Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 245 3955342 3895428 2026-04-18T04:02:35Z LilyKitty 18316 de fretis et Pactiobe Nationum Unitarum de lege maris 3955342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fretum''' {{victio|fretum|i|n}} significare potest: '''Fretum''' [[Mare|maris]] sunt angustiae: e.g., [[fretum Gaditanum]], inter [[Mare Mediterraneum|nostrum mare]] et Oceanum. Speciatim absolute dicitur de [[Siculum fretum|freto Siculo]], inter [[Sicilia]]m [[Italia]]mque sito, quod primum omnium Romanis cognitum et maxime frequentatum fuit. == Index fretorum == * [[Bosporus]] * [[Fretum Beringianum]] * [[Fretum Cookianum]] * [[Fretum Daniae]] * [[Fretum Davisianum]] * [[Fretum Gaditanum]] * [[Fretum Gallicum]] * [[Fretum Magellanicum]] * [[Fretum Malaccense]] * [[Fretum Menai]] * [[Fretum Oresundicum]] * [[Fretum Ormusense]] * [[Hellespontus]] * [[Oresundae fretum]] * [[Siculum fretum]] {{NexInt}} * [[Mare]] * [[Oceanus]] * [[Pactio Nationum Unitarum de lege maris]] == Nexus externus == * [[:en:Legio X Fretensis]] * [[:en:Hellespont]] (Fretum Hellesponticum) * [[:en:Gibraltar]] Fretum Herculeum [[Categoria:Freta|!]] d7c8vmy6h93cd3zpk7o5pmt63qavgak 0 2326 3955341 3712482 2026-04-18T03:58:49Z LilyKitty 18316 de Hellesponto 3955341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Bosporus (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Istanbul and Bosporus big.jpg|thumb|Bosporus e [[Statio Spatialis Internationalis|Statione Spatiali Internationali]] visus.]] '''Bosporus''', interdum '''Bosporus Thracius'''<ref>Locutio discretiva, cf. [[Bosporus Cimmerius]]. "Thracius, ut dictum est, Bosphorus": [[Pomponius Mela]], ''[[Chorographia (Mela)|Chorographia]]'' 1.101</ref> ([[Graece]]: ''Βόσπορος'' 'vadum bovis'; [[Turcice]]: ''Boğaz'' 'vorago', sive ''Karadeniz Boğazı'' 'vorago Maris Nigri') est [[fretum]] in [[Turcia]], quod [[Europa]]m ab [[Asia]] separat == Loci == [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidius]] [[Tomis]] relegatus de Bosporo in ''[[Tristia]]e'' libro III capite IV descripsit. Haec sunt verba: :Proxima sideribus [[tellus]] [[Erymanthidos Ursae]] :me tenet, adstricto terra perusta gelu. :Bosporos et Tanais superant [[Scythia]]eque [[palus|paludes]] :vix satis et noti nomina pauca loci. :ulterius nihil est nisi non habitabile frigus. :Heu quam vicina est ultima terra mihi! == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Aquae Dulces Asiae]] * [[Sinus Ceratinus]] * [[Dionysius Byzantius]] * [[Petrus Gyllius]] * [[Hellespontus]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051202044558/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.tristia.shtml P. OVIDI NASONIS TRISTIA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060102030122/http://dekart.f.bg.ac.yu/~vnedeljk/VV/OvTr3-4b.mp3 Tristia III.IV] (in forma .mp3) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202173243/http://dekart.f.bg.ac.yu/~vnedeljk/VV/ Viva Voce - Roman Poetry Recited] [[Categoria:Bosporus|!]] [[Categoria:Constantinopolis]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} rhmski524tozri98y5j38tjwbq3f8bc 0 5968 3955346 3955027 2026-04-18T09:03:49Z Andrew Dalby 1084 fons nominis brevis 3955346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Koeln Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg|thumb|[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] et [[pons]] ferriviarius.]] '''Colonia Agrippina'''<ref>[http://www.lib.byu.edu/~catalog/people/rlm/latin/c/0cnames.htm#Coloniae%20Agrippinae De nomine urbis.]</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Köln''; sermone loci ''Kölle''), plene '''Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium''', est [[urbs]] pervetusta in [[Germania]] ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] [[flumen]] sita. Exstat et versio simplex '''Agrippina'''.<ref>"... Agrippinam ingressi invenimus ..." ([[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' 15.5.24). Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'' (Berolini et Monaci: 1983), ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref> Ut hoc nomen indicat, condita est a [[Roma]]nis, et [[ius]] titulusque [[colonia]]e civium Romanorum ei data sunt. Hodie est [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Archidioecesis Coloniensis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]]. Patroni sancti urbis sunt [[Sancti Magi|tres magi]]: Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar. Urbs numero incolarum est quarta Germaniae. == Res gestae == [[Fasciculus:Colonia Braun-Hogenberg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|'''Colonia''' (infra) et [[Divitia]] transrhenana (supra) circiter anno [[1600]].]] Colonia anno [[50]] condita est; iam primum autem locus ab [[Ubii]]s incolebatur, et nomine Oppidi Ubiorum notus est. Qui homines erant gens Germanorum Romanis amica. Post coloniam conditam, [[caput (urbs)|caput]] provinciae [[Germania inferior|Germaniae inferioris]] facta est, maiorque compitum [[Limes Germanicus inferior|Limitis Germanici]]. Nata est ibi [[Agrippina]], [[Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus|Neronis]] [[mater]], anno [[15]] aut [[16]]. [[Pons Romanus Coloniae Claudiae Arae Agrippinensium|Pons Romanus]] in flumine Rheno [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] constructus est. Colonia usque ad [[Saeculum 5|quintum saeculum]] Romanica fuit; anno autem [[456]] dux [[Aegidius]] Coloniam [[Franci]]s cedere debuit. Unus ex magnis [[aedificium|aedificiis]] apud Coloniam Agrippinam fuit [[aquaeductus Arduennus]], qui [[aqua]]m a [[Arduenna|silvae Arduennae]] parte ad orientem spectante, quae nunc [[Eifla]] appellatur, usque ad fontes puteosque urbis deducebat. Colonia [[Aevum Medium|Medio Aevo]] locus maximi momenti erat, nam [[episcopus]] [[Rainaldus de Dassel]] [[Sancti Magi|Trium Regum]] [[os (ossis)|ossa]] illuc portavit, qua de causa multi viatores in locum sacrum immigrant. Usque ad hunc diem, multi [[Religio Christiana|Christiani]] urbem visitant ad ossa veneranda. Iam tempore Romanorum Colonia erat sedes episcopalis. Anno [[1388]] hic [[Universitas Coloniae|universitas]] primo constituta est. Die [[14 Novembris]] [[1899]] in urbis parte vulgo "Ehrenfeld" (honoris campus) nuncupata, Augustus Horch (*[[12 Octobris]] [[1868]], †[[3 Februarii]] [[1951]]), inventor rerum [[autocinetum|autocineticarum]] coepit autocinetorum rationem instituere et ea conficere. Autocinetis nomina "Horch" et "Audi" dedit. Verbum enim Theodiscum "horch!" Latine "audi!" dicere vult. Inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[aëroplanum|aëroplana]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]] et [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]] urbem valde deleverunt: primum die [[30 Maii]] [[1942]] Britannici magnum numerum [[bomba]]rum in urbem deiecerunt. Coloniae anno [[2005]] [[Dies Iuvenum Totius Orbis]] a [[papa]] [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]], magno concursu cardinalium et [[episcopus|episcoporum]] facto, coram circa unum millionem fidelium solemniter celebrati sunt. == Commeatus == [[Fasciculus:K4000 Koeln Zollstock.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Ferrivia strataria]].]] [[Urbs|Urbis]] [[commeatus]] publicus constat ex [[ferrivia|ferriviis]] [[Ferrivia urbana rapida Germanica|rapidis]] lineae 6, 9 ad 13 et urbanis (''Stadtbahn''), ferriviis stratariis et [[laophorum|laophoris]]. Ferriviae stratariae nonnumquam [[ferrivia subterranea|subterraneae]] sunt, his in locis stationes earum habent signum "U", alibi usitatum, ut subterraneum proprium designet. Agrippina colonia cum [[Bonna]] coniuncta est linea Rhenana riparia (vel 16) et linea promunturia (vel 18). Cum Dusseldorpio et [[regio Rurana|regione Rurana]] [[Ferrivia urbana rapida Germanica|Ferriviae Rapidae]] coniuncta est lineis 6 et 11. Immediate iuxta [[Ecclesia cathedralis (Colonia Agrippina)|ecclesiam cathedralem]] [[Statio ferriviaria|statio]] vocata [[Statio ferriviaria principalis Coloniae Agrippinae|Statio ferriviaria principalis]] stat, constructa a regibus Borussianis de stirpe [[Zolnerum|Zolnerorum]], quorum nomen imperio amisso restat ponti ferriviario grandi proximo. Ille templo christiano similis velut templum novi imperii et aetatis constructus est. Urbs cum illo octo [[Pontes Coloniae Agrippinae|pontes]] trans Rhenum ducentes habet, quorum duo ferriviis solis, alii duo viis vehicularibus modo patent. Una cum [[Bonna]] urbe foederali [[aeroportus|aeroportum]] habet nomine [[Aeorportus Coloniae Agrippinae et Bonnae|Coloniensem et Bonnensem]]. Ferriviae urbanae rapidae linea 12 coniungit Coloniam et illum aeroportum. Sunt multae quoque aliae lineae ferriviariae rapidae regionales et interurbanae rapidissimae, quarum una, exempli gratia, in urbem [[Lutetia]]m tendit. == Vita coloniensis == [[Fasciculus:Kranz Koelsch.