanam procliviorem esse ad ea discenda et meminenda quae derisione digna sunt. Scriptor indicat homines facilius res ridiculas vel vitiosas animo haerere quam ea quae probanda et veneranda sunt, quod est gravis consideratio de fragilitate mentis et morum hominum.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 7ki6p0u54ori8b964nnav2hc9dcp5bd 0 324364 3954535 3954513 2026-04-14T12:53:25Z IacobusAmor 1163 3954535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Ad cor tuum revertere}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] [[vagi|vagorum]]{{dubsig}} [[Latina mediaevalis|nostra lingua medio aevo]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXVI reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo2.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Ad cor tuum revertere, condicionis misere homo! cur spernis vivere? cur dedicas te vitiis? cur indulges malitiis? cur excessus non corrigis nec gressus tuos dirigis in semitis iustitie, sed contra te cotidie iram Dei exasperas? in te succidi metue radices ficus fatue, cum fructus nullos atteras! O condicio misera! considera, quam aspera sit hec vita, mors altera, que sic immutat statum! cur non purgas reatum sine mora, cum sit hora tibi mortis incognita! et in vita caritas, que non proficit, prorsus aret et deficit nec efficit beatum. Si vocatus ad nuptias advenias sine veste nuptiali, a curia regali expelleris, et obviam si veneris sponso lampade vacua, es quasi virgo fatua. Ergo vide, ne dormias, sed vigilans aperias Domino, cum pulsaverit! beatus, quem invenerit vigilantem, cum venerit!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, cuius [[auctor]] [[Philippus Cancellarius]] esse videtur, scriptor hominem ad paenitentiam et introspectionem vehementer exhortatur. Argumentum incipit cum admonitione ut peccator "ad cor suum" redeat, condiciones miseras humanae vitae agnoscens. Auctor interrogat cur homo vitiis indulgeat et Dei iram cotidie provocet, adhibens imaginem biblicam ficus infructuosae quae succidi meretur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Descriptio vitae humanae quasi "alterius mortis" severitatem moralem carminis exprimit. Scriptor urget ut reatus sine mora purgetur, quia hora mortis unicuique incognita est. In hac visione, caritas quae non operatur aret et deficit, hominemque ad beatitudinem perducere non potest. Haec pars carminis necessitatem gratiae et operum bonorum in via salutis extollit.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Ultima pars carminis allegoriis evangeliis nititur, praecipue parabolis de convivio nuptiali et virginibus prudentibus ac fatuis. Homo monetut ne sine veste nuptiali ad curiam regalem veniat et ne lampadem vacuam ferat cum Sponsus (Christus) advenerit. Concluditur cum beatitudine vigiliantiam laudante, hortans ad spiritualem expergefactionem ante Domini adventum.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 52egolfgz0c3jt426mi3q7pmp44thu0 3954607 3954535 2026-04-14T18:06:13Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Ad cor tuum revertere}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] [[vagi|vagorum]]{{dubsig}} [[Latina mediaevalis|nostra lingua medio aevo]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXVI reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo2.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Ad cor tuum revertere, condicionis misere homo! cur spernis vivere? cur dedicas te vitiis? cur indulges malitiis? cur excessus non corrigis nec gressus tuos dirigis in semitis iustitie, sed contra te cotidie iram Dei exasperas? in te succidi metue radices ficus fatue, cum fructus nullos atteras! O condicio misera! considera, quam aspera sit hec vita, mors altera, que sic immutat statum! cur non purgas reatum sine mora, cum sit hora tibi mortis incognita! et in vita caritas, que non proficit, prorsus aret et deficit nec efficit beatum. Si vocatus ad nuptias advenias sine veste nuptiali, a curia regali expelleris, et obviam si veneris sponso lampade vacua, es quasi virgo fatua. Ergo vide, ne dormias, sed vigilans aperias Domino, cum pulsaverit! beatus, quem invenerit vigilantem, cum venerit!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, cuius [[auctor]] [[Philippus Cancellarius]] esse videtur, scriptor hominem ad paenitentiam et introspectionem vehementer exhortatur. Argumentum incipit cum admonitione ut peccator "ad cor suum" redeat, condiciones miseras humanae vitae agnoscens. Auctor interrogat cur homo vitiis indulgeat et Dei iram cotidie provocet, adhibens imaginem biblicam ficus infructuosae quae succidi meretur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Descriptio vitae humanae quasi "alterius mortis" severitatem moralem carminis exprimit. Scriptor urget ut reatus sine mora purgetur, quia hora mortis unicuique incognita est. In hac visione, caritas quae non operatur aret et deficit, hominemque ad beatitudinem perducere non potest. Haec pars carminis necessitatem gratiae et operum bonorum in via salutis extollit.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Ultima pars carminis allegoriis evangeliis nititur, praecipue parabolis de convivio nuptiali et virginibus prudentibus ac fatuis. Homo monetut ne sine veste nuptiali ad curiam regalem veniat et ne lampadem vacuam ferat cum Sponsus (Christus) advenerit. Concluditur cum beatitudine vigiliantiam laudante, hortans ad spiritualem expergefactionem ante Domini adventum.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 6rz3cnczgze2qripbem31kdmdbxc1wm 0 324365 3954606 3954514 2026-04-14T18:05:58Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Bonum est confidere}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXVII reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo2.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Bonum est confidere in dominorum Domino, bonum est spem ponere in spei nostre termino. qui de regum potentia, non de Dei clementia spem concipis, te decipis et excipis ab aula summi principis. quid in opum aggere exaggeras peccatum? in Deo cogitatum tuum iacta, prius acta studeas corrigere, in labore manuum et sudore vultuum pane tuo vescere! Carnis ab ergastulo liber eat spiritus, ne peccati vinculo vinciatur et trahatur ad inferni gemitus, ubi locus flentium, ubi stridor dentium, ubi pena gehennali affliguntur omnes mali in die novissimo, in die gravissimo, quando iudex venerit, ut trituret aream et exstirpet vineam, que fructum non fecerit. sic granum a palea separabit, congregabit triticum in horrea. O beati mundo corde, quos peccati tersa sorde vitium non inquinat, scelus non examinat, nec arguunt peccata, qui Domini mandata custodiunt et sitiunt! beati qui esuriunt et confidunt in Domino nec cogitant de crastino! beati qui non implicant se curis temporalibus, qui talentum multiplicant et verbum Dei predicant omissis secularibus!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, cuius auctor [[Philippus Cancellarius]] esse videtur, thema principale est fiducia in Deo ponenda potius quam in mundanis opibus vel regum potentia. Scriptor hortatur homines ut cogitata sua in Dominum iactant et vitam corrigant, admonens fallacem esse spem quae tantum in superbia humana nititur. Labor propriarum manuum ac paenitentia proponuntur ut viae ad rectam vitam sequendam.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Secunda pars carminis de [[eschatologia]] Christiana agit, spiritum exhortans ut se a "carnis ergastulo" et peccati vinculis liberet. Descriptio suppliciorum infernorum, ubi est "stridor dentium" et poena gehennalis, adhibetur ad momentum [[Iudicium Extremum|Iudicii Extremi]] illustrandum. Iudex divinus tunc granum a palea separabit, metaphoris biblicis de area et vinea utens ad iustos ab impiis discernendos.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> In ultima parte, carmen Beatitudines evangelicas celebrat, praesertim illos qui mundo corde sunt et a vitiis inquinati non sunt. Beati dicuntur qui curis temporalibus se non implicant, sed talentum sibi creditum multiplicant et verbum Dei praedicant. Haec exhortatio moralis ad vitam asceticam et spiritalem spectat, quae saecularia neglegit ut aeterna praemia in Domino inveniat.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] lu0cn0elk9th3ahmuanocryjoli3t2f 0 324366 3954605 3954515 2026-04-14T18:05:40Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3954605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Laudat rite deum}} est initium carminis moralis [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXVIII reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo2.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Laudat rite Deum, qui vere diligit illum. Lumbos precingit, qui carnis vota restringit. Maxime querendum, quod semper erit retinendum. Nil peccant oculi, si mens velit his dominari. Ne tardare velis, si quem convertere possis. Nisus stultorum par semper erit sociorum. Omne, quod est iustum, merito dici valet unum. Os, quod mentitur, animam iugulare probatur. O quantis curis mens indiget omnibus horis! Peccans cottidie studeat se mox reparare.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, [[Otloh Ratisbonensis|Othloni Ratisbonensis]] ascriptum, est collectio sententiarum moralium quae regulas vitae Christianae breviter et per versus leoninos exponit. Primus versus fundamentum totius ethicae ponit: laudem Dei non in verbis tantum, sed in vero amore consistere. Sequuntur praecepta de continentia carnis et de custodia sensuum, ubi auctor docet oculos non peccare si mens eos sapienter regat.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> In secunda parte, carmen ad vitam socialem et spiritualem convertitur. Auctor hortatur ad conversionem proximi et ad iustitiam colendam, quae cum unitate divina comparatur. Gravissima admonitio contra mendacium profertur, quod "animam iugulare" dicitur, efferens momentum veritatis in sermone humano. Haec series monitorum ostendit sollicitudinem goliardicam de salute animae in mundo periculis pleno.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Conclusio carminis fragilitatem humanam agnoscit. Quoniam mens "quantis curis" continenter indiget et homo "cottidie" peccat, auctor ad paenitentiam festinandam invitat. Sensus est emendationem vitae (reparatio) non differendam esse, sed statim suscipiendam ut ordo spiritualis restituatur. Textus sic evadit parva epitome doctrinae asceticae mediaevalis.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] o7is1vadd28rcdrf57061llcvyxado5 0 324367 3954522 3954517 2026-04-14T12:00:21Z ~2026-23152-45 207974 notae 3954522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|In lacu miserie}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXIX reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https:https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| In lacu miserie et luto luxurie volveris, inutile tempus perdens, Panphile! cur offensas numinum aut derisum hominum non metuis, dum destruis corpus, rem et animam? salva saltem ultimam vite portiunculam, offerens celestibus pro iuvente floribus senectutis stipulam! Forsan ludo Veneris ultra vires ureris, ut amoris tedium tibi sit remedium. sed si te medullitus exsiccatum penitus exhaurias, ut febrias, nichil tamen proficis, dum ad tempus deficis; nam insurget artius Hydra multiplicior, et post casum fortior surget Terre filius. Ut stes pede stabili sine casu facili, cave precipitium, devitando vitium. sed si te vexaverit aut si comprehenderit Egyptia, mox pallia fugitivus desere, nec lucteris temere; nam resistens vincitur in hoc belli genere, et qui novit cedere, fugiendo fugitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, [[Petrus Blesensis]] alloquitur quendam "Panphilum" (nomen allegoricum "omnium amantis"), eum severe monens de periculis vitae luxuriosae. Poeta utitur imaginibus biblicis et moralibus, ut "lacu miseriae" et "luto luxuriae", ad describendam condicionem hominis qui tempus suum in peccatis perdit. Auctor hortatur ut saltem extrema pars vitae (senectutis stipula) Deo offeratur, postquam flores iuventutis in vanitate perierunt.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Argumentum deinde ad sphaeram eroticam vertitur, ubi ludi [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] quasi morbus describuntur. Auctor allegoriis mythologicis utitur, sicut [[Hydra]] et [[Antaeus]] (Terre filius), ad demonstrandum concupiscentiam non satiari sed potius crescere cum temptatur exstingui. Qui se vitiis tradit, non remedium invenit, sed vires malorum multiplicat.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In ultima parte, carmen praebet consilium practicum ad virtutem servandam: fuga est optima defensio. Alludens ad historiam [[Iosephus (patriarcha)|Iosephi]] et uxoris Putipharis ("Egyptia"), poeta monet ut pallium relinquatur et fugiatur potius quam temere cum temptatione luctetur. In hoc singulari "belli genere", victoria non resistendo, sed cedendo et effugiendo paratur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] bl69mtzgqr8t0ygeqfz37cqgz3ft55o 3954604 3954522 2026-04-14T18:05:17Z Grufo 64423 Mendam correxi 3954604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|In lacu miserie}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXIX reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| In lacu miserie et luto luxurie volveris, inutile tempus perdens, Panphile! cur offensas numinum aut derisum hominum non metuis, dum destruis corpus, rem et animam? salva saltem ultimam vite portiunculam, offerens celestibus pro iuvente floribus senectutis stipulam! Forsan ludo Veneris ultra vires ureris, ut amoris tedium tibi sit remedium. sed si te medullitus exsiccatum penitus exhaurias, ut febrias, nichil tamen proficis, dum ad tempus deficis; nam insurget artius Hydra multiplicior, et post casum fortior surget Terre filius. Ut stes pede stabili sine casu facili, cave precipitium, devitando vitium. sed si te vexaverit aut si comprehenderit Egyptia, mox pallia fugitivus desere, nec lucteris temere; nam resistens vincitur in hoc belli genere, et qui novit cedere, fugiendo fugitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, [[Petrus Blesensis]] alloquitur quendam "Panphilum" (nomen allegoricum "omnium amantis"), eum severe monens de periculis vitae luxuriosae. Poeta utitur imaginibus biblicis et moralibus, ut "lacu miseriae" et "luto luxuriae", ad describendam condicionem hominis qui tempus suum in peccatis perdit. Auctor hortatur ut saltem extrema pars vitae (senectutis stipula) Deo offeratur, postquam flores iuventutis in vanitate perierunt.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Argumentum deinde ad sphaeram eroticam vertitur, ubi ludi [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] quasi morbus describuntur. Auctor allegoriis mythologicis utitur, sicut [[Hydra]] et [[Antaeus]] (Terre filius), ad demonstrandum concupiscentiam non satiari sed potius crescere cum temptatur exstingui. Qui se vitiis tradit, non remedium invenit, sed vires malorum multiplicat.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In ultima parte, carmen praebet consilium practicum ad virtutem servandam: fuga est optima defensio. Alludens ad historiam [[Iosephus (patriarcha)|Iosephi]] et uxoris Putipharis ("Egyptia"), poeta monet ut pallium relinquatur et fugiatur potius quam temere cum temptatione luctetur. In hoc singulari "belli genere", victoria non resistendo, sed cedendo et effugiendo paratur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] ntxg49lfra5dqyi8ugrc0jv4twmficq 0 324368 3954523 3954518 2026-04-14T12:00:40Z ~2026-23152-45 207974 notae 3954523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Dum iuventus floruit}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXX reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https:https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Dum iuventus floruit, licuit et libuit facere, quod placuit, iuxta voluntatem currere, peragere carnis voluptatem. Amodo sic agere, vivere tam libere, talem vitam ducere viri vetat etas, perimit et eximit leges assuetas. Etas illa monuit, docuit, consuluit, sic et etas annuit: «nichil est exclusum!» omnia cum venia contulit ad usum. Volo resipiscere, linquere, corrigere, quod commisi temere; deinceps intendam seriis, pro vitiis virtutes rependam.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, cuius auctor [[Petrus Blesensis]] esse videtur, poeta de transitu a facilitate iuventutis ad severitatem maturitatis vel senectutis meditat. Initio carminis, memoria revocatur tempus praeteritum cum iuventus "floruit" et omnia vitia seu voluptates carnis non solum libebant, sed etiam secundum leges aetatis licebant. Haec aetas iuvenilis inducitur ut magistra quae "nihil exclusum" esse docebat, omnia ad usum et delectationem libere concedens.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Argumentum deinde ad praesens vertitur, ubi status virilis iam non permittit pristinam vivendi licentiam. "Viri aetas" vetat eam libertatem qua antea fruebatur, veteres consuetudines legesque iuventutis perimens. Est igitur carmen morale de necessitate mutationis vitae, ubi impulsus carnis sub iugo rationis et aetatis gravioris cadere debent.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In ultima parte, auctor propositum suum explicat: cupit "resipiscere", id est ad sanam mentem redire, et ea quae temere commisit corrigere. Haec conversio morum non est tantum negatio praeteriti, sed activa commutatio, qua poeta vitiis virtutes rependere vult, deinceps rebus seriis et honestis intendens. Carmen sic conclusionem ethicam praebet, typicam litteris paraeneticis medii aevi.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 2k9a8up5vffzgtyjiqtid79wsa11a4h 3954603 3954523 2026-04-14T18:04:57Z Grufo 64423 Mendam correxi 3954603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Dum iuventus floruit}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXX reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Dum iuventus floruit, licuit et libuit facere, quod placuit, iuxta voluntatem currere, peragere carnis voluptatem. Amodo sic agere, vivere tam libere, talem vitam ducere viri vetat etas, perimit et eximit leges assuetas. Etas illa monuit, docuit, consuluit, sic et etas annuit: «nichil est exclusum!» omnia cum venia contulit ad usum. Volo resipiscere, linquere, corrigere, quod commisi temere; deinceps intendam seriis, pro vitiis virtutes rependam.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, cuius auctor [[Petrus Blesensis]] esse videtur, poeta de transitu a facilitate iuventutis ad severitatem maturitatis vel senectutis meditat. Initio carminis, memoria revocatur tempus praeteritum cum iuventus "floruit" et omnia vitia seu voluptates carnis non solum libebant, sed etiam secundum leges aetatis licebant. Haec aetas iuvenilis inducitur ut magistra quae "nihil exclusum" esse docebat, omnia ad usum et delectationem libere concedens.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Argumentum deinde ad praesens vertitur, ubi status virilis iam non permittit pristinam vivendi licentiam. "Viri aetas" vetat eam libertatem qua antea fruebatur, veteres consuetudines legesque iuventutis perimens. Est igitur carmen morale de necessitate mutationis vitae, ubi impulsus carnis sub iugo rationis et aetatis gravioris cadere debent.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In ultima parte, auctor propositum suum explicat: cupit "resipiscere", id est ad sanam mentem redire, et ea quae temere commisit corrigere. Haec conversio morum non est tantum negatio praeteriti, sed activa commutatio, qua poeta vitiis virtutes rependere vult, deinceps rebus seriis et honestis intendens. Carmen sic conclusionem ethicam praebet, typicam litteris paraeneticis medii aevi.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] c7u95duruuwp2xur3ffvvbcfk156ue4 0 324369 3954524 3954520 2026-04-14T12:01:01Z ~2026-23152-45 207974 notae 3954524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Vite perdite}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXI reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https:https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Vite perdite me legi subdideram, minus licite dum fregi, quod voveram; sed ad vite vesperam corrigendum legi, quicquid ante perperam puerilis egi. Rerum exitus dum quero discutere, falsum penitus a vero discernere, falso fallor opere, bravium si spero me virtutum metere, vitia dum sero. Non sum duplici perplexus itinere, nec addidici reflexus a venere, nec fraudavi temere coniugis amplexus; Dalidam persequere, ne fraudetur sexus! Famem siliqua porcorum non abstulit, que ad lubrica errorum me contulit. sed scriptura consulit, viam intrem morum, que prelarga protulit pabula donorum. Dum considero, quid Dine contigerit, finem confero rapine quis fuerit; scio: vix evaserit mens corrupta fine, diu quam contraxerit, maculam sentine. Preter meritum me neci non dedero, si ad vomitum, quem ieci, rediero, nec a verbo aspero liberum me feci, servus si serviero vitiorum feci. Vie veteris immuto vestigia, ire Veneris refuto per devia: via namque regia curritur in tuto; si quis cedit alia, semper est in luto. Beli solium, Sinonis astutiam, confer Tullium, Zenonis prudentiam: nil conferre sentiam, his abutens bonis, ni fugando fugiam Dalidam Samsonis. Ergo veniam de rei miseria ut inveniam de Dei clementia: hec et his similia quod peregi, rei sola parcens gratia miserere mei!