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Corona poculorum vitreorum cervisia '''Coloniensi''' plenorum]] Coloniae [[cervisia]] sui generis coquitur, a Coloniensibus dialecto eorum ''Kölsch'' nuncupata. E contrario in urbe aemulatrici [[Dusseldorpium|Dusseldorpio]] cervisia "alta" ut aiunt vel Germanice "Alt" braxatur. Nomen a modo fermentationis orietur, quae Germanice "obergärig" (id est: in alto fermentans) appellatur. [[Dies lunae]] rabidus ut dicitur vel secundum hodiernam populi [[etymologia]]m dies lunae rosarum est vertex [[carnelevarium Rhenanum|carnelevarii]] Coloniae. Haec dies est paenultimus ante [[Dies Cinerum|diem quartam cinerum]], initium [[quadragesima]]e. Cantores et greges musici Colonici sicut "Bläck Fööss" (''Pedes Nudi'') vel "Höhner" (''Gallinae'') multas carmines in sermone Colonica composuerunt, exempli gratia "[[Viva Colonia]]". == Geographia == Dextra in [[Rhenus|Rheni]] ripa civitas [[Divitia]] sita est, quae anno [[1888]] pars Coloniae facta est. Hoc transrhenanum latus ab indigenis vulgo "schäl Sick" vocatur. Apud urbem insula in flumine erat ubi primus [[portus]] Coloniae fuit. Urbs in octaginta sex regiones divisa est, vide: [[Regiones Coloniae Agrippinae]]. == Institutiones == === Musea === [[Museum Romano-Germanicum]] iuxta ecclesiam cathedralem et prope stationem ferriviae situm est. Pars etiam anticae viae ibi est. Alia Musea: * [[Museum Ludovici (Colonia Agrippina)]] * [[Museum Wallraf-Richartz]] * [[Museum Civitatis Coloniae Agrippinae]] * [[Museum Dioecesis archiepiscopalis Coloniae Agrippinae]] * [[Museum Artis Asiae orientalis (Colonia Agrippina)]] * [[Museum Schnütgen]] === Archiva === [[Archivum Civitatis Coloniae Agrippinae]] maximum urbium Europae septentrionalis est. Die [[3 Martii]] [[2009]] propter menda in constructione ferriviae subterraneae domus archivi collapsa est.<ref>Ulrich Fischer: ''Einsturz – Bergung – Perspektiven. Ansichten und Einsichten'' in: Schmidt-Czaja, Soénius (ed.): ''Gedächtnisort. Das Historische Archiv der Stadt Köln'' (Colonia Agrippina 2010), pag. 39–65.</ref> == Religio == === Ecclesia catholica === [[Fasciculus:Cologne Cathedral Shrine of Magi.jpg|thumb|Arca aurea trium Magorum in ecclesia cathedrali '''Coloniae Agrippinae''']] Colonia est sedes archiepiscopalis nomine [[Archidioecesis Coloniensis]]. Praesens [[archiepiscopus]] ex anno 2015 [[cardinalis]] [[Rainerius Maria Woelki]] est. Ecclesia archiepiscopi est [[Ecclesia cathedralis (Colonia Agrippina)|Ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Petri Coloniensis]].<ref>Hugo Borger, Rainer Gaertner: ''Der Dom zu Köln.'' Coloniae Agrippinae 1980. ISBN 3-7743-0180-8. – Klaus Gereon Beuckers: ''Der Kölner Dom.'' Darmstadii 2004. ISBN 3-534-15737-0.</ref> Die [[23 Iulii]] [[1164]] ab archiepiscopo [[Rainaldus de Dassel|Rainoldo de Dassel]] cancellario regio [[Reliquiae sacrae|reliquiae]] trium [[Magi (Biblia)|regum sanctorum]] ab urbe [[Mediolanum|Mediolano]] in ecclesiam urbis Coloniae Agrippinae translatae sunt, unde maior [[Peregrinatio (religio)|peregrinatio]] christianorum ad hanc ecclesiam et illos patronos urbis orta est.<ref>Dorothee Kemper, ''Die Goldschmiedearbeiten am Dreikönigenschrein: Bestand und Geschichte seiner Restaurierungen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert,'' tomus 3, (Colonia Agrippina: 2014). Rolf Lauer, ''Der Schrein der Heiligen Drei Könige'' (Colonia Agrippina: 2006). Rolf Lauer, "Dreikönigenschrein," in ''Ornamenta Ecclesiae, Kunst und Künstler der Romanik in Köln,'' tomus 2, (Coloniae Agrippinae: 1985), 215–226. Walter Schulten, ''Der Schrein der Heiligen Drei Könige im Kölner Dom'' (Coloniae Agrippinae: 1975).</ref> Notae sunt incolis hospitibusque urbis etiam [[Duodecim Ecclesiae Romanicae Colonienses]] mediaevales. A [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum XII|duodecimo]] usque ad [[saeculum 15|quintum decimum]] maximi momenti erant Coloniae, qui in loca sacra veniebant, ut animas melius ad [[caelum]] sustulerint. Aedes autem trium regum sacrorum maxime certo petebatur. ==== Basilicae catholicae Colonienses ==== Inter basilicas parochiales Coloniae Agrippinae maiores sunt:<ref>Manfred Becker-Huberti, Günter A. Menne: '' Kölner Kirchen, die Kirchen der katholischen und evangelischen Gemeinden in Köln''. Coloniae Agrippinae 2004. ISBN 3-7616-1731-3.</ref><ref>Jürgen Kaiser, Florian Monheim: ''Die großen romanischen Kirchen in Köln'', Coloniae 2013. ISBN 978-3-7743-0615-8.</ref> * [[Ecclesia Sanctae Ursulae]] (vide: [[Ursula Coloniensis|Ursulam Coloniensem]]; aedificium [[Ars Romanica|Romanicum]])<ref>Oskar Schade: ''Die Sage von der Heiligen Ursula und den elftausend Jungfrauen: Ein Beitrag zur Sagenforschung''. 3. Ed. Rümpler, Hannoverae 1854 ([http://www.google.de/books?id=_8MJAAAAQAAJ in interrete])</ref> * Ecclesia [[Martinus Turonensis|Sancti Martini]] * Basilica Sancti Cuniberti (aedificium Romanicum)<ref>Christoph Machat: "St. Kunibert. Das Bauwerk von den Anfängen bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg". In: Hiltrud Kier, Ulrich Krings (ed.): "Köln: Die Romanischen Kirchen. Von den Anfängen bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg". Coloniae 1984, p. 306-330. ISBN 3-7616-0761-X.</ref> * Basilica [[Apostoli|Sanctorum Apostolorum]] (aedificium Romanicum)<ref>Annerose Berners: ''St. Aposteln in Köln. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte eines mittelalterlichen Kollegiatstifts bis ins 15. Jahrhundert.'' 2 t., Bonnae 2004.</ref> * Basilica [[Caecilia Romana|Sanctae Caeciliae]] (aedificium Romanicum)<ref>Heinz Firmenich: ''St. Peter und St. Cäcilien in Köln''. (''Rheinische Kunststätten'', 61). Coloniae, 1976. ISBN 388094018.5.</ref> * Basilica [[Georgius (sanctus)|Sancti Georgii]] (aedificium Romanicum)<ref>Wilhelm Schorn, Albert Verbeek: ''Die Kirche St. Georg in Köln''. [[Berolinum|Berolini]] 1940.</ref> * Ecclesia Sancti Gereonis (aedificium Romanicum) * Sancta Maria in Lyskirchen, etiam ecclesia [[nauta]]rum vocata (aedificium Romanicum) * Sancta Maria Capitolinensis * Basilica Sancti Martini maior (aedificium Romanicum) * Basilica Sancti Severini (aedificium Romanicum) <ref>Wilhelm Schmidt-Bleibtreu: ''Das Stift St. Severin in Köln''. Siegburgi 1982, ISBN 3-87710-096-1.</ref> * Ecclesia Sancti Pantaleoni (aedificium Romanicum) <ref>Hans J. Kracht: ''Geschichte der Benediktinerabtei St. Pantaleon in Köln 965–1250''. Siegburgi 1975. ISBN 3-87710-067-8.</ref> * Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae callis cupri<ref>Stephanie Habeth-Allhorn: ''175 Jahre Cellitinnen zur hl. Maria in der Kupfergasse, eine sozial-karitative Ordensgemeinschaft im Herzen von Köln''. Coloniae 2003. ISBN 3-7616-1768-2.</ref> * Basilica Nativitatis Sanctae Mariae === Ecclesia evangelica === Saeculo 16 Coloniae quattuor communitates reformatorum fuerunt. Ab anno [[1802]] ecclesiae evangelicae cura religionis in urbe Colonia Agrippina concessa fuit. Primus parochus evangelicus Coloniae fuit [[Christianus Gottlibus Bruch]]. Anno [[1860]] aedificium Ecclesiae evangelicae Sancti Trinitatis constructum est.<ref>Barbara Becker-Jákli: ''Die Protestanten in Köln. Die Entwicklung einer religiösen Minderheit von der Mitte des 18. bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts''. Coloniae 1983. – Günther A. Menne, Christoph Nötzel (ed.): ''Evangelische Kirchen in Köln und Umgebung.'' Coloniae 2007. ISBN 3-7616-1944-8.</ref> === Communitas Iudaeorum === [[Iudaei]] iam saeculo 4 in urbe habitabant. Haec prima communitas Iudaeica ad septentrionem montium [[alpes|Alpium]] erat.<ref>Ernst Weyden: Geschichte der Juden in Köln am Rhein von der Römerzeit bis in die Gegenwart. Nebst Noten und Urkunden (Colonia Agrippina 1867).</ref> === Religio islamica === Coloniae [[Musulmanus|musulmani]] nunc [[meschita]]m centralem instituunt. == Aedificia == * [[Colonius]], turris televisionis * [[Pollonius]] == Incolae noti == === Aetas antiqua === * [[Agrippina minor]] (15 p.C.n. - 59) === Nati === * [[Ioannes Hulsman]] (circa 1610 - 1649), pictor * [[Iacobus Offenbach]] (1819 - 1880), compositor * [[Maximus Bruch]] (1838 - 1918), compositor * [[Augustus Bebel]] (1840 - 1913), homo politicus factionis [[SPD]] *[[Gulielmus Leibl]], (1844 - 1900), pictor * [[Carolus Bosch]] (1874 - 1914), chemicus, praemio Nobeliano lauratus * [[Conradus Adenauer]] (1876 - 1967), magister civium civitatis patriae et cancellarius Germanicus * [[Gulielmus Millowitsch]] (1909 - 1999), comoedus * [[Ioannes Katzer]] (1919 - 1996), vir publicus factionis [[CDU]] * [[Henricus Böll]] (1917 - 1985), scriptor * [[Helmut Kickton]] (*1956), organista * [[Franciscus Schätzing]] (*1957), scriptor * [[Alexander Comes Lambsdorff]] (*1966), vir publicus === Mortui === * [[Hartlevus de Marca]] -[[1390]], primus rector [[Universitas Studii Coloniensis|universitatis studii Coloniensis]] * [[Ioannes Katzer]] (1919 - 1996), vir publicus factionis [[CDU]] * [[Gulielmus Millowitsch]] (1909 - 1999), comoedus * [[Ioannes-Georgius Wischnewski]] (1922 - 2005), vir publicus factionis [[SPD]] * [[Guido Westerwelle]] (1961 - 2016), vir publicus factionis [[FDP]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Hugo Borger, Frank Günter Zehnder: ''Köln. Die Stadt als Kunstwerk. Stadtansichten vom 15. bis 20. Jahrhundert.'' Greven, Coloniae 1982, ISBN 3-7743-0181-6. * Reinhard Matz und Wolfgang Vollmer: ''Köln nach dem Krieg. Leben Kultur Stadt 1950–1990'', Greven, Coloniae 2014, ISBN 978-3-7743-0628-8. * Jürgen Wilhelm: ''Das große Köln-Lexikon''. Greven, Coloniae 2005, ISBN 3-7743-0355-X. * Ulrich Soénius, Jürgen Wilhelm (ed.): ''Kölner Personen-Lexikon.'' Greven, Köln 2007, ISBN 978-3-7743-0400-0.Coloniae * Dorothea Wiktorin (ed.): ''Köln, der historisch- topographische Atlas.'' Coloniae 2001, ISBN 3-89705-229-6. * Erich Keyser (ed.): ''Rheinisches Städtebuch.'' Band III 3. Teilband aus ''Deutsches Städtebuch. Handbuch städtischer Geschichte. Im Auftrage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der historischen Kommissionen und mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Städtetages, des Deutschen Städtebundes und des Deutschen Gemeindetages.'' Stutgardii 1956. * Helmut Signon, Klaus Schmidt: ''Alle Straßen führen durch Köln.'' Coloniae 2006, ISBN 3-7743-0379-7. * Ansgar Bach: ''Literarisches Köln. 80 Autoren – Wohnorte, Wirken und Werke.'' Berolini 2002, ISBN 3-931911-23-3. * Uwe Schwarz: ''Köln und sein Umland in alten Karten. Von der Eifelkarte zur Generalstabskarte (1550 bis 1897).'' Coloniae 2005, ISBN 3-89705-343-8. * Rüdiger Schünemann-Steffen: ''Kölner Straßennamen-Lexikon'', Jörg Rüshü Selbstverlag, Coloniae 1999, ³/2013 * Gerhard Curdes, Markus Ulrich: ''Die Entwicklung des Kölner Stadtraumes. Der Einfluss von Leitbildern und Innovationen auf die Form der Stadt.'' Trmoniae 1997, ISBN 3-929797-36-4. * Werner Eck: ''Köln in römischer Zeit. Geschichte einer Stadt im Rahmen des Imperium Romanum.'' Coloniae 2004, ISBN 3-7743-0357-6. * Hiltrud Kier: ''Kleine Kunstgeschichte Kölns.'' Monachii 2001, ISBN 3-406-47170-6. * Martin Rüther: ''Köln im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Alltag und Erfahrungen zwischen 1939 und 1945.'' Coloniae 2005, ISBN 3-89705-407-8. * Christian Schuh: ''Kölns 85 Stadtteile. Geschichte, Daten, Fakten, Namen. Von A wie Altstadt bis Z wie Zündorf.'' Coloniae 2003, ISBN 3-89705-278-4. * Arnold Stelzmann, Robert Frohn: ''Illustrierte Geschichte der Stadt Köln.'' Coloniae 1990, ISBN 3-7616-0973-6 (1. Auflage 1958). * Maik Kopleck, Gregory Piatkowski: ''Von der Colonia Agrippina bis zum „Deutschen Herbst“.'' Dusseldorpii 2008, ISBN 978-988-99780-4-4. * Dieter Luippold, Achim Bourmer et. al.: ''Köln.'' Baedeker, Ostfildern 2007, ISBN 978-3-8297-1131-9. * Martin Stankowski: ''Darum ist es am Rhein so schön. Vom Kölner Dom zur Loreley. Der andere Reiseführer.'' Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Coloniae 2009, ISBN 978-3-462-04107-1. * Christian Bartz: ''Köln im Dreißigjährigen Krieg. Die Politik des Rates der Stadt (1618–1635). Vorwiegend anhand der Ratsprotokolle im Historischen Archiv der Stadt Köln.'' Francofurti 2005. * Carl Dietmar, Werner Jung: ''Kleine illustrierte Geschichte der Stadt Köln.'' Coloniae 2009, ISBN 978-3-7616-2226-1. * Carl Dietmar und Werner Jung: ''Köln. Die große Stadtgeschichte'', Assindiae 2015, ISBN 978-3-8375-1487-2. * Horst Matzerath: ''Köln in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1945.'' Coloniae 2009, ISBN 978-3-7743-0429-1. * Klaus Müller: ''Köln von der französischen zur preußischen Herrschaft, 1794–1815.'' Coloniae 2005, ISBN 3-7743-0375-4. * Hugo Borger, Frank Günter Zehnder: ''Köln. Die Stadt als Kunstwerk. Stadtansichten vom 15. bis 20. Jahrhundert.'' Coloniae 1982, ISBN 3-7743-0181-6. * Alexander Kierdorf (ed.): ''Köln. Ein Architekturführer. Architectural Guide to Cologne.'' Berolini 1999, ISBN 3-496-01181-5. * Werner Schäfke: ''Kölns romanische Kirchen. Architektur, Kunst, Geschichte.'' Coloniae 2004, ISBN 3-89705-321-7. * Hermann Rheindorf: ''Chronik der Kölner Rheinbrücken.'' DVD, ISBN 3-9813237-4-2, 2010. {{NexInt}} * [[Ara Victoriae Coloniae Claudiae Arae Agrippinensium]] * [[Trifolium Coloniense]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Cologne|Coloniam Agrippinam}} {{Grc|Κολωνία}} {{Coord|50|56|32|N|6|57|28|E|display=title}} {{Fontes geographici}} * [http://www.museenkoeln.de/roemisch-germanisches-museum/ Pagina domestica musei Romano-Germanici Theodisce et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]]] == [[Pinacotheca]] == === Moderna === <gallery> Image:Hotel excelsior 20050903.jpg|[[Deversorium]] "Excelsior" Image:Kölner Dom - Westfassade 2022 ohne Gerüst-0968.jpg|Ecclesia Cathedralis '''Coloniae''' </gallery> <gallery> Image:Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg|Ecclesia Cathedralis '''Coloniae''' Image:Cathedral_of_Cologne3.jpg|Ecclesia Cathedralis '''Coloniae''' </gallery> === Romana === <gallery> Image:Legionär von der Hohen Strasse Römisch-Germanisches Museum Köln.jpg|Legionarius in museo Romano Germanico Image:Sepulcher of Poblicius Römisch-Germanisches Museum Cologne 5.jpg|Sepulcrum Poblicii anno [[40]] Image:Grave relief of Iulius Baccus Römisch-Germanisches Museum Cologne.jpg|Sepulcrum Iulii Bacci exeunte I saeculo Image:Kapitol Köln links2.jpg|Templum Capitolinum Image:Roman sewer in Cologne-7242.jpg|Cloaca </gallery> === Inscriptiones Latinae === <gallery> Image:DomeCologneRosetteLat.JPG|Inscriptio Latina simulacri saxi altissimi cathedralis Image:StMichaelAtCathedralCologne.jpg|[[Michael (archangelus)|Sanctus Michael]]—QUIS UT DEUS </gallery> {{Urbes Europae maximae}} {{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}} {{Urbes Romanae Germaniae}} {{CirculiRSV}} {{Coloniae Agrippinae circuli}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Capita civitatum Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Colonia Agrippina| ]] [[Categoria:Coloniae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Condita 50]] [[Categoria:Historia Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Rhenus]] [[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Ubii]] [[Categoria:Urbes Galliae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]] [[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]] fkz7ldb3r4wiz6rvoldy9pnem1futco 0 6510 3955250 3952900 2026-04-17T15:06:43Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3955250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Curia Iulia.JPG|thumb|[[Curia Iulia]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae fuit sedes Senatus]] '''Senatus Romanus''' {{Victio|senatus|-us, -ūs|m}} fuit comitium veterrimum civitatis, institutum aetate [[Regnum Romanum|Regni Romani]] et spatium [[Libera res publica Romana|Rei Publicae]] [[Imperium Romanum|Principatus]]<nowiki/>que obdurans. Verbum ''Senatus'' crescit a radice eadem sicut ''[[wikt:senex|senex]]''; Senatus igitur interpretationem veluti “concilium senium” determinat. == Conditus == Fabulae antiquae narrant [[Romulus|Romulum]] senatum sibi consulendi causa statuisse. Concepit copiam senatorum pristinorum ex patribus divitissimis civitatis, centum ad numerum, de quibus verbum ''[[patricius]]'' defluit. Anno [[509 a.C.n.|509 a.C.]] [[Lucius Iunius Brutus]] qui regem ultimum [[Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinium Superbum]] Roma exegit et Rem Publicam instituit, numerum senatorum a centum ad trecentos auxit. Dicti autem sunt idem a Bruto conscripti esse, quam ob rem ''patres et conscripti'', vel ''patres conscripti'' in aetate aurea Latinitatis appellabantur. == Auctoritas == Cives Romani duos in ordines, patricios et [[Plebs|plebes]], tributi sunt. Populus qui familiis priscis senatoriis aetatis Regni Romani non delapsus est plebem constituit. Regibus priscis ex urbe expulsis, imperium monarchiae in populum delatum est. [[Comitia centuriata|Comitia Centuriata]] [[Comitia curiata|Comitiaque Populi Tributa]] imprimis imperium tenuerunt; annis cedentibus [[Concilium Plebis]] plus imperii propter [[:en:Conflict_of_the_Orders|Concertationem Ordinum]] potitum est. Contitutio Romana non sinebat ut Senatus iura leges edicta promulgaret antequam aliquae comitia rem consuluisset. Consensus comitiorum vel concilii plebis potestatem iuribus legibus edictis dabat. Comitiis concilioque plebis non modo ius rogationis delatum est sed etiam [[Magistratus|magistratus Romanos]] eligendi - haec potestas senatui data non est. Senatus tamen aliquantam auctoritatem possidebat. Pro urbe legatos Romanos mittebat et nuntios peregrinos accipiebat; constituebat procuratores ad [[Agri publici|agros publicos]] administrandos; [[Proconsul|proconsules]] [[Propraetor|propraetores]] duces adoptabat; pecunias publicas ex provinciis colligebat. Senatus etiam qualem potestatem tenuit ut [[senatus consultum ultimum]] actuaret ad [[Dictatura|dictatorem]] in temporibus discriminis confirmandum, quo magis Res Publica servanda foret. Tali in discrime oportuit dictator faceret id quod meditaretur ut Res Publica servanda foret, usque ad cives interficiendos sine iudicio. Sicut Comitia Centuriata et Comitia Populi Tributa, senatus item intra [[Pomoerium]] in aedificio sacro se congregabat, plerumque in [[Curia Hostilia]]. Sacrificia novi anni in [[Iuppiter|templo Iovis Optimi Maximi]] et professiones bellorum in templo [[Bellona|Bellonae]] fiebant. Cum duces imperatores Romam regressi essent ad [[Triumphus|triumphos]] celebrandos, necesse erat senatui extra Pomoerium convenire, quia non oportebat imperator triumphalis Pomoerio ingrederetur priusquam concessio ei donata foret; talibus in temporibus aedificio quali [[Theatrum Pompeii|Theatro Pompeii]] generaliter conveniebat senatus. Chronologice, senatui convenire licebat inter ortum occasumque solis talibus diebus fastis dum comitia alia non convenerint. == Corporatio Senatus Romani == Singuli momento fere trecenti senatores exstabant dum Res Publica [[Antiquitas classica|aetate classica]] valebat. Quique magistratus scilicet [[Quaestor|quaestores]] [[Aedilis|aediles]] [[Praetor|praetores]] [[Consul|consules]] ad dignitatem senatus accesserunt; fieri autem poterat ut senator dignitate spoliaretur, si quod censor ratus est senatorem fecisse contra mores solemnes. Fieri quoque poterat ut aliquis senator factus sit si [[censor]] eum ad dignitatem advocaverit; ac rarius factum est hoc eventum. Ideo senatus a familiis ratis nobilioribus, quae [[Cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] saepe consequebantur, actus est. == Senatus per Rei Publicae Ruinam == Re Publica per saeculum ante Christi natum aegrotante, partes exstiterunt quae se direxerunt in duas classes: [[Optimates]] vel Bonoroum qui nobilitatem diligebant, ac [[Populares]] qui plebi favebat. Optimates duxerunt [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]], [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], [[Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis]], etiam plures. Populares duxerunt [[Gaius Marius]], [[Gaius Iulius Caesar]], [[Marcus Antonius|Marcus Antonius Creticus]], [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]], plures quoque. Inter Optimates Popularesque concertatio frequenter erumpebant, quare violentia dissidium ac [[Bellum civile|bella civilia]] hoc saeculo imperaverunt. [[De bello civili|Bellum inter Iulium Caesarem et Pompeium Magnum]], ex senatu crescens, demum Rem