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, quod [[Petrus Blesensis]] composuisse videtur, auctor paenitentiam agit de vita antea in vitiis et erroribus puerilibus consumpta. Ad vesperam vitae perveniens, peccator vult corrigere quicquid perperam egit, agnoscens se frustra bravium virtutum sperare si vitia serere non desinat. Haec reflexio moralis initium capit a confessione voti fracti et subjectione legi mundanae perditae.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Scriptor variis exemplis biblicis et mythologicis utitur ad pericula luxuriae et stultitiae demonstranda. Commemorat siliquas porcorum, allegoriam Filii Prodigi, quae famem spiritualem exstinguere non possunt, et casum [[Dina|Dinae]] ut corruptionis mentis exemplum. Auctor asseverat se velle viam Veneris refutare et "viam regiam" sequi, ne iterum servus fiat vitiorum faecis et sicut canis ad vomitum revertatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In conclusione, carmen docet mundanam prudentiam, eloquentiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Tullii]], aut astutiam Sinonis nihil prodesse, nisi homo "Dalidam Samsonis" fugiat, scilicet illecebras carnis quae fortitudinem spiritualem destruunt. Unica spes in sola Dei gratia et clementia ponitur, unde poeta supplex postulat ut miseriae suae misereatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] rbpl27v0ogags51hqxo1gn9q4erjlqj 3954549 3954524 2026-04-14T13:51:07Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Vite Perdite]] ad [[Vitae perditae]]: orthographia classica; symbolos eodem tempore deleo 3954524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Vite perdite}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXI reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https:https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Vite perdite me legi subdideram, minus licite dum fregi, quod voveram; sed ad vite vesperam corrigendum legi, quicquid ante perperam puerilis egi. Rerum exitus dum quero discutere, falsum penitus a vero discernere, falso fallor opere, bravium si spero me virtutum metere, vitia dum sero. Non sum duplici perplexus itinere, nec addidici reflexus a venere, nec fraudavi temere coniugis amplexus; Dalidam persequere, ne fraudetur sexus! Famem siliqua porcorum non abstulit, que ad lubrica errorum me contulit. sed scriptura consulit, viam intrem morum, que prelarga protulit pabula donorum. Dum considero, quid Dine contigerit, finem confero rapine quis fuerit; scio: vix evaserit mens corrupta fine, diu quam contraxerit, maculam sentine. Preter meritum me neci non dedero, si ad vomitum, quem ieci, rediero, nec a verbo aspero liberum me feci, servus si serviero vitiorum feci. Vie veteris immuto vestigia, ire Veneris refuto per devia: via namque regia curritur in tuto; si quis cedit alia, semper est in luto. Beli solium, Sinonis astutiam, confer Tullium, Zenonis prudentiam: nil conferre sentiam, his abutens bonis, ni fugando fugiam Dalidam Samsonis. Ergo veniam de rei miseria ut inveniam de Dei clementia: hec et his similia quod peregi, rei sola parcens gratia miserere mei!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, quod [[Petrus Blesensis]] composuisse videtur, auctor paenitentiam agit de vita antea in vitiis et erroribus puerilibus consumpta. Ad vesperam vitae perveniens, peccator vult corrigere quicquid perperam egit, agnoscens se frustra bravium virtutum sperare si vitia serere non desinat. Haec reflexio moralis initium capit a confessione voti fracti et subjectione legi mundanae perditae.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Scriptor variis exemplis biblicis et mythologicis utitur ad pericula luxuriae et stultitiae demonstranda. Commemorat siliquas porcorum, allegoriam Filii Prodigi, quae famem spiritualem exstinguere non possunt, et casum [[Dina|Dinae]] ut corruptionis mentis exemplum. Auctor asseverat se velle viam Veneris refutare et "viam regiam" sequi, ne iterum servus fiat vitiorum faecis et sicut canis ad vomitum revertatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In conclusione, carmen docet mundanam prudentiam, eloquentiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Tullii]], aut astutiam Sinonis nihil prodesse, nisi homo "Dalidam Samsonis" fugiat, scilicet illecebras carnis quae fortitudinem spiritualem destruunt. Unica spes in sola Dei gratia et clementia ponitur, unde poeta supplex postulat ut miseriae suae misereatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] rbpl27v0ogags51hqxo1gn9q4erjlqj 3954554 3954549 2026-04-14T13:58:12Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3954554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Vite perdite}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXI reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https:https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Vite perdite me legi subdideram, minus licite dum fregi, quod voveram; sed ad vite vesperam corrigendum legi, quicquid ante perperam puerilis egi. Rerum exitus dum quero discutere, falsum penitus a vero discernere, falso fallor opere, bravium si spero me virtutum metere, vitia dum sero. Non sum duplici perplexus itinere, nec addidici reflexus a venere, nec fraudavi temere coniugis amplexus; Dalidam persequere, ne fraudetur sexus! Famem siliqua porcorum non abstulit, que ad lubrica errorum me contulit. sed scriptura consulit, viam intrem morum, que prelarga protulit pabula donorum. Dum considero, quid Dine contigerit, finem confero rapine quis fuerit; scio: vix evaserit mens corrupta fine, diu quam contraxerit, maculam sentine. Preter meritum me neci non dedero, si ad vomitum, quem ieci, rediero, nec a verbo aspero liberum me feci, servus si serviero vitiorum feci. Vie veteris immuto vestigia, ire Veneris refuto per devia: via namque regia curritur in tuto; si quis cedit alia, semper est in luto. Beli solium, Sinonis astutiam, confer Tullium, Zenonis prudentiam: nil conferre sentiam, his abutens bonis, ni fugando fugiam Dalidam Samsonis. Ergo veniam de rei miseria ut inveniam de Dei clementia: hec et his similia quod peregi, rei sola parcens gratia miserere mei!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, quod [[Petrus Blesensis]] composuisse videtur, auctor paenitentiam agit de vita antea in vitiis et erroribus puerilibus consumpta. Ad vesperam vitae perveniens, peccator vult corrigere quicquid perperam egit, agnoscens se frustra bravium virtutum sperare si vitia serere non desinat. Haec reflexio moralis initium capit a confessione voti fracti et subjectione legi mundanae perditae.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Scriptor variis exemplis biblicis et mythologicis utitur ad pericula luxuriae et stultitiae demonstranda. Commemorat siliquas porcorum, allegoriam Filii Prodigi, quae famem spiritualem exstinguere non possunt, et casum [[Dina|Dinae]] ut corruptionis mentis exemplum. Auctor asseverat se velle viam Veneris refutare et "viam regiam" sequi, ne iterum servus fiat vitiorum faecis et sicut canis ad vomitum revertatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In conclusione, carmen docet mundanam prudentiam, eloquentiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Tullii]], aut astutiam Sinonis nihil prodesse, nisi homo "Dalidam Samsonis" fugiat, scilicet illecebras carnis quae fortitudinem spiritualem destruunt. Unica spes in sola Dei gratia et clementia ponitur, unde poeta supplex postulat ut miseriae suae misereatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 2vuxxfnumytrjuhtiknny4b8y0ph18e 3954555 3954554 2026-04-14T14:00:03Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Vitae perditae]] ad [[Vite perdite]]: orthographia mediaevalis 3954554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Vite perdite}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXI reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https:https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Vite perdite me legi subdideram, minus licite dum fregi, quod voveram; sed ad vite vesperam corrigendum legi, quicquid ante perperam puerilis egi. Rerum exitus dum quero discutere, falsum penitus a vero discernere, falso fallor opere, bravium si spero me virtutum metere, vitia dum sero. Non sum duplici perplexus itinere, nec addidici reflexus a venere, nec fraudavi temere coniugis amplexus; Dalidam persequere, ne fraudetur sexus! Famem siliqua porcorum non abstulit, que ad lubrica errorum me contulit. sed scriptura consulit, viam intrem morum, que prelarga protulit pabula donorum. Dum considero, quid Dine contigerit, finem confero rapine quis fuerit; scio: vix evaserit mens corrupta fine, diu quam contraxerit, maculam sentine. Preter meritum me neci non dedero, si ad vomitum, quem ieci, rediero, nec a verbo aspero liberum me feci, servus si serviero vitiorum feci. Vie veteris immuto vestigia, ire Veneris refuto per devia: via namque regia curritur in tuto; si quis cedit alia, semper est in luto. Beli solium, Sinonis astutiam, confer Tullium, Zenonis prudentiam: nil conferre sentiam, his abutens bonis, ni fugando fugiam Dalidam Samsonis. Ergo veniam de rei miseria ut inveniam de Dei clementia: hec et his similia quod peregi, rei sola parcens gratia miserere mei!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, quod [[Petrus Blesensis]] composuisse videtur, auctor paenitentiam agit de vita antea in vitiis et erroribus puerilibus consumpta. Ad vesperam vitae perveniens, peccator vult corrigere quicquid perperam egit, agnoscens se frustra bravium virtutum sperare si vitia serere non desinat. Haec reflexio moralis initium capit a confessione voti fracti et subjectione legi mundanae perditae.