Publicam saepsit ut aetas Imperii Romani denique facta sit. == Vices Curae == Cum consules invicem mensium senatui praesiderent, [[princeps senatus]] qui longissime decore emeritus esset maioritati congressuum quotidianorum praeerat. Cum ambo consules ab urbe abessent propter bellum vel aliam causam, magistratus honoratissimus, [[praetor urbanus]] plerumque, senatui praeerat. Loquendi ordo per quem senatores sibi adfabantur resessus est secundum senioritatem; quo exemplo si duo paris loci adloquendo studerint, de consuetudine patricius praeter plebeianum talem honorem conceperit. == Mores Antiqui == Spatium conferendi infinitum erat; cum consensus eminenter aestimaretur saepe senatores conferebant ne classis dessidens scissionem faceret. Adsuetudine vel voce vel manu divisiones curiae ostensae sunt; gravioribus de rebus divisio ostensa sit per separationem ipsorum aliquot in gregibus. Quaedam copia senatorum oportuit ut negotia fieret quin senatus convenire posset; nobis posteritas numerum ipsum non conservat. Senatus in decurias, utraque a patricio ducta, divisus est, donec trecenti patricii in senatu permanerent; Re Publica occidente haec condicio dilapsa est. Senatores ab mercatura perficiendo interdicti sunt et siti modo negotia georgica fuerunt; quibus autem censores senatoresque alii frequenter conivebant. == Habitus == Ab initio Rei Publicae unus quisque senator gerere [[Anulus (ornamentum)|anulum]] [[Ferrum|ferreum]] adsolitus est; postmodo autem [[Bella Punica|Bellis Punicis]] consuetudo ita mutata est ut ipsi anulum [[Aurum|aureum]] gesserint. Tantum ad modum [[Tunica|tunicam]] albam purpuraque clavam utrobique lateribus gesserunt. Senator pedarius (ut dictum est, senator iunior qui numquam imperium tenuerat) [[Toga|togam]] virilem, puram ac sine clavo, gerere solitus est, donec idem qui magistratum curulem gereret [[Toga praetexta|togam praetextam]] supra demonstratam. Simili quoque modo cuncti senatores alutas rubras, quibus firmacula lunata magistratibus senioribus dignitatis [[Sella|curulis]] addita sunt, gesserunt. == Equites et Liberi Senatorum == Usque ad annum [[123 a.C.n.]] cuncti senatores munera militaria implentes simul [[Eques Romanus|equites]] fuerunt; quo anno [[Gaius Sempronius Gracchus]] senatum duos ordines secavit et Ordinem Equestrium fundavit. [[Commercium|Mercatura]] equitibus interdicta non erat, quod sinebat equites ordinem Romae divitissimum fieri. Incrementabiliter equites sic prodierunt ut institutiones civitatis dominati forent. Filii etiam senatorum in ordine equestrium conscripti sunt ac signa officiorum senatoria adsciverunt; pueri liberi iuvenes tunicas praetextas gerebant dum togam virilem quindecimum circa annum sumpserunt. == Exitium Senatus == [[Gaius Iulius Caesar]], cum [[dictator]] factus sit, numerum senatorum ad nongentos auxit, quibus ex adsumptis delegit cives [[Latini|Latinos]] [[Italicus|Italicos]]<nowiki/>que ac suos qui fidelitatem per [[bellum civile|bella civilia]] ei continuerint. Cum potestas Optimatum decreverit quem ad modum cupiebat Caesar, numquam aestimatio senatus tam minime emarcuit ut omnino disparuerit sua ab parte. Reliquia suae partis per [[imperium Romanum|imperium]] perstitit; potentiam autem priscam numquam resumpsit. Ultima consulta senatus posteritati perscripti, quae [[Occasus Imperii Romani|occasu imperii occidentalis]] superfuerunt, mandatum ad binos legatos ad curiam [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperialem Constantinopolitanam]] imperatoris [[Tiberius Constantinus|Tiberii Constantini]] annis [[578]] et [[580]] dimittendos. Alter senatus qui permulta saecula sic nomine ne etiamsi magnitudine remansit, [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] a [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] constitutus. == Plura legere si cupis == * Marianne Bonnefond-Coudry, ''Le Sénat de la République de la guerre d'Hannibal à Auguste : pratiques délibératives et prise de décision'', Romae, 1989 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1992_num_61_1_1155_t1_0585_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michel Christol, ''Essai sur l'évolution des carrières sénatoriales dans la seconde moitié du IIIe siècle ap. J.-C'', Lutetiae, 1986 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1989_num_58_1_2274_t1_0484_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Richard J. A. Talbert, ''The Senate of Imperial Rome'', Princeton, 1984 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1987_num_56_1_2222_t1_0474_0000_3 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=iNxSEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200927004308/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.10:1:431.harpers De senatu Romano] in ''Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'' (1898) {{Roma antiqua}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] {{Myrias|Societas}} 3ova1h6jj595hb7owj3g2svyzmcraks 0 7082 3955325 3929021 2026-04-17T21:34:24Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 Solitas emendationes feci. 3955325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Calendarium-Aprilis}} '''19 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 109ª anni est (110ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 256 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem tertium decimum Kalendas Maias''', quod a.d. XIII Kal. Mai. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]]. [[Fasciculus:Lexington Concord Siege of Boston.jpg|thumb|left|110px|Tabula proelia [[Pugna Lexingtoniensis|Lexintoniense]] et [[Pugna Concordiensis|Concordiense]] montrans]] == Eventa == === Saeculo 18 === * [[1775]] - Pugnae [[Pugna Lexingtoniensis|Lexingtoniensis]] et [[Pugna Concordiensis|Concordiensis]] inter seditiosos Americanos et [[Regnum Unitum|Britanniam]] fiunt. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1941]] - ''[[Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder]]'', opus [[theatrum|theatrale]] [[Bertoldus Brecht|Bertoldi Brecht]] [[Turicum (urbs)|Turici]] primum agitur. * [[1943]] - [[Varsovia]]e seditio contra [[Nazista]]s in vico clauso [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] incipit. * [[1971]] - [[Mons Leoninus]] res publica fit. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2005]] - [[Benedictus XVI|Ioseph Aloisius Ratzinger]] [[papa]] eligitur et sibi nomen Benedictum XVI imponit. * [[2007]] - Electione libera in [[Mauritania]] habita [[Ely Ould Mahometus Vall]] praesidis magistratum electo successori [[Sidi Mahometus Ould Cheikh Abdallahi|Sidi Mahometo Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] tradit. * [[2018]] - [[Michael Díaz-Canel]] praeses [[Cuba]]e fit. == Nati == === Saeculo 15 === *[[1483]] - [[Paulus Iovius]] antiquitatis studiosus atque [[episcopus]] [[Dioecesis Nucerina Paganorum-Sarnensis|dioecesis Nucerinae Paganorum-Sarnensis]] (mortuus [[1552]]) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1666]] - [[Sara Kemble Knight]], [[schola|magistra]], [[deversorium|caupo]], et [[negotium|mercatrix]], quae [[via]]tor audax [[ephemeris|ephemeride]] innotuit itineris a [[Colonia Sinus Massachusettensium]] ad [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|urbem Novum Eboracum]] (†&nbsp;[[1727]]) === Saeculo 18 === *[[1776]] - [[Basilius Golovnin]], nauta et explorator [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus [[1831]]) *[[1780]] - [[Petrus Ioannes de Béranger]], poeta [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1857]]) *[[1793]] - [[Ferdinandus I (imperator Austriae)|Ferdinandus primus]], imperator [[Austria]]e (†&nbsp;[[1875]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1801]] - [[Gustavus Theodorus Fechner]], [[Scientia (ratio)|philosophus]] [[natura]]e et [[physica|rerum physicarum]] investigator [[Germania|Germanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1887]]) * [[1805]] - [[Carolus Edmundus Henricus de Coussemaker]], [[iurisconsultus]] [[musicologus]] et [[ethnologus]] [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1876]]) * [[1832]] - [[Iosephus Echegaray y Eizaguirre]], scriptor [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1916]]) * [[1834]] - [[Gregorius Mjasoedov]], pictor Russicus (mortuus [[1911]]) * [[1882]] - [[Getulius Dornelles Vargas]], praeses [[Brasilia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1954]]) * [[1883]] - [[Ricardus de Mises]], mathematicus [[Austria]]cus (†&nbsp;[[1955]]) * [[1897]] **[[Jiroemon Kimura]], prae mortem suam (anno [[2013]]) veterrimus homo vivens **[[Bruno Diekmann]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1982]]) * [[1900]] - [[Alexander Ptuško]], moderator, pictor et scriptor cinematographicus [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[1973]]) === Saeculo 20 === *[[1902]] - [[Beniaminus Kaverin]], scriptor Sovieticus (mortuus [[1989]]). *[[1912]] - [[Glenn Theodorus Seaborg]], [[chemicus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (mortuus anno [[1999]]) *[[1914]] - [[Hugo Poletti]], archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Spoletana-Nursina|Spoletanus]] ac [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia catholica|ecclesiae catholicae]] (mortuus anno [[1997]]) *[[1920]] - [[Iulianus Ries]], theologus, historicus religionum [[Belgica|Belgicus]] et cardinalis ecclesiae Romanae (mortuus anno [[2013]]) *[[1921]] - [[Robertus Tucci]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus anno [[2015]]) *[[1932]] - [[Ferdinandus Botero]], pictor et sculptor [[Columbia]]nus (†&nbsp;[[2023]]) *[[1933]] - [[Ioanna Mansfield]], [[actor|actrix]] Americana (mortua anno [[1967]]) *[[1934]] - [[Ioannes Ziegler]], sociologus, scriptor, diurnarius et