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Scriptor variis exemplis biblicis et mythologicis utitur ad pericula luxuriae et stultitiae demonstranda. Commemorat siliquas porcorum, allegoriam Filii Prodigi, quae famem spiritualem exstinguere non possunt, et casum [[Dina|Dinae]] ut corruptionis mentis exemplum. Auctor asseverat se velle viam Veneris refutare et "viam regiam" sequi, ne iterum servus fiat vitiorum faecis et sicut canis ad vomitum revertatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In conclusione, carmen docet mundanam prudentiam, eloquentiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Tullii]], aut astutiam Sinonis nihil prodesse, nisi homo "Dalidam Samsonis" fugiat, scilicet illecebras carnis quae fortitudinem spiritualem destruunt. Unica spes in sola Dei gratia et clementia ponitur, unde poeta supplex postulat ut miseriae suae misereatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 2vuxxfnumytrjuhtiknny4b8y0ph18e 3954601 3954555 2026-04-14T18:03:54Z Grufo 64423 Mendam correxi 3954601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Vite perdite}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXI reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Vite perdite me legi subdideram, minus licite dum fregi, quod voveram; sed ad vite vesperam corrigendum legi, quicquid ante perperam puerilis egi. Rerum exitus dum quero discutere, falsum penitus a vero discernere, falso fallor opere, bravium si spero me virtutum metere, vitia dum sero. Non sum duplici perplexus itinere, nec addidici reflexus a venere, nec fraudavi temere coniugis amplexus; Dalidam persequere, ne fraudetur sexus! Famem siliqua porcorum non abstulit, que ad lubrica errorum me contulit. sed scriptura consulit, viam intrem morum, que prelarga protulit pabula donorum. Dum considero, quid Dine contigerit, finem confero rapine quis fuerit; scio: vix evaserit mens corrupta fine, diu quam contraxerit, maculam sentine. Preter meritum me neci non dedero, si ad vomitum, quem ieci, rediero, nec a verbo aspero liberum me feci, servus si serviero vitiorum feci. Vie veteris immuto vestigia, ire Veneris refuto per devia: via namque regia curritur in tuto; si quis cedit alia, semper est in luto. Beli solium, Sinonis astutiam, confer Tullium, Zenonis prudentiam: nil conferre sentiam, his abutens bonis, ni fugando fugiam Dalidam Samsonis. Ergo veniam de rei miseria ut inveniam de Dei clementia: hec et his similia quod peregi, rei sola parcens gratia miserere mei!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, quod [[Petrus Blesensis]] composuisse videtur, auctor paenitentiam agit de vita antea in vitiis et erroribus puerilibus consumpta. Ad vesperam vitae perveniens, peccator vult corrigere quicquid perperam egit, agnoscens se frustra bravium virtutum sperare si vitia serere non desinat. Haec reflexio moralis initium capit a confessione voti fracti et subjectione legi mundanae perditae.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> Scriptor variis exemplis biblicis et mythologicis utitur ad pericula luxuriae et stultitiae demonstranda. Commemorat siliquas porcorum, allegoriam Filii Prodigi, quae famem spiritualem exstinguere non possunt, et casum [[Dina|Dinae]] ut corruptionis mentis exemplum. Auctor asseverat se velle viam Veneris refutare et "viam regiam" sequi, ne iterum servus fiat vitiorum faecis et sicut canis ad vomitum revertatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In conclusione, carmen docet mundanam prudentiam, eloquentiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Tullii]], aut astutiam Sinonis nihil prodesse, nisi homo "Dalidam Samsonis" fugiat, scilicet illecebras carnis quae fortitudinem spiritualem destruunt. Unica spes in sola Dei gratia et clementia ponitur, unde poeta supplex postulat ut miseriae suae misereatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 236rvd9b1pzljer4r61tloc5ztdozl1 0 324370 3954525 3954521 2026-04-14T12:01:18Z ~2026-23152-45 207974 notae 3954525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Cur homo torquetur}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXII reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https:https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Cur homo torquetur? ne fastus ei dominetur. Cur homo torquetur? ut ei meritum cumuletur. Cur homo torquetur? ut Christus glorificetur. Cur homo torquetur? ut penis culpa pietur. Cur homo torquetur? ut dupliciter crucietur. Gratia sola Dei, quos vult, facit alta mereri.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen breve, in sectione moralium et satiricorum positum, formam interrogationis et responsionis (catechesis similis) adhibet ad quaestionem de sustinentia humana solvendam. Quinque diversae causae afferuntur cur homo in mundo torquetur: ad superbiam (fastum) reprimendam, ad merita augenda, ad gloriam Christi manifestandam, ad poenam peccatorum luendam, vel denique ut homo dupliciter in hoc saeculo et in futuro puniatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In secunda parte, auctor doctrinam de gratia divina breviter exponit, affirmans solam Dei gratiam esse quae hominibus facultatem det alta merita adipiscendi. Textus sic nexum inter dolorem humanum, iustitiam divinam et mysterium electionis divinae paucis verbis complectitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] m3d08m9wvw831lf17bfhlwfmrd735jp 3954602 3954525 2026-04-14T18:04:32Z Grufo 64423 Mendam correxi 3954602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Cur homo torquetur}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXII reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 29-32 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo3.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Cur homo torquetur? ne fastus ei dominetur. Cur homo torquetur? ut ei meritum cumuletur. Cur homo torquetur? ut Christus glorificetur. Cur homo torquetur? ut penis culpa pietur. Cur homo torquetur? ut dupliciter crucietur. Gratia sola Dei, quos vult, facit alta mereri.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen breve, in sectione moralium et satiricorum positum, formam interrogationis et responsionis (catechesis similis) adhibet ad quaestionem de sustinentia humana solvendam. Quinque diversae causae afferuntur cur homo in mundo torquetur: ad superbiam (fastum) reprimendam, ad merita augenda, ad gloriam Christi manifestandam, ad poenam peccatorum luendam, vel denique ut homo dupliciter in hoc saeculo et in futuro puniatur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> In secunda parte, auctor doctrinam de gratia divina breviter exponit, affirmans solam Dei gratiam esse quae hominibus facultatem det alta merita adipiscendi. Textus sic nexum inter dolorem humanum, iustitiam divinam et mysterium electionis divinae paucis verbis complectitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-29-32" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 4l2gbio8pgxeohpk1zcmx1qs97u5rlh 0 324371 3954528 2026-04-14T12:34:57Z MUQV 204595 Pagina creata est. 3954528 wikitext text/x-wiki Pykretum (-a, n.) materia composita est, quod e quattuordecim centi partum ponderis farina ligni et octoginta sex centi partum ponderis e glacie constat. Fieri speciebus varias fibrae ligni (e.g.: Papyrus) uti potest. ecv340bybooh53n8igm6yfvgoyai2aj 3954529 3954528 2026-04-14T12:35:06Z Quinlan83 143817 Requesting deletion 3954529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Test page}}Pykretum (-a, n.) materia composita est, quod e quattuordecim centi partum ponderis farina ligni et octoginta sex centi partum ponderis e glacie constat. Fieri speciebus varias fibrae ligni (e.g.: Papyrus) uti potest. g5u1tuk8ld90k2tl1t8si7t11s8k9by 3954530 3954529 2026-04-14T12:36:10Z MUQV 204595 Anglicism added 3954530 wikitext text/x-wiki Pykretum (-a, n.) (ang.: Pykrete) materia composita est, quod e quattuordecim centi partum ponderis farina ligni et octoginta sex centi partum ponderis e glacie constat. Fieri speciebus varias fibrae ligni (e.g.: Papyrus) uti potest. rzp9wr1k7j4vukt8jvxfu3bwbjqr0tm 0 324372 3954544 2026-04-14T13:37:04Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[W. E. Lunt]] ad [[Gulielmus Eduardus Lunt]]: praenomina Latina 3954544 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gulielmus Eduardus Lunt]] m1cubt8xaq29cnryyl25qdb8t02id0m 0 324374 3954550 2026-04-14T13:51:07Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Vite Perdite]] ad [[Vitae perditae]]: orthographia classica; symbolos eodem tempore deleo 3954550 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vitae perditae]] pb43ooov7ovof9svfhh78otl5zaxqdk 3954560 3954550 2026-04-14T14:33:33Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Changed redirect target from [[Vitae perditae]] to [[Vite perdite]] 3954560 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vite perdite]] e5z99egkm42g7h7qm1qj5s3pj38hxq6 0 324375 3954556 2026-04-14T14:00:03Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Vitae perditae]] ad [[Vite perdite]]: orthographia mediaevalis 3954556 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vite perdite]] e5z99egkm42g7h7qm1qj5s3pj38hxq6 0 324376 3954561 2026-04-14T14:38:03Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Redirigens ad [[In lacu miserie]] 3954561 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[In lacu miserie]] scdn8f8d07bt4famn6742rklqqtewfp 8 324379 3954599 2026-04-14T17:55:50Z Grufo 64423 Nuntium latinizavi; +{{[[Formula:Capsa recensionis|Capsa recensionis]]}} 3954599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa recensionis | imago = Important2.svg | color = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c) | pigmentum = var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5) | titulus = Emendatio anonyma | 1 = <strong>Cave:</strong> Nomen non dedisti. Paginā emendatā, nomen caducum tibi assignabitur ([[{{MediaWiki:tempuser-helppage}}|lege ultra]]). <strong>[$1 Da]</strong> aut <strong>[$2 crea]</strong> tibi nomen si nuntia recipere vel aliis commoditatibus frui vis postquam nomen caducum deerit. }} 0xju6srh2s4iamttbfytk7gi7tel4on 3954600 3954599 2026-04-14T17:57:39Z Grufo 64423 -{{[[Formula:Capsa recensionis|Capsa recensionis]]}}: Iam est capsa 3954600 wikitext text/x-wiki <strong>Cave:</strong> Nomen non dedisti. Paginā emendatā, nomen caducum tibi assignabitur ([[{{MediaWiki:tempuser-helppage}}|lege ultra]]). <strong>[$1 Da]</strong> aut <strong>[$2 crea]</strong> tibi nomen si nuntia recipere vel aliis commoditatibus frui vis postquam nomen caducum deerit. ry19yz5fapubt2qytefpdoyos5a0693 3 324380 3954677 2026-04-15T03:03:27Z Grufo 64423 {{subst:salve}} 3954677 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3953897 hic incipit -->== Salve, Meisenstrasse! == Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Meisenstrasse|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle. Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias: * [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Sweden.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/sv|sv]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]]) * [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]]) * [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum) * [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] * [[Lexica Neolatina]] * [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]] * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]]) * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]] * [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]] Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe. In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis <code>--~~<nowiki />~~</code>, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!<!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --> --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:03, 15 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) m4h2g0mj1kle1k9vlr2yxvxqntnpiat 10 324381 3954683 2026-04-15T09:37:10Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 nova formula 3954683 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Metacapsa tabellaria | caput 1 = <i>{{{titulus|{{PAGENAME}}}}}</i> | subcaput 1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{genus|{{{tipologia|}}}}}}}}} |bulla|bolla=[[Bulla pontificia]] |breve=[[Breve apostolicum]] |constitutio|costituzione=[[Constitutio apostolica]] |exhortatio|esortazione=[[Exhortatio apostolica]] |litterae|lettera=[[Litterae apostolicae]] |motu proprio=[[Motu proprio]] |#default=[[Litterae encyclicae]] }} | si 2 = {{#if:{{{insigne|{{{stemma|{{{Imago|}}}}}}}}}{{#property:P18}}|1}} | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{insigne|{{{stemma|{{{Imago|}}}}}}}}}|{{{insigne|{{{stemma|{{{Imago}}}}}}}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|200x200px|center]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|<br /><small>{{{descriptio}}}</small>|{{#if:{{{pontifex|{{{nome_Pontefice|}}}}}}| <br /><small>Insigne {{{pontifex|{{{nome_Pontefice}}}}}}</small> }}}} | si 3 = {{#if:{{{pontifex|{{{nome_Pontefice|}}}}}}{{#property:P50}}|1}} | caput 3 = Pontifex | res 3 = {{#if:{{{pontifex|{{{nome_Pontefice|}}}}}}|{{{pontifex|{{{nome_Pontefice}}}}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}} | si 4 = {{#if:{{{datum|{{{anno|}}}}}}{{#property:P571}}|1}} | caput 4 = Datum | res 4 = {{#if:{{{datum|{{{anno|}}}}}}|{{{datum|{{{anno}}}}}}|{{#property:P571}}}} | si 5 = {{#if:{{{annus_pontificatus|{{{anno_pontificato|}}}}}}|1}} | caput 5 = Annus pontificatus | res 5 = {{{annus_pontificatus|{{{anno_pontificato}}}}}} | si 6 = {{#if:{{{titulus_vernaculus|{{{titolo_italiano|}}}}}}|1}} | caput 6 = Titulus vernaculus | res 6 = <i>{{{titulus_vernaculus|{{{titolo_italiano}}}}}}</i> | si 7 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|{{{argomenti|}}}}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}} | caput 7 = Argumenta | res 7 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|{{{argomenti|}}}}}}|{{{argumenta|{{{argomenti}}}}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}} | si 8 = {{#if:{{{numerus_paginarum|{{{num_pag|}}}}}}|1}} | caput 8 = Numerus paginarum | res 8 = {{{numerus_paginarum|{{{num_pag}}}}}} | si 9 = {{#if:{{{n_doc_pontificis|{{{n_doc_Papa|}}}}}}|1}} | caput 9 = {{#if:{{{genus|{{{tipologia|}}}}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{genus|{{{tipologia}}}}}}}}|Encyclica}} pontificis n° | res 9 = {{{n_doc_pontificis|{{{n_doc_Papa}}}}}} | si 10 = {{#if:{{{n_doc|}}}|1}} | caput 10 = {{#if:{{{genus|{{{tipologia|}}}}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{genus|{{{tipologia}}}}}}}}|Encyclica}} n° | res 10 = {{{n_doc}}} | si 11 = {{#if:{{{antecedens|{{{doc_precedente|}}}}}}{{#property:P155}}{{#property:P156}}{{{subsequens|{{{doc_successivo|}}}}}}|1}} | res 11 = <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;"><span>{{#if:{{{antecedens|{{{doc_precedente|}}}}}}|← <i>[[{{{antecedens|{{{doc_precedente}}}}}}]]</i>|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← [[{{#property:P155}}]]}}}}</span><span>{{#if:{{{subsequens|{{{doc_successivo|}}}}}}|<i>[[{{{subsequens|{{{doc_successivo}}}}}}]]</i> →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|[[{{#property:P156}}]] →}}}}</span></div> }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Formula multiplex}} {{Documentatio}} [[Categoria:Formulae capsarum - Ecclesia Catholica]] [[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]] </noinclude> s3bl3phz53sd2wssm9yo8d6yffov9g7 10 324382 3954684 2026-04-15T09:38:11Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 nova formula 3954684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Formula:Documentum pontificium|Hic capsula]] adhibetur ad summas res [[Documentum pontificium|documenti pontificii]] (sicut [[litterae encyclicae]], [[bulla pontificia]], etc.) indicandas. == Usus == Exscribere potes textum infra positum et in paginam vicipaedianam inserere: <pre> {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = | genus = | pontifex = | insigne = | datum = | annus_pontificatus = | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} </pre> == Parametri == Hic index est parametrorum quibus uti potes: '''titulus''' (aut ''titolo_documento''): Primus titulus documenti (saepe prima verba Latina). '''genus''' (aut ''tipologia''): Genus documenti: elige inter <u>bulla</u>, <u>breve</u>, <u>constitutio</u>, <u>exhortatio</u>, <u>litterae</u>, <u>motu proprio</u>. Si nihil scribis, "Litterae encyclicae" apparet. '''pontifex''' (aut ''nome_Pontefice''): Nomen papae qui scripsit. Si vacuum est, e [[Wikidata]] (P50) trahitur. '''insigne''' (aut ''stemma''): Nomen fasciculi insignis papae (e.g., "Pius_XII_arms.svg"). Si vacuum, e Wikidata (P18) trahitur. '''datum''' (aut ''anno''): Dies et annus publicationis. Si vacuum, e Wikidata (P571) trahitur. '''annus_pontificatus''' (aut ''anno_pontificato''): Annus pontificatus papae (numeris Romanis). '''titulus_vernaculus''' (aut ''titolo_italiano''): Interpretatio tituli in linguam vernaculam (e.g., Italice aut Anglice). '''argumenta''' (aut ''argomenti''): Res de qua documentum agit. Si vacuum, e Wikidata (P921) trahitur. '''numerus_paginarum''' (aut ''num_pag''): Quot paginae sunt. '''n_doc_pontificis''' (aut ''n_doc_Papa''): Numerus documenti inter omnia eiusdem papae. '''n_doc''': Numerus documenti in ordine chronologico generali. '''antecedens''' (aut ''doc_precedente''): Nexus ad documentum prius scriptum. '''subsequens''' (aut ''doc_successivo''): Nexus ad documentum posterius scriptum. == Exemplum == {{Documentum pontificium | titulus= Iubilaeum maximum | genus= bulla | pontifex= [[Pius XII]] | insigne= C o a Pius XII.svg | datum= [[26 Maii]] [[1949]] | annus_pontificatus= XI | titulus_vernaculus= Il grande Giubileo | argumenta= Indictio [[Annum Sanctum|Anni Sancti]] [[1950]] | numerus_paginarum= 3 | n_doc_pontificis=I de I | n_doc=345 | antecedens= [[Provvidentissima Mater]] | subsequens= }} <pre> {{Documentum pontificium | titulus= Iubilaeum maximum | genus= bulla | pontifex= [[Pius XII]] | insigne= C o a Pius XII.svg | datum= [[26 Maii]] [[1949]] | annus_pontificatus= XI | titulus_vernaculus= Il grande Giubileo | argumenta= Indictio [[Annum Sanctum|Anni Sancti]] [[1950]] | numerus_paginarum= 3 | n_doc_pontificis=I de I | n_doc=345 | antecedens= [[Provvidentissima Mater]] | subsequens= }} </pre> <noinclude> [[Categoria:Manuale formularum]] </noinclude> d2g5fqr8gtgpdhzi3apkzcf1j5qcrcg 0 324383 3954686 2026-04-15T09:44:23Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 nova bulla 3954686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = | genus = | pontifex = | insigne = | datum = | annus_pontificatus = | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} '''''Cum dilecti''''' est [[Bulla apostolica|bulla pontificia]] ab [[Honorius III|Honorio Papa III]] die [[11 Iunii]] anno [[1218]] promulgata, pontificatus sui anno secundo. Hic textus est primum documentum officiale [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] de [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|Fratribus Minoribus]], sodalitate a [[Franciscus Assisiensis|Francisco Assisiensi]] condita. Momentum habet historicum maximum, cum orthodoxiam, catholicitatem et fidelitatem Fratrum Minorum erga Ecclesiam sollemniter testetur. Praecipue haec bulla emissa est ut fratres a suspicione haeresis protegerentur, quae tunc temporis erga novos motus religiosos in Italia septentrionali ortos saepe exstabat<ref name="OFSLiguria2017">{{cite web | lingua = Italice | auctor = OFSL Liguria | titulus = Documenti della Curia Romana | url = https://www.ofsliguria.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Documenti-della-curia-romana.pdf | annus = 2017 | accessus = 2026-01-30 }}</ref>. Bulla data est ad [[Palatium Lateranense]]. Quamquam nonnullae collectiones posteriores annum 1219 perperam indicant, codex 897 [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francicae]] diem anni 1218 confirmat<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Contextus historicus == Hae litterae necessariae fuerunt ut Fratres Minores extra [[Italia|Italiam]] agnoscerentur. Secundum [[Iordanus de Iano|Iordanum de Iano]], fratres in variis Europae regionibus saepe cum haereticis vel pauperistis confundebantur; quocirca male tractabantur, expellebantur et in Italiam redire cogebantur. In hoc documento, Honorius III affirmat [[Regula Sancti Francisci|Regulam et vitam franciscanam]] iam ab [[Innocentius III|Innocentio III]] approbatas esse, tum vivae vocis oraculo, tum sollemniter in [[Concilium Lateranense Quartum|Concilio Lateranensi Quarto]] anno 1215 habitо<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Argumentum == Bulla universis ecclesiae praelatis mittitur: archiepiscopis, episcopis, abbatibus, decanis et archidiaconis. Honorius III monet ut Franciscum sociosque benigne accipiant. Pontifex declarat fratres, mundi vanitatibus abiectis, vitam a [[Sancta Sedes|Sede Apostolica]] probatam elegisse. Addit eos, [[Apostoli|Apostolorum]] more, divinum verbum per provincias seminare. Mandat ergo ut tamquam catholici et fideles christiani recipiantur, ob reverentiam Domini et auctoritatis apostolicae<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Notae == {{reflist}} == Nexus interni == * [[Honorius III]] * [[Franciscus Assisiensis]] * [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]] [[Categoria:1218]] [[Categoria:Bullae pontificiae]] jqv79u1jg5kl9qrlubtkg5cx4cckp8l 3954687 3954686 2026-04-15T09:46:09Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 formula 3954687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Cum dilecti | genus = [[Bulla apostolica|Bulla]] | pontifex = [[Honorius III]] | insigne = | datum = [[11 Iunii]] [[1218]] | annus_pontificatus = II | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = De orthodoxia et protectione [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|Fratrum Minorum]] | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} '''''Cum dilecti''''' est [[Bulla apostolica|bulla pontificia]] ab [[Honorius III|Honorio Papa III]] die [[11 Iunii]] anno [[1218]] promulgata, pontificatus sui anno secundo. Hic textus est primum documentum officiale [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] de [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|Fratribus Minoribus]], sodalitate a [[Franciscus Assisiensis|Francisco Assisiensi]] condita. Momentum habet historicum maximum, cum orthodoxiam, catholicitatem et fidelitatem Fratrum Minorum erga Ecclesiam sollemniter testetur. Praecipue haec bulla emissa est ut fratres a suspicione haeresis protegerentur, quae tunc temporis erga novos motus religiosos in Italia septentrionali ortos saepe exstabat<ref name="OFSLiguria2017">{{cite web | lingua = Italice | auctor = OFSL Liguria | titulus = Documenti della Curia Romana | url = https://www.ofsliguria.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Documenti-della-curia-romana.pdf | annus = 2017 | accessus = 2026-01-30 }}</ref>. Bulla data est ad [[Palatium Lateranense]]. Quamquam nonnullae collectiones posteriores annum 1219 perperam indicant, codex 897 [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francicae]] diem anni 1218 confirmat<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Contextus historicus == Hae litterae necessariae fuerunt ut Fratres Minores extra [[Italia|Italiam]] agnoscerentur. Secundum [[Iordanus de Iano|Iordanum de Iano]], fratres in variis Europae regionibus saepe cum haereticis vel pauperistis confundebantur; quocirca male tractabantur, expellebantur et in Italiam redire cogebantur. In hoc documento, Honorius III affirmat [[Regula Sancti Francisci|Regulam et vitam franciscanam]] iam ab [[Innocentius III|Innocentio III]] approbatas esse, tum vivae vocis oraculo, tum sollemniter in [[Concilium Lateranense Quartum|Concilio Lateranensi Quarto]] anno 1215 habitо<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Argumentum == Bulla universis ecclesiae praelatis mittitur: archiepiscopis, episcopis, abbatibus, decanis et archidiaconis. Honorius III monet ut Franciscum sociosque benigne accipiant. Pontifex declarat fratres, mundi vanitatibus abiectis, vitam a [[Sancta Sedes|Sede Apostolica]] probatam elegisse. Addit eos, [[Apostoli|Apostolorum]] more, divinum verbum per provincias seminare. Mandat ergo ut tamquam catholici et fideles christiani recipiantur, ob reverentiam Domini et auctoritatis apostolicae<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Notae == {{reflist}} == Nexus interni == * [[Honorius III]] * [[Franciscus Assisiensis]] * [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]] [[Categoria:1218]] [[Categoria:Bullae pontificiae]] j7pllkyx0bxhyhjkgg952udb0v8ymjr 3954689 3954687 2026-04-15T10:30:09Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 argumenta 3954689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Cum dilecti | genus = [[Bulla apostolica|Bulla]] | pontifex = [[Honorius III]] | insigne = | datum = [[11 Iunii]] [[1218]] | annus_pontificatus = II | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Pontifex Franciscum Assisiensem fratresque minores ut catholicos ac fideles, ad formam vitae ab Ecclesia probatam pertinentes, palam agnoscit, praelatosque hortatur ut eos per suas diciones transeuntes benigne recipiant. | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} '''''Cum dilecti''''' est [[Bulla apostolica|bulla pontificia]] ab [[Honorius III|Honorio Papa III]] die [[11 Iunii]] anno [[1218]] promulgata, pontificatus sui anno secundo. Hic textus est primum documentum officiale [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] de [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|Fratribus Minoribus]], sodalitate a [[Franciscus Assisiensis|Francisco Assisiensi]] condita. Momentum habet historicum maximum, cum orthodoxiam, catholicitatem et fidelitatem Fratrum Minorum erga Ecclesiam sollemniter testetur. Praecipue haec bulla emissa est ut fratres a suspicione haeresis protegerentur, quae tunc temporis erga novos motus religiosos in Italia septentrionali ortos saepe exstabat<ref name="OFSLiguria2017">{{cite web | lingua = Italice | auctor = OFSL Liguria | titulus = Documenti della Curia Romana | url = https://www.ofsliguria.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Documenti-della-curia-romana.pdf | annus = 2017 | accessus = 2026-01-30 }}</ref>. Bulla data est ad [[Palatium Lateranense]]. Quamquam nonnullae collectiones posteriores annum 1219 perperam indicant, codex 897 [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francicae]] diem anni 1218 confirmat<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Contextus historicus == Hae litterae necessariae fuerunt ut Fratres Minores extra [[Italia|Italiam]] agnoscerentur. Secundum [[Iordanus de Iano|Iordanum de Iano]], fratres in variis Europae regionibus saepe cum haereticis vel pauperistis confundebantur; quocirca male tractabantur, expellebantur et in Italiam redire cogebantur. In hoc documento, Honorius III affirmat [[Regula Sancti Francisci|Regulam et vitam franciscanam]] iam ab [[Innocentius III|Innocentio III]] approbatas esse, tum vivae vocis oraculo, tum sollemniter in [[Concilium Lateranense Quartum|Concilio Lateranensi Quarto]] anno 1215 habitо<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Argumentum == Bulla universis ecclesiae praelatis mittitur: archiepiscopis, episcopis, abbatibus, decanis et archidiaconis. Honorius III monet ut Franciscum sociosque benigne accipiant. Pontifex declarat fratres, mundi vanitatibus abiectis, vitam a [[Sancta Sedes|Sede Apostolica]] probatam elegisse. Addit eos, [[Apostoli|Apostolorum]] more, divinum verbum per provincias seminare. Mandat ergo ut tamquam catholici et fideles christiani recipiantur, ob reverentiam Domini et auctoritatis apostolicae<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Notae == {{reflist}} == Nexus interni == * [[Honorius III]] * [[Franciscus Assisiensis]] * [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]] [[Categoria:1218]] [[Categoria:Bullae pontificiae]] d1mefb84gpo7kf0zlvjbiyju53edl34 3954690 3954689 2026-04-15T10:32:33Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 categoria 3954690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Cum dilecti | genus = [[Bulla apostolica|Bulla]] | pontifex = [[Honorius III]] | insigne = | datum = [[11 Iunii]] [[1218]] | annus_pontificatus = II | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Pontifex Franciscum Assisiensem fratresque minores ut catholicos ac fideles, ad formam vitae ab Ecclesia probatam pertinentes, palam agnoscit, praelatosque hortatur ut eos per suas diciones transeuntes benigne recipiant. | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} '''''Cum dilecti''''' est [[Bulla apostolica|bulla pontificia]] ab [[Honorius III|Honorio Papa III]] die [[11 Iunii]] anno [[1218]] promulgata, pontificatus sui anno secundo. Hic textus est primum documentum officiale [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] de [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|Fratribus Minoribus]], sodalitate a [[Franciscus Assisiensis|Francisco Assisiensi]] condita. Momentum habet historicum maximum, cum orthodoxiam, catholicitatem et fidelitatem Fratrum Minorum erga Ecclesiam sollemniter testetur. Praecipue haec bulla emissa est ut fratres a suspicione haeresis protegerentur, quae tunc temporis erga novos motus religiosos in Italia septentrionali ortos saepe exstabat<ref name="OFSLiguria2017">{{cite web | lingua = Italice | auctor = OFSL Liguria | titulus = Documenti della Curia Romana | url = https://www.ofsliguria.