politicorum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] *[[1935]] - [[Iustinus Franciscus Rigali]], cardinalis Americanus *[[1936]] - [[Vilfredus Martens]], primus minister Belgicae (mortuus anno 2013) *[[1937]] - [[Iosephus Estrada]], praeses [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] *[[1941]] - [[Robertus Carolus Braga]], musicus Brasiliensis *1943 - [[Margo MacDonald]], politica [[Scotia|Scotica]] (mortua anno [[2014]]) *[[1944]] - [[Iacobus Heckman]], oeconomus Americanus, [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum|praemio Nobeliane scientiarum oeconomicarum]] affectus *[[1945]] - [[Georgius Alencherry]], [[Archidioecesis Ernakulamensis-Angamaliensis]] [[archiepiscopus maior]] [[Ecclesia Syrorum Malabarensium|ecclesiae Syrorum Malabarensium]] et cardinalis catholicus *[[1947]] - [[Murray Perahia]], [[clavile|clavicen]] et [[concentus magister]] Americanus *[[1951]] - [[Marisa Laurito]], actrix Italica *[[1955]] - [[Philippus Hope]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]] *[[1960]] - [[Nicoletta Braschi]], actrix Italica *[[1965]] - [[Natalia Dessay]], illustris theatri lyrici cantrix ([[supranus]]) *[[1968]] - [[Ashley Judd]], actrix Americana *[[1972]] - [[Rivaldo Vítor Borba Ferreira]], [[pedilusor]] Brasilianus *[[1975]] - [[Jussi Jääskeläinen]], pedilusor [[Finnia|Finnicus]] *[[1978]] **[[Dorothea Bär]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica et sodalis factionis [[CSU]] **[[Gabriel Heinze]], pedilusor [[Argentina|Argentinus]] *[[1979]] - [[Catharina Hudson]], actrix Americana *[[1985]] - [[Valon Behrami]], pedilusor Helveticus *[[1987]] - [[Maria Šarapova]], [[Teniludus|teniludia]] Russica == Mortui == === Saeculo 11 === * [[1054]] - [[Leo IX]] papa (natus [[1002]]) === Saeculo 14 === * [[1390]] - [[Robertus II (rex Scotiae)|Robertus II]], Scotiae rex (natus [[1316]]) === Saeculo 16 === *[[1529]] - [[Ioannes Cuspinianus]], [[humanista]], [[scriptor]] et [[nuntius]] Austriae (natus [[1473]]) *[[1560]] - [[Philippus Melanchthon]], theologus Germanicus (natus [[1497]]) *[[1588]] - [[Paulus Veronensis]], pictor Italicus (natus [[1528]]). === Saeculo 17 === *[[1689]] - [[Christina (regina Sueciae)|Christina]], regina [[Suecia]]e (*&nbsp;[[1594]]) === Saeculo 18 === *[[1791]] - [[Ricardus Price]], [[philosophus]] Britannicus (*&nbsp;[[1723]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1822]] - [[Plato Zubov]], politicus Russicus (*&nbsp;[[1767]]) * [[1824]] - [[Georgius dominus de Byron]], scriptor ac poeta [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1788]]) * [[1881]] - [[Beniaminus Disraeli]], dux factionis conservatricis et primus minister Britanniarum Regni (natus [[1804]]) * [[1882]] - [[Carolus Darwin]], homo scientiae anglicus (natus [[1809]]) * [[1885]] - [[Nicolaus Kostomarov]], historicus Russicus et [[Ucraina|Ucrainicus]] (natus [[1817]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1906]] - [[Petrus Curie]], [[physica|physicus]] Francicus (natus [[1859]]) * [[1914]] - [[Carolus Sanders Peirce]], mathematicus et philosophus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1839]]) * [[1922]] - [[Maximilianus Clemens Lotharius de Hausen]], vir militaris ac publicus [[Saxonia]]e (*&nbsp;[[1846]]) * [[1947]] - [[Gulielmus Jackson Bean]], [[botanica|botanicus]] Britannicus (*&nbsp;[[1863]]) * 1967 - [[Conradus Adenauer]], vir publicus et [[cancellarius foederalis]] Germaniae (*&nbsp;[[1876]]) * [[1998]] - [[Octavius Paz]], scriptor [[Mexicum|Mexicanus]] (*&nbsp;1914) === Saeculo 21 === *[[2009]] - [[Iacobus Graham Ballard]], scriptor Britannicus (*&nbsp;[[1930]]) *[[2011]] - [[Elisabetha Sladen]], actrix Britannica (*&nbsp;[[1948]]) *[[2013]] - [[Franciscus Jacob]], biologus Francicus (*&nbsp;1920) *[[2015]] - [[Aelius Toaff]], rabbinus Italicus (*&nbsp;[[1915]]) *[[2016]] - [[Patricius Aylwin]], praeses [[Chilia]]e (*&nbsp;[[1918]]) == Festa et Feriae == * In [[Roma antiqua]]: ultima dies [[Cerealia|Cerialium]] in honorem deae [[Ceres (dea)|Cereris]] ludis circensibus celebrabatur. {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] 3pu4gpvqi6xeuxob2s96tegevokpoxy 0 9143 3955247 3955023 2026-04-17T14:58:27Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo ordinis equestris, qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolitum est. == Plura legere si cupis == *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite journal |last = Brunt |first = P.A. |title = Princeps and Equites |journal = The Journal of Roman Studies |volume = 73 |pages = 42–75 |year= 1983 |doi = 10.2307/300072 |publisher = The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73 |jstor=300072}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] lf8weqg4ebkghwokw33u4jn9nhw40jk 3955248 3955247 2026-04-17T15:02:03Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo ordinis equestris, qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolitum est. == Plura legere si cupis == *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite journal |last = Brunt |first = P.A. |title = Princeps and Equites |journal = The Journal of Roman Studies |volume = 73 |pages = 42–75 |year= 1983 |doi = 10.2307/300072 |publisher = The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73 |jstor=300072}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] m791wjvexyfiwoezlqkkji6lp5831dk 3955249 3955248 2026-04-17T15:03:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo ordinis equestris, qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolitum est. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite journal |last = Brunt |first = P.A. |title = Princeps and Equites |journal = The Journal of Roman Studies |volume = 73 |pages = 42–75 |year= 1983 |doi = 10.2307/300072 |publisher = The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73 |jstor=300072}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] ato3azui6yk3vhslbgytqz8jfvlfwse 3955254 3955249 2026-04-17T15:21:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo ordinis equestris, qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. == Historia == Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]] equites qui maximum censum habebant in primis centuriis ordinabantur et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum fuit etiam cum nullam militarem significationem habuit. Ita sub imperatoribus die 15 iulii quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir|seviri]] praeerant. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolitum est. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite journal |last = Brunt |first = P.A. |title = Princeps and Equites |journal = The Journal of Roman Studies |volume = 73 |pages = 42–75 |year= 1983 |doi = 10.2307/300072 |publisher = The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73 |jstor=300072}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] 7zikejp40o3h6xt1ddh8u4tdde883yu 3955256 3955254 2026-04-17T15:22:05Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Historia */ 3955256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo ordinis equestris, qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. == Historia == Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]] equites qui maximum censum habebant in primis centuriis ordinabantur et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum fuit etiam cum nullam militarem significationem habuit. Ita sub imperatoribus die [[15 Iulii|15 iulii]] quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir|seviri]] praeerant. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolitum est. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite journal |last = Brunt |first = P.A. |title = Princeps and Equites |journal = The Journal of Roman Studies |volume = 73 |pages = 42–75 |year= 1983 |doi = 10.2307/300072 |publisher = The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73 |jstor=300072}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] d3wjd3yhully3c1autwjha98ge8g1el 3955258 3955256 2026-04-17T15:24:04Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Historia */ 3955258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo ordinis equestris, qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. == Historia == Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]] equites, qui plurimi inter cives censebantur, primas centuria formabant et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum fuit etiam cum nullam militarem significationem habuit. Ita sub imperatoribus die [[15 Iulii|15 iulii]] quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir|seviri]] praeerant. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolitum est. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite journal |last = Brunt |first = P.A. |title = Princeps and Equites |journal = The Journal of Roman Studies |volume = 73 |pages = 42–75 |year= 1983 |doi = 10.2307/300072 |publisher = The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73 |jstor=300072}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] gd2078anpklcxyw014rza4ab7z9vk74 3955259 3955258 2026-04-17T15:25:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Historia */ 3955259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo ordinis equestris, qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. == Historia == Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]] equites, qui plurimi inter cives censebantur, primas centurias 18 formabant et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum fuit etiam cum nullam militarem significationem habuit. Ita sub imperatoribus die [[15 Iulii|15 iulii]] quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir|seviri]] praeerant. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolitum est. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite journal |last = Brunt |first = P.A. |title = Princeps and Equites |journal = The Journal of Roman Studies |volume = 73 |pages = 42–75 |year= 1983 |doi = 10.2307/300072 |publisher = The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73 |jstor=300072}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] 7kkdvu1phret7b6sy7mzkxdzr0henet 3955263 3955259 2026-04-17T15:30:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Historia */ 3955263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo ordinis equestris, qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. == Historia == Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]] equites, qui plurimi inter cives censebantur, primas centurias 18 formabant et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum fuit etiam cum nullam militarem significationem habuit. Ita sub imperatoribus die [[15 Iulii|15 iulii]] quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir|seviri]] praeerant. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolevit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite journal |last = Brunt |first = P.A. |title = Princeps and Equites |journal = The Journal of Roman Studies |volume = 73 |pages = 42–75 |year= 1983 |doi = 10.2307/300072 |publisher = The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73 |jstor=300072}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] 0i9u103dise7wqteei7evf1qc4v74k5 0 15205 3955198 3955179 2026-04-17T12:40:18Z IacobusAmor 1163 /* Sensus */ Nexus 3955198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Araneae | image = Orb weaver black bckgrnd03 crop.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|319|0|[[Carboniferum]] superius > [[Recens]]}} | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | unranked_classis = [[Arachnomorpha]] | subphylum = [[Chelicerata]] | classis = [[Arachnida]] | ordo = '''Araneae''' | ordo_authority = [[Carolus Alexander Clerck|Clerck]], [[1757]] | diversity_link = familiae Aranearum | diversity = <small>109 [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]], c. 40&thinsp;000 [[species (taxinomia)|species]]</small> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subordo|Subordines]] | subdivision = *[[Mesothelae]] *[[Mygalomorphae]] *[[Araneomorphae]] ''Vide [[Taxinomia aranearum|tabulam familiarum]]'' }} [[Fasciculus:Aranna_anatomia.jpg|thumb|a, [[abdomen]]; c, [[cephalothorax]]; q, [[chelicerum]]; p, [[pedipalpum]]; l¹ ad l⁴ [[pes|pedes]]; h, [[filaria]]e.]] '''Araneae''' (-arum, ''f.''; [[binomen]] a [[Carolus Alexander Clerck|Clerck]] anno [[1757]] factum) sunt [[arthropoda]] [[aer]]em spirantia quibus sunt [[octo]]na [[crus|crura]] et [[chelicerae]] [[dens|dentibus]]<!--fangs--> praeditae quae [[venenum]] infundere possunt. Eae sunt maximus [[arachnida|arachnidorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]], qui in diversitate omnium [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] omnium [[organismus|organismorum]] [[septem|septimus]] numeratur.<ref name=sebastin>P. A. Sebastin et K. V. Peter, eds. (2009), [http://books.google.com/books?id=9oVHO-3ZGx4C&printsec=frontcover ''Spiders of India,''] Universities Press / [[Orient Blackswan]]. ISBN 978-81-7371-641-6.</ref> Araneae per [[tellus|omnem orbem terrarum]] inveniuntur, in omne [[continens|continente]] praeter [[Antarctica]]m, et se in paene omne [[habitatio]]ne constituerunt, [[colonia|colonizatione]] [[aer]]is et [[mare|maris]] excepta. Anno [[2008]], saltem 43&thinsp;678 species<ref>[http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21570673-strange-example-co-operative-behaviour-arachnids-come-my-parlour "Sociable spiders: Come into my parlour,"] ''Economist,'' [[26 Ianuarii]] [[2013]].</ref> et 109 [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] a [[taxinomia|taxinomistis]] perscriptae sunt<ref name="WSC">Norman I. Platnick (2009), [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/COUNTS.html ''The World Spider Catalog,''] editio 9.5 (Vasingtoniae: American Museum of Natural History), confirmatus [[25 Aprilis]] [[2009]].</ref>&thinsp;; inter autem [[communitas scientifica|communitatem scientificam]] manet dissensio de propria harum familiarum classificatione, ut videri potest in plus quam [[viginti]] classificationibus quae post [[1900]] positae sunt.<ref name="Bioofspiders">Rainer F. Foelix (1996), ''Biology of Spiders'' (Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509593-6), p. 3.</ref> <!--DEFINITIO IN EN ADHUC OK; PLUS IN EN:--> Harum [[animal]]ium, [[duodecim]] sunt nocivae tantum. [[Habitatio|Habitant]] plane in omnes [[continens|continentes]], praeter [[Antarctica]]m. Omnino solitariae, omnes sunt [[praedator]]es parvorum [[animal]]ium. [[Sericum]] producunt, saepe ut [[tela aranea|telas]] faciant et eo utuntur in praedas suas capiendas, ut stramentum, iam ut [[ferrum|ferri]] ab [[aer]]e. ==Anatomia== Arachnidorum [[longitudo|longitudines]] inter dimidium [[millimetrum|millimetri]] et novem [[centimetrum|centimetros]] variantur, quae postrema in nonnullis [[mygalomorpha|mygalomorphis]] [[zona tropica|tropicis]] inveni potest, qui etiam aviculas captare possunt. [[Pes|Pedibus]] extensis haec rara arachnida 25 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] fieri possunt. Quisque appendicum insertatur in [[prosoma]]te, seu [[cephalothorax|cephalothorace]] suo. ==Sensus== Sicut cetera [[Chelicerata]], aranea [[antenna|antennis]] caret, sed [[pedipalpum|pedipalpis]] utitur ut [[organum sensorium|organis sensoribus]], et [[tactum|tactilibus]] et [[olfactum|olfactivis]]. [[Visus]] omnino aranearum perparcusst, quamquam [[quattuor]] binas [[oculus|oculorum]] simplicum habent, [[ocellus|ocelli]] appellati, qui aliquabus sunt minusquam tres binae. Rare visus sua efficax est, velut in [[Salticidae|Salticidis]], quae meliorem habent visionem [[invertebrata|invertebratis]]. [[Micrura]] sunt [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] aranearum, [[scorpio]]nis, et [[ricinus|ricini]]; similes [[insecta|insectorum]] sunt, sed [[octo]]nos pedes, non [[sex|senos]], habent. {{NexInt}} * [[Arachne]] *''[[Avicularia]]'' *''[[Hadronyche]]'' *''[[Latrodectus elegans]]'' ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Bilger, Burkhard. [[2007]]. Spider Woman. ''The New Yorker,'' 5 Marti, 66–73. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/03/05/070305fa_fact_bilger. *Bristowe, W. S. [[1976]]. ''The World of Spiders.'' Taplinger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8008-8598-8. OCLC 256272177. *Brusca, R. C., et G. J. Brusca. [[1990]]. ''Invertebrates.'' Sunderlandiae Terrae Mariae: Sinauer Associates. *Crompton, John. [[1950]]. ''The Life of the Spider.'' Novi Eboraci: Mentor. OCLC 1979220. *Hillyard, Paul. [[1994]]. ''The Book of the Spider: From Arachnophobia to the Love of Spiders.'' Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 0-679-40881-9. OCLC 35231232. *Kaston, B. J., et Elizabeth Kaston. [[1953]]. ''How to Know the Spiders; Pictured-Keys for Determining the More Common Spiders, with Suggestions for Collecting and Studying Them.'' Ed. 1a. Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown Company. OCLC 628203833. * Latreille, P. A. [[1829]]. ''Les Crustacés, les Arachnides et les Insectes, distribués en familles naturelles: Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée.'' Ed. 2a. Vol. 4. *Main, Barbara York. [[1975]]. ''Spiders.'' Sydney: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211443-7. OCLC 123151744. *Pearse, V., J. Pearse, M. Buchsbaum, et R. Buchsbaum. [[1987]]. ''Living Invertebrates.'' Palo Alto Californiae: Blackwell Scientific Publications. *Ruppert, E. E., R. S. Fox, et R. D. Barnes. [[2004]]. ''Invertebrate Zoology.'' Ed. 7a. Brooks / Cole. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. *Wise, David A. [[1993]]. ''Spiders in Ecological Webs.'' Cambridge studies in ecology. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32547-1. OCLC 25833874. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Araneae|araneas}} {{Vicispecies|Araneae|araneas}} {{arachnida-stipula}} [[Categoria:Araneae| ]] [[Categoria:Taxa Clerck]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1757]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} clt452un9867ry1vzkhqvyz01fpbjfz 0 16430 3955326 3885824 2026-04-17T21:39:53Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 Solitas emendationes feci. 3955326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Calendarium-Aprilis}} '''18 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 108 anni est (109ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 257 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] haec dies est ''ante diem quartum decimum Kalendas Maias'', quod a.d. XIV Kal. Mai. [[abbreviatio|imminuitur]]. [[Fasciculus:Roman-Persian Frontier in Late Antiquity.svg|thumb|100px|left|Confinium regnorum Byzantini et Persarum]] == Eventa == === Saeculo 6 === * [[588]] - Quod stipendia militum diminuta erant, pars exercitus [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Romani Orientalis]], quae finem contra Persas defendebat, seditionem incipit. === Saeculo 12 === * [[1163]] - [[Fridericus I (imperator)|Fridericus I]] imperator monasteria abbatissae [[Hildegardis Bingensis]] sub tutelam imperialem ponit. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1906]] - Potentissimus [[terrae motus]] [[Sanctus Franciscus, California|Franciscopolim]] in [[California]] derumpit. * [[1909]] - [[Beatificatio]] [[Ioanna Arcensis|Ioannae Arcensis]] in Roma fit. * [[1931]] - [[Nicolaus Iorga]] successor [[Georgius Mironescu|Georgii Mironescu]] praeses ministrorum [[Romania]]e fit. * [[1946]] - [[Iudicium inter Civitates]] primum conventum facit. * [[1947]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 23 de [[Bellum Civile Graecum|re Graeca]] decernit. * [[1951]] - [[Communitas Europaea carbonis et chalybis]] foedere [[Lutetia]]e signato conditur. * [[1980]] - [[Zimbabua]], adhuc [[colonia]] [[Magna Britannia|Magnae Britanniae]], [[libertas|libertatem]] adipiscit. ==Nati== ===Saeculo 4=== *[[359]] - [[Gratianus]], imperator [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] (†&nbsp; [[383]]) ===Saeculo 15=== * [[1480]] - [[Lucretia Borgia]], [[filia]] [[Rodrigus Borgia|Rodrigi Cardinalis Borgiae]], qui postea [[papa]] [[nomen pontificale|nomine]] Alexandro VI electus est, et [[Vanotia de Cathaneis|Vanotiae de Cathaneis]] (†&nbsp;[[1519]]) ===Saeculo 18=== * [[1729]] - [[Caietanus Vestris]], saltator et choreographus (†&nbsp;[[1808]]) * [[1772]] - [[David Ricardo]], studiosus oeconomiae [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1823]]) * [[1782]] - [[Georgius Augustus Goldfuss]], miles [[Germania|Germanicus]] ac studiosus [[naturalis historia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1848]]) * [[1797]] - [[Adolphus Thiers]], praeses [[Francia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1877]]) ===Saeculo 19=== * [[1838]] - [[Paulus Aemilius Lecoq de Boisbaudran]], chemicus Francicus (†&nbsp;[[1912]]) * [[1882]] - [[Leopoldus Stokowski]], [[concentus magister]] Britannico-[[CFA|Americanus]] (†&nbsp;[[1977]]) * [[1888]] - [[Frida Leider]], [[supranus]] [[opera]]tica Germanica (†&nbsp;[[1975]]) * [[1896]] - [[Rha Hye-sok]], artifitrix, [[poeta|poetria]], [[scriptor|scriptrix]], diurnaria [[Respublica Coreae|Coreana]], quae pro [[ius|iuribus]] [[mulier]]um pugnabat (†&nbsp;[[1948]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1902]] - [[Iosephus Pella]], primus minister [[Italia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1981]]) * [[1904]] - [[Iosephus Terraneus]], [[architectus]] Italicus (†&nbsp;[[1943]]) * [[1905]] - [[Georgius Herbertus Hitchings]], biochemicus Americanus [[praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|praemio Nobeliano medicinae]] affectus (†&nbsp;[[1998]]) * [[1927]] **[[Samuel Philippus Huntington]], rerum politicarum studiosus Americanus (†&nbsp;[[2008]]) **[[Thaddaeus Mazowiecki]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (†&nbsp;[[2013]]) * [[1928]] - [[Carolus Iosephus Becker]], theologus et cardinalis Germanicus (†&nbsp;[[2015]]) * [[1937]] - [[Eduardus Taylor]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|conservativae]] (†&nbsp;[[2017]]) * [[1940]] - [[Ioseph Leonardus Goldstein]], biochemicus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano medicinae affectus * [[1941]] - [[Michael Higgins]], praeses [[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]e * 1946 - [[Hayley Mills]], actrix Britannica * [[1956]] - [[Robertus Calderoli]], rerum politicarum peritus Italicus * [[1960]] - [[Ioannes Christophorus Stevens]], legatus Americanus (†&nbsp;[[2012]]) * [[1961]] - [[Ioanna Leeves]], actrix Britannica * [[1963]] - [[Conan O'Brien]], actor Americanus * [[1969]] - [[Kuroda Sayako]], filia [[Akihitus|Akihiti]] [[Imperator Iaponiae|imperatoris Iaponiae]] ac perita [[ornithologia]]e * [[1971]] - [[David Tennant]], histrio [[Scotia|Scoticus]] * [[1973]] - [[Haile Gebrselassie]], [[athleta]] [[Aethiopia|Aethiopicus]] * [[1979]] - [[Matthaeus Upson]], [[pedilusor]] Britannicus * 1980 - [[Rabiu Afolabi]], pedilusor [[Nigeria]]nus * 1981 - [[Milan Jovanović]], pedilusor [[Serbia|Serbicus]] * [[1983]] **[[Fernandus Rengifo]], pedilusor [[Peruvia]]nus **[[Catharina Maher]], [[diurnariorum ars|diurnariorum artis]] perita Americana == Mortui == === Saeculo 16 === * [[1556]] - [[Aloysius Alamanni]], [[poeta]] et [[humanista]] Italicus (natus anno [[1495]]) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1690]] - [[Carolus V (dux Lotharingiae)|Carolus V]], dux [[Lotharingia]]e et dux militum [[Austria]]cus (*&nbsp;[[1643]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1756]] - [[Iacobus Cassini]], [[astronomus]] (natus [[1677]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1802]] **[[Ioannes Lepechin]], explorator et rerum naturae investigator [[Russia|Russicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1740]]) **[[Erasmus Darwin]], medicus, philosophus, physiologicus et poeta Anglicus (*&nbsp;[[1731]]) * [[1825]] - [[Vladimirus Borovikovskij]], pictor [[Ucraina|Ucrainicus]] et Russicus (*&nbsp;[[1757]]) * [[1871]] - [[Omarus Pasha]], dux militum [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1806]]) * [[1898]] - [[Gustavus Moreau]], pictor Francicus (*&nbsp;[[1826]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1936]] - [[Ricardus Lipinski]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus (*&nbsp;[[1867]]) * 1940 - [[Herbertus Fisher]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] et rerum politicarum peritus Anglicus (*&nbsp;[[1865]]) * [[1943]] - [[Yamamoto Isoroku]], Iaponicus praefectus [[classis]] (*&nbsp;[[1884]]) * [[1955]] - [[Albertus Einstein]] physicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (*&nbsp;[[1879]]) * [[1964]] - [[Carolus Müller]], vir publicus Germanicus et sodalis primo [[Centrum (factio)|Centri]] factionis, deinde [[CDU]] (*&nbsp;1884) * [[1974]] - [[Marcellus Pagnol]], scriptor et [[moderator cinematographicus]] Francicus (*&nbsp;[[1895]]) * [[1976]] - [[Henricus Dam]], biochemicus [[Dania|Danicus]], praemio Nobeliano Medidinae affecus (*&nbsp;1895) * [[1997]] - [[Herbertus Czaja]], vir publicus Germanicus, sodalis factionis CDU atque praeses Societatis Exsulum ([[Theodisce]] ''Bund der Vertriebenen'') (*&nbsp;[[1914]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2002]] - [[Thor Heyerdahl]], explorator [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] (*&nbsp;1914) * [[2011]] ** [[Gulielmus Donaldus Schaefer]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus factionis [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]] (*&nbsp;[[1921]]) ** [[Paulus Händel]], sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]] [[Austria]]cus oriundus e Germania (*&nbsp;1927) * 2012 - [[Hillman Curtis]], paginarum [[Interrete|interretialium]] delineator, scriptor et moderator cinematographicus] Americanus (*&nbsp;1961) * 2013 - [[Goran Švob]], philosophus [[Croatia|Croaticus]] (*&nbsp;[[1947]]) == Festa et Feriae == *Dies Nationalis [[Zimbabua]]e *[[Dies internationalis pro monumentis hereditatibusque]] ([[Consilium Internationale de Monumentis et Sitibus|ICOMOS]]) {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] 436ezyd46313frpdqrjtec8il84df8n 0 16624 3955266 3852234 2026-04-17T15:37:55Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3955266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Iustinianus (discretiva)}} {{L1}} {{Imperator | nomen = Iustinianus I | titulus = Imperator | image = Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna.jpg | caption = Iustinianus in tesselato opere, [[Ravenna]], Ecclesia Sancti Vitali | image_size = | principatus = 1. Augusto [[527]] – 14. Novembri [[565]] | nomen_plenum = Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Augustus | sermo_proprius1 = [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]] | sermo_proprius1_nomen1 = {{polytonic|Ἰουστινιανός}} | partus = [[482]] | locus_natalis = [[Tauresium]] [[Dardania]]e | obitus = | locus_mortis = | uxor 1 = [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]] | uxor 2 = | domus = [[Dynastia Iustiniana]] | pater = Sabbatius | mater = [[Vigilantia]] | prognati = | religio = [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Ecclesia Orthodoxa]] }}'''Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus''' vel '''Iustinianus I Magnus''' ([[Graece]]: {{polytonic|Ἰουστινιανός}}) fuit [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperator Romanus Orientalis]]. Circa annum [[482]] Tauresii, quod hodie Taor nominatur, apud [[Scupi|Scupos]] natus et [[14 Novembris]] [[565]] [[Byzantium|Byzantii]] mortuus est. == De vita et regno Iustiniani == Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus erat filius agricolae. Lingua Latina fuit ei sermo patrius. Mater eius fuit Vigilantia, avunculus imperator [[Iustinus I]]. Avunculus providit, ut Iustinianus bene educatus esset. Anno [[519]] Iustinianus socius imperii factus est, anno [[521]] [[magister equitum]] et peditum praesentalis fuit, in eo anno etiam primum [[consul]] (annorum [[528]], [[533]], [[534]] consulatus secuti sunt) fuit. Die [[1 Augusti]] anno [[527]] imperii socius a Iustino I factus est. Iustino mortuo Iustinianus imperator solus fuit. Anno [[532]] factiones [[Veneti (factio)|veneti]] et [[prasini]] imperatorem contrarium, Flavium Hypatium, evocaverunt. Qua re audita Belisarius cum copiis Iustiniani Hypodromum petivit et seditiosos vicit. Post ignem et terrae motum Iustinianus iussit [[Hagia Sophia|Hagiam Sophiam]] reficere. Etiam [[Antiochia]] refecta est. Iustinianus concilia ecclesiastica praestitit et etiam tractationes religiosas conscripsit. Anno [[529]] Iustinianus [[Academia Platonica|Academiam Platonicam]] [[Athenae|Athenis]] claudendam iussit. Anno [[523]] Iustinianus Theodoram uxorem duxit, sed coniugium sine prole mansit. Iustiniano plures patrueles fuerunt, in numero quorum [[Germanus Iustinus|Germanus]], dux exercitus, clarissimus fuit. Post mortem Iustiniani certamen inter filium Germani, Iustinum, et [[Iustinus II|Iustinum II]] fuit, quorum Iustinus imperium obtinuit. Ab anno [[541]] [[inguinalis plaga]] contrivit Imperium Iustiniani, et tertia pars incolarum mortua est. == De bellis == [[Fasciculus:Justinien 527-565.svg|thumb|left|250px|Imperium Romanum Orientale [[ruber|rubro colore]] depictum est eo tempore quo