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Documenti-della-curia-romana.pdf | annus = 2017 | accessus = 2026-01-30 }}</ref>. Bulla data est ad [[Palatium Lateranense]]. Quamquam nonnullae collectiones posteriores annum 1219 perperam indicant, codex 897 [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francicae]] diem anni 1218 confirmat<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Contextus historicus == Hae litterae necessariae fuerunt ut Fratres Minores extra [[Italia|Italiam]] agnoscerentur. Secundum [[Iordanus de Iano|Iordanum de Iano]], fratres in variis Europae regionibus saepe cum haereticis vel pauperistis confundebantur; quocirca male tractabantur, expellebantur et in Italiam redire cogebantur. In hoc documento, Honorius III affirmat [[Regula Sancti Francisci|Regulam et vitam franciscanam]] iam ab [[Innocentius III|Innocentio III]] approbatas esse, tum vivae vocis oraculo, tum sollemniter in [[Concilium Lateranense Quartum|Concilio Lateranensi Quarto]] anno 1215 habitо<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Argumentum == Bulla universis ecclesiae praelatis mittitur: archiepiscopis, episcopis, abbatibus, decanis et archidiaconis. Honorius III monet ut Franciscum sociosque benigne accipiant. Pontifex declarat fratres, mundi vanitatibus abiectis, vitam a [[Sancta Sedes|Sede Apostolica]] probatam elegisse. Addit eos, [[Apostoli|Apostolorum]] more, divinum verbum per provincias seminare. Mandat ergo ut tamquam catholici et fideles christiani recipiantur, ob reverentiam Domini et auctoritatis apostolicae<ref name="OFSLiguria2017" />. == Notae == {{reflist}} == Nexus interni == * [[Honorius III]] * [[Franciscus Assisiensis]] * [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]] [[Categoria:Bullae]] [[Categoria:Honorius III]] [[Categoria:Concilia Oecumenica]] [[Categoria:1218]] [[Categoria:Ordines Franciscani]] opkn6583kxs43t3zu1tjhocps0o6phy 0 324384 3954691 2026-04-15T10:59:26Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Non te lusisse pudeat}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXIII reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Non te lusisse pudeat, sed ludum non incidere et que lusisti temere, ad vite frugem vertere. magistra morum doceat te ratio, ut dignus pontificio, divini dono numinis, ad laudem Christi nominis fungaris sacerdotio. Sis pius, iustus, sobrius, prudens, pudicus, humilis, in lege Dei docilis, et ne sis arbor sterilis; tuo te regas aptius officio, expulso procul vitio munderis labe criminis, ut mundus munde Virginis ministres in altario. Pius protector pauperum omni petenti tribue, malos potenter argue manusque sacras ablue a sordidorum munerum contagio, nullus te palpet premio, quesita gratis gratia largire beneficia, sed dignis beneficio. Non des ministris scelerum non tua, sed ecclesie, sub pietatis specie; non abutaris impie commisso tibi pauperum suffragio, nil a te ferat histrio, et tibi non allicias infames amicitias de Christi patrimonio. Ministros immunditie a te repellas longius: bonorum vitam fortius pravus depravat socius et afficit infamie dispendio; sic trahitur presumptio a convictu similium, prelati vita vilium vilescit contubernio. Caute dispone domui, pauca, sed vera loquere, verba confirmes opere, quia non decet temere os sacerdotis pollui mendacio; prudentium consilio te frui non displiceat, nec te sinistre moveat salubris exhortatio. Teneris, ut abstineas ab omni mala specie, sub freno temperantie magistra pudicitie, sobrietate, floreas, ne vario vagoque desiderio declines ad illecebras, sed cece mentis tenebras purga virtutis radio.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] adscriptum, est paraenesis moralis ad vitam sacerdotalem recte gerendam directa. Auctor admonet ne praeteriti lusus pudeat, dummodo mores ad melius vertantur et ratio fiat magistra vitae. Sacerdos exhortatur ut virtutes cardinales et theologicas colat (pietatem, iustitiam, sobrietatem, prudentiam) ut dignus fiat altario [[Virgo Maria|Virginis Mariae]] ministrare.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In strophis sequentibus, carmen contra vitia ecclesiastica invehitur: prohibetur symonia, admonetur de cura pauperum, et praecipitur ut patrimonium Christi non in histriones vel amicos infames effundatur. Denique, exhortatio ad castitatem et ad vitationem malorum sociorum nectitur, ut sacerdos, velut radio virtutis, mentis tenebras purgare valeat.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] i30t0d7w8d0saj5z0zlx1o4bz9065ye 0 324385 3954692 2026-04-15T11:10:39Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Deduc Sion uberrimas}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXIV reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Deduc, Sion, uberrimas velut torrentem lacrimas! nam qui pro tuis patribus nati sunt tibi filii, quorum dedisti manibus tui sceptrum imperii, fures et furum socii turbato rerum ordine abutuntur regimine pastoralis officii. Ad corpus infirmitas capitis descendit, singulosque gravitas artus apprehendit, refrigescit karitas, nec iam se extendit ad amorem proximi; nam videmus opprimi pupilum a potente, nec est qui salvum faciat vel qui iustum eripiat ab impio premente. Vide, Deus ultionum, vide, videns omnia, quod spelunca vispillonum facta est Ecclesia, quod in templum Salomonis venit princeps Babylonis et excelsum sibi thronum posuit in medio! sed arrepto gladio scelus hoc ulciscere! veni, iudex gentium, cathedras vendentium columbas evertere!<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, [[Philippus Cancellarius|Philippo Cancellario]] attributum et in sectione morali positum, vehementem querimoniam contra corruptionem ecclesiasticam exprimit. Auctor lamentationem biblicam ad statum sui temporis convertit, arguens pastores Ecclesiae non iam custodes sed fures ac lupos factos esse, qui officio suo ad res mundanas abutuntur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In textu describitur quomodo "infirmitas capitis" (id est, vitia summorum moderatorum) ad totum corpus fidelium descendat, caritatem extinguens et potentibus sinens pauperes opprimere. Carmen denique invocationem ad Deum ut iustum iudicem dirigit, ut scelera vindicet et templum a mercatoribus purget, sicut Christus in [[Evangelium|Evangelio]] fecerat.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] eel39y5tev0rgeo2cgoc3ni09uu0wot 0 324386 3954694 2026-04-15T11:17:36Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Magnus maior maximus}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXV reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Magnus maior maximus, parvus minor minimus: gradus istos repperi, per quos gradus comperi augeri et conteri gradus status hominis, prout datur dignitas, dignitatum quantitas quantitasque nominis. Magni parvus extiti, parvi magnus meriti, parveque sunt gratie diviti contrarie: cui plus datur hodie, magis est obnoxius, quique minus habuit et minus attribuit, minus reddit gratius. Viri fratres presules, rationis consules, me non imitemini! ne sic operemini super gregem Domini, pervigil sit animus, sit lumen in manibus, presit custos renibus magnus maior maximus!<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione moralium et satiricorum servatum, de variis gradibus ac dignitatibus humanae condicionis disserit, ludens cum comparativis et superlativis formis ad hierarchiam socialem describendam. Auctor demonstrat quomodo status hominis et nomen eius secundum fortunam vel dignitatem augeri vel minui possint, monens divites et potentes de maiore responsabilitate (obnoxietate) quae copiam rerum sequitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In ultima parte, carmen ad praelatos et pastores Ecclesiae vertitur, quos auctor hortatur ad vigilantiam et rectam operis rationem. Per apostrophen "viri fratres presules", carmen monet ne gregem Domini neglegant, sed ut mentes vigilantes et mores castos (custodem renibus) servent, ut revera in virtute sint magni, maiores et maximi.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] j7pfqdfyv9pvth3rdlen8y4n54ngkuo 3954701 3954694 2026-04-15T11:41:48Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3954701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Magnus maior maximus}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] [[vagi|vagorum]] [[Latine|nostra lingua]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXV reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Magnus maior maximus, parvus minor minimus: gradus istos repperi, per quos gradus comperi augeri et conteri gradus status hominis, prout datur dignitas, dignitatum quantitas quantitasque nominis. Magni parvus extiti, parvi magnus meriti, parveque sunt gratie diviti contrarie: cui plus datur hodie, magis est obnoxius, quique minus habuit et minus attribuit, minus reddit gratius. Viri fratres presules, rationis consules, me non imitemini! ne sic operemini super gregem Domini, pervigil sit animus, sit lumen in manibus, presit custos renibus magnus maior maximus!<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione moralium et satiricorum servatum, de variis gradibus ac dignitatibus humanae condicionis disserit, ludens cum comparativis et superlativis formis ad hierarchiam socialem describendam. Auctor demonstrat quomodo status hominis et nomen eius secundum fortunam vel dignitatem augeri vel minui possint, monens divites et potentes de maiore responsabilitate (obnoxietate) quae copiam rerum sequitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In ultima parte, carmen ad praelatos et pastores Ecclesiae vertitur, quos auctor hortatur ad vigilantiam et rectam operis rationem. Per apostrophen "viri fratres presules", carmen monet ne gregem Domini neglegant, sed ut mentes vigilantes et mores castos (custodem renibus) servent, ut revera in virtute sint magni, maiores et maximi.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, [[1995]] | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] ale6vvzbg91ytf97vm2lrnth04ccc2i 0 324387 3954695 2026-04-15T11:21:55Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Nulli beneficium}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXVI reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| 1a.Nulli beneficium iuste penitudinis amputatur, nulli maius vitium quam ingratitudinis imputatur. ergo, presul confitens, esto vere penitens, quia nil confessio lavat, cui contritio denegatur. 1b.Si confessus fueris ore, fit confessio ad salutem, corde si contereris; animi contritio dat virtutem, ut salutem habeas; ut virtutem teneas, relictis prioribus tuam orna moribus iuventutem. 2a.Virtute, non sanguine decet niti; sub honorum culmine corde miti foveas innoxium; reprime flagitium superbi et impii; supremi iudicii memor iuste iudica, predicans non claudica. 2b.Tuum sit contemnere contemnentes et fovere munere nil habentes. relevato debiles et exaltes bumiles. in te sit humilitas, cui mixta sit gravitas, ut lene corripias et serene lenias. 3a.Cui magis committitur, ab eo plus exigitur. quid Domino retribuis pro tot, que tibi tribuit, quod lac et lanam eruis gregis, cuius constituit te pastorem? sed cave ne, cum venerit, te districte tunc conterat ut raptorem! districtus iudex aderit; nunc sustinens considerat peccatorem. 3b.Cum subiectis ne pereas, exempla prava timeas in subiectos transfundere; nam quanto gradus altior cum graviori pendere, tanto labenti gravior lapsus datur. ne desperes, si criminis in latens precipitium pes labatur, nam iuste penitudinis nemini beneficium amputatur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen morale et pareneticum ad quendam praelatum seu episcopum (''praesul'') dirigitur, ut eum ad veram paenitentiam et ad officia pastoralis curae recte implenda hortetur. Auctor primum momentum contritionis cordis extollit, sine qua externa confessio ore facta inanis habetur, et gravitatem ingratitudinis erga Deum admonet.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In sectionibus sequentibus, carmen virtutes morales pastoris describit: niti debet virtute potius quam nobilitate sanguinis, humiles fovere, superbos reprimere et iuste iudicare. Denique severitas divini iudicii commemoratur, ubi pastor rationem reddere debet de grege sibi commisso, ne non pastor sed raptor inveniatur, quia lapsus ab alto gradu gravior semper habetur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] jckaxeayp5fgy88a7pvao99ukl5us0n 0 324388 3954696 2026-04-15T11:24:35Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|In Gedeonis area}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXVII reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| In Gedeonis area vellus aret extentum, et demolitur tinea regale vestimentum, superhabundat palea, que sepelit frumentum, et loquitur iumentum, nec redit bos ad horrea, sed sequitur carpentum. Exit rumor discriminis de Grandimontis cella, que tam sancte dulcedinis late fundebat mella; preposteratur ordinis plantatio novella, dum movet in se bella, bases in summo culminis ponens, non capitella. Quod sanctum sacerdotium, quod unctio regalis se curvet ad imperium et vocem subiugalis, humanum est mysterium et furor laicalis. favor tamen venalis, qui non intrant per ostium, fovet eos sub alis. Clausa quondam religio vel otium secretum nunc subiacet opprobrio per vulgus indiscretum, quod tali tirocinio non erat assuetum; et, quod format, decretum non legis patrocinio nec litteris est fretum. Sub brevi doctus tempore stultus dum incappatur, pleno prophetat pectore, ructans interpretatur et disputat cum rhetore, qui tacet et miratur, quod vir iustus tollattur et assumptus de stercore sententias loquatur. Ve, ve, qui regis filiam das in manu lenonis! ve, qui profanas gloriam tante devotionis, qui cellam pigmentariam et opus Salomonis fraude rapis predonis, si certius inspiciam ad rem condicionis!<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen satiricum, circa annum 1187 vel 1188 compositum, acerbam criticam de statu Ecclesiae et ordinis monastici, praesertim de dissensionibus in [[Ordo Grandimontensis|Ordine Grandimontensi]] ortis, exhibet. Auctor metaphoris biblicis utitur, sicut vellere Gedeonis et voce asinae Balaam, ut mundum inversum depingat, in quo stultitia sapientiae praevalet et "palea frumentum sepelit".<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In versibus sequentibus, poëta deplorat degradationem sacerdotii et intrusionem laicorum in res spirituales. Queritur de subversione hierarchiae ubi imperiti de theologia disputant et iusti deiciuntur, dum homines venales et hypocritae per fraudem ascendunt. Carmen cum vehementi exclamatione ("Vae, vae") concluditur, quae profanationem sanctitatis et rapinam divini cultus quasi scelus proditionis damnat.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] rsls8t5e2i7votilvhc951mssixsagg 0 324389 3954697 2026-04-15T11:29:28Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Doctrinae verba paucis}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXVIII reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Doctrine verba paucis prosunt sine factis. Eloquium sanctum pretiosum fit super aurum. Expers doctrine tenebras patietur ubique. Est quasi vas vacuum, cui cura deest animarum.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, [[Othlo Ratisbonensis|Othloni Ratisbonensi]] attributum, in sectione carminum moralium positum, momentum nexis inter doctrinam et actionem (seu facta) extollit. Auctor monet verba eruditionis parvi momenti esse nisi cum operibus iungantur, et sanctum eloquium rebus mundanis pretiosius esse declarat.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In versibus posterioribus, ignorantia seu carentia doctrinae cum tenebris comparatur, quae hominem ubique sequuntur. Denique is qui curam animarum neglegit assimilatur vasi vacuo, significationem spiritualem et moralem amittens.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] mp4ajr2px7ybiwrcmk1hw59njqvh1y5 0 324390 3954698 2026-04-15T11:33:47Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|In huius mundi patria}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXIX reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| 1.In huius mundi patria regnat idolatria; ubique sunt venalia dona spiritalia. custodes sunt raptores atque lupi pastores, principes et reges subverterunt leges. hac incerta domo insanit omnis homo. sed ista cum vento transibunt in momento. 2.Lia placet lipposa, sed Rachel flet formosa, que diu manens sterilis ob immanitatem sceleris generat anicilla; nam Raab ancilla navem mundi mersit, discordia dispersit mortis seminaria, et mundi luminaria luminant obscure; pauci vivunt secure. 3.Doctores apostolici et iudices katholici quidam colunt Albinum et diligunt Rufinum, cessant iudicare et student devorare gregem sibi commissum; hi cadunt in abyssum. si cecus ducit cecum, in fossam cadit secum. hi tales subsannantur et infra castra cremantur. 4.Episcopi cornuti conticuere muti, ad predam sunt parati et indecenter coronati; pro virga ferunt lanceam, pro infula galeam, clipeum pro stola - hec mortis erit mola -, loricam pro alba - hec occasio calva -, pellem pro humerali pro ritu seculari. 5.Sicut fortes incedunt et a Deo discedunt, ut leones feroces et ut aquile veloces, ut apri frendentes exacuere dentes, linguas ut serpentes pugnare non valentes, mundo consentientes et tempus redimentes, quia dies sunt mali, iure imperiali. 6.Principes et abbates ceterique vates, ceteri doctores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iura deposuerunt, canones ac decreta. sicut scripsit propheta, Deum exacerbaverunt et Sanctum Israel blasphemaverunt. 7.Monachi sunt nigri et in regula sunt pigri, bene cucullati et male coronati. quidam sunt cani et sensibus profani. quidam sunt fratres et verentur ut patres. dicuntur Norpertini et non Augustini. in cano vestimento novo gaudent invento.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione moralium et satiricorum comprehensum, acerrimam criticam contra corruptionem ecclesiae et societatis saecularis saeculi XII exhibet. Auctor deplorat simoniam, ubi dona spiritualia venalia facti sunt, et mores praelatorum qui, vice pastorum, lupi rapaces facti sunt, leges divinas humanasque subvertentes.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In textu personae biblicae (ut Lia, Rachel, et Raab) allegorice adhibentur ad statum mundi deflendis modis describendum. Notabilis est satira contra episcopos qui, habitum militarem pro ecclesiastico sumentes (lanceam pro virga, galeam pro infula), officia sacra neglegunt. Etiam monachi, nominatim Norpertini, de pigritia et mundanis novitatibus reprehenduntur, dum totus mundus in ruinam et chaos morale vergere videtur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] b76sqobaedyg66i5oqi95igw94o4dx3 0 324391 3954700 2026-04-15T11:41:04Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|In huius mundi domo}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXIXa reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| In huius mundi domo miser qui vivis homo, quod cinis es, memento: transibis in momento. post carnem cinis eris atque morte teneris. cinis et origo. sit tibi formido, cum spiritus cadit et ad Dominum vadit, qui eum dedit. miser, qui hoc non credit. Vanitatum vanitas et omnia vanitas! est animalis homo in huius mundi domo. cuncta, que sub sole, assimilantur mole, nam omnia volvuntur, quedam dissolvuntur, quedam ad vitam crescunt et omnia decrescunt. sed spiritalis homo Dei regnat in domo.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione moralium et satiricorum servatum, argumentum [[Memento mori|commemorationis mortis]] et fragilitatis humanae tractat. Primis in versibus, auctor hominem monet de natura sua terrena, admonens eum cinerem esse et cito periturum; mors enim spiritum a carne separat ut ad Creatorem redeat. Haec admonitio ad timorem Dei et ad fidem incitandam adhibetur, ne homo in miseria spirituali permaneat.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In altera parte, carmen celebrem locutionem biblicam "[[Ecclesiastes|Vanitatum vanitas]]" usurpat ad mundi fluxibilitatem demonstrandam. Auctor differentiam ponit inter "hominem animalem", qui in domo mundana rebus subsolaribus et mutabilibus implicatur, et "hominem spiritalem", qui aeternitatem petit. Dum omnia sub sole decrescunt vel volvuntur, solus homo spiritualis in domo Dei regnare dicitur, vitam stabilem post mortem inveniens.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] riri2nw1yi656qw458ynmilbw4vlwgc 0 324392 3954702 2026-04-15T11:42:45Z ~2026-23169-17 208016 novo carmen 3954702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Cum vadis ad altare}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis|latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXIXb reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Cum vadis ad altare missam celebrare, te debes preparare, vetus expurgare de corde fermentum; sic offer sacramentum: invoca Christum, psalmum dicas istum: «Iudica», teque ipsum preiudica, israel et Iuda cordis mala denuda.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen breve, in sectione carminum moralium et satiricorum insertum, formam paraenesis seu admonitionis liturgicae praebet, qua clerici ante celebrationem [[Eucharistia|Eucharistiae]] incitantur. Auctor metaphoram biblicam "fermenti veteris" adhibet ut purificationem cordis necessariam demonstret antequam quis ad [[altare]] accedat.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In hoc contextu, celebrans hortatur ad invocationem Christi et recitationem Psalmi XLII (secundum numerationem Vulgatae), cuius initium est "Iudica me, Deus". Carmen momentum poenitentiae interioris extollit, ubi "denudatio" malorum cordis et sui ipsius iudicium tamquam fundamenta verae praeparationis spiritualis proponuntur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] msmhnbt0up9pjy0wct9b7xj7wiakm2x