Iustinianus potestatem accepit et [[flavus|flavo colore]] pars depicta quam Iustinianus imperio adiunxit.]] === De bellis cum Persis === Iam Iustinus I cum [[Persia|Persis]] bellum gesserat. Locus belli gerendi a [[Caucasus|Caucaso]] ad [[Mesopotamia]]m pertinuit. Annis [[530]] et [[531]] primum victoriae (proelio apud [[Dara]]m), sed etiam clades (ad [[Callinicum]]) partae sunt. Iustinianus cum rege Persarum, [[Chosroes I|Chosroe I.]], pacem constituit. Anno [[540]] iterum bellum cum Persis gestum est, in quo [[Antiochia]] a Persis expugnata et perdita est. Tum Chosroes I. cum Iustiniano rursus de pace agere voluit, sed Iustinianus negavit. Bellum usque ad annum [[562]] gestum est; Persae [[Lazica]]m Iustiniano permiserunt, eo pacto ut Iustinianus [[tributum]] magnum Persis daret. === De bello cum Vandalis === Cum in [[Africa]] rex [[Vandali|Vandalorum]], [[Hildericus]], a [[Gelimerus|Gelimer]] nepote suo depositus erat, qui doctrinam [[Arius (theologus)|Arii]] presbyteri restaurare voluit, Iustinianus ad vindicandam causam Hilderici, ut videbatur, anno [[533]] [[Belisarius|Belisarium]] ducem cum 15.000 militum exercitu in [[regnum Vandalorum]] misit. Contingit ut illo tempore maxima pars classis Vandalorum abesset ad supprimendam insurrectionem in [[Sardinia]] insula. Belisarius facillime progressit per Africae provinciam, Vandalos vicit apud [[Tricamarum]], et 15 Septembris [[534]] [[Carthago|Carthaginem]] cepit. [[Gelimerus|Gelimer]] fugit, sed postea captivus Constantinopolim ductus est. === De bello primo cum Ostrogothis === Post mortem regis [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]] [[Theodoricus Magnus|Theodorici]] anno [[526]], filia eius [[Amalasuntha|Amalasuintha]] tutelam gesserat pro filio suo [[Athalaricus|Athalarico]], qui tunc modo puer olim in regnum Italiae secuturus esset. Cum ille autem mortuus sit iam anno [[534]], Amalasuintha sibi adsociavit [[Theodahad]]um, qui eam incarceravit et deinde necavit [[535]]. Inter Amalasuintham et Iustinianum autem amicitia fuerat, et inde anno [[535]] [[Belisarius]] contra usurpatorem missus [[Sicilia]]m cepit et [[Italia]]m invasit. Theodahado bellum gerendi imperito ab Ostrogothis comperto [[Witiges]], maritus [[Mathesuintha]]e, filia Amalasuinthae, rex factus est. Cum Belisarius sub fine anni [[536]] [[Roma]]m ceperit, Witichis exercitum collegit et frustra Urbem oppugnavit ([[537]]-[[538]]). Anno [[538]] Iustinianus [[Narses|Narsem]] ducem in Italiam misit, sed ob eius et Belisarii maximam discordiam eum revocavit anno [[539]]. Initio Maii [[540]] [[Ravenna]], sedes regum Ostrogothorum, a Belisario capta est, sed postea dux ille revocatus est ut contra [[Persia|Persas]] pugnaret. Witichis ad [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] vectus est, et mortuus est anno [[542]]. === De bello secundo cum Ostrogothis === Tributi magni causa seditio in [[Italia]] factus est. Anno 542 Ostrogothi reliqui [[Totila]]m (verum Baduila) novum regnum evocaverunt. Proelia de tota Italia pertinuerunt. Anno [[549]] Belisarius a [[Germanus Iustinus|Germano]] absolutus est, Germano morte Narses dux militaris factus est. Iulio [[552]] Ravenna a Narse expugnata est. Anno 552 Narses Totilam apud Bustam Gallorum vicit, Totila in proelio interfectus est. Postremo [[Teia]] duce maximus pars Ostrogothorum reliquorum apud [[Vesuvius|Vesuvium]] victus est. === De bello Hispanico === {{vide-etiam|Provincia Spaniae}} [[Fasciculus:Half follis-Justinian I-sb0165.jpg|thumb|300px|Iustinianus [[globus cruciger|globum crucigerum]] gerens]] == De codice Iustiniano == Anno [[529]], [[Codex Iustinianus]] edita est, principale [[Ius Romanum|iuris Romani]] opus. == Fontes rerum gestarum Iustiniani == * [[Procopius]], ''[[Bella (Procopius)|Bella]]''; ''[[De aedificiis (Procopius)|De aedificiis]]''; ''[[Anecdota (Procopius)|Anecdota]]'' * [[Agathias]], ''[[Historiae (Agathias)|Historiae]]'' * [[Menander Protector]], ''[[Historiae (Menander)|Historiae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De magistratibus'' * Hierocles grammaticus, ''[[Synecdemus]]'' == Bibliographia == * Charles Pazdernik, ""Our Most Pious Consort Given Us by God": Dissident Reactions to the Partnership of Justinian and Theodora, A.D. 525-548" in ''Classical Antiquity'' vol. 13 (1994) pp. 256-281 * Roger D. Scott, "Malalas, The Secret History, and Justinian's Propaganda" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 39 (1985) pp. 99-109 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291517 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{Grc|Ἰουστινιανός Α'}} * [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/justinian.html Opera Iustiniani] {{Ling|Latine}} * [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0791/_P2.HTM Marcellini Comitis Chronicon] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rusticius (consul 520)|Flavius Rusticius]] et [[Flavius Vitalianus]]| annus= 521<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Valerius (consul 521)|Flavio Valerio]]| successores=[[Flavius Symmachus]] et [[Flavius Boethius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius]] ''(sine collega)''| annus= 528<br />sine collega| successores=[[Flavius Decius Iunior]] ''(sine collega)''}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=''II post consulatum Lampadii et Orestis'' proximi consules: <br>[[Flavius Lampadius]] et [[Flavius Rufius Gennadius Probus Orestes]] (anno [[530]]| annus= 533<br />sine collega| successores=[[Iustinianus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Decius Paulinus Iunior]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Iustinianus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus]] III ''(sine collega)''| annus= 534<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Decius Paulinus Iunior|Flavio Decio Paulino Iuniore]]| successores=[[Belisarius|Flavius Belisarius]] ''(sine collega)''}} {{Imperatores Constantinopolitani| praedecessor= [[Iustinus I]]| annus-annus= 527-565| successor= [[Iustinus II]] }} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Iustinianus|!]] [[Categoria:Legis latores]] [[Categoria:Imperatores Constantinopolitani]] [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Nati 482]] [[Categoria:Mortui 565]] [[Categoria:Ius Romanum]] [[Categoria:Personae Divinae Comoediae (Paradisus)]] 96j70edleu4aeluefvfdbjuow1drelu 3955274 3955266 2026-04-17T15:47:30Z Andrew Dalby 1084 + 3955274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Iustinianus (discretiva)}} {{L1}} {{Imperator | nomen = Iustinianus I | titulus = Imperator | image = Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna.jpg | caption = Iustinianus in tesselato opere, [[Ravenna]], Ecclesia Sancti Vitali | image_size = | principatus = 1. Augusto [[527]] – 14. Novembri [[565]] | nomen_plenum = Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Augustus | sermo_proprius1 = [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]] | sermo_proprius1_nomen1 = {{polytonic|Ἰουστινιανός}} | partus = [[482]] | locus_natalis = [[Tauresium]] [[Dardania]]e | obitus = | locus_mortis = | uxor 1 = [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodora]] | uxor 2 = | domus = [[Dynastia Iustiniana]] | pater = Sabbatius | mater = [[Vigilantia]] | prognati = | religio = [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Ecclesia Orthodoxa]] }}'''Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus''' vel '''Iustinianus I Magnus''' ([[Graece]]: {{polytonic|Ἰουστινιανός}}) fuit [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperator Romanus Orientalis]]. Circa annum [[482]] Tauresii, quod hodie Taor nominatur, apud [[Scupi|Scupos]] natus et [[14 Novembris]] [[565]] [[Byzantium|Byzantii]] mortuus est. == De vita et regno Iustiniani == Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus erat filius agricolae. Lingua Latina fuit ei sermo patrius. Mater eius fuit Vigilantia, avunculus imperator [[Iustinus I]]. Avunculus providit, ut Iustinianus bene educatus esset. Anno [[519]] Iustinianus socius imperii factus est, anno [[521]] [[magister equitum]] et peditum praesentalis fuit, in eo anno etiam primum [[consul]] (annorum [[528]], [[533]], [[534]] consulatus secuti sunt) fuit. Die [[1 Augusti]] anno [[527]] imperii socius a Iustino I factus est. Iustino mortuo Iustinianus imperator solus fuit. Anno [[532]] factiones [[Veneti (factio)|veneti]] et [[prasini]] imperatorem contrarium, Flavium Hypatium, evocaverunt. Qua re audita Belisarius cum copiis Iustiniani Hypodromum petivit et seditiosos vicit. Post ignem et terrae motum Iustinianus iussit [[Hagia Sophia|Hagiam Sophiam]] reficere. Etiam [[Antiochia]] refecta est. Iustinianus concilia ecclesiastica praestitit et etiam tractationes religiosas conscripsit. Anno [[529]] Iustinianus [[Academia Platonica|Academiam Platonicam]] [[Athenae|Athenis]] claudendam iussit. Anno [[523]] Iustinianus Theodoram uxorem duxit, sed coniugium sine prole mansit. Iustiniano plures patrueles fuerunt, in numero quorum [[Germanus Iustinus|Germanus]], dux exercitus, clarissimus fuit. Post mortem Iustiniani certamen inter filium Germani, Iustinum, et [[Iustinus II|Iustinum II]] fuit, quorum Iustinus imperium obtinuit. Ab anno [[541]] [[inguinalis plaga]] contrivit Imperium Iustiniani, et tertia pars incolarum mortua est. == De bellis == [[Fasciculus:Justinien 527-565.svg|thumb|left|250px|Imperium Romanum Orientale [[ruber|rubro colore]] depictum est eo tempore quo Iustinianus potestatem accepit et [[flavus|flavo colore]] pars depicta quam Iustinianus imperio adiunxit.]] === De bellis cum Persis === Iam Iustinus I cum [[Persia|Persis]] bellum gesserat. Locus belli gerendi a [[Caucasus|Caucaso]] ad [[Mesopotamia]]m pertinuit. Annis [[530]] et [[531]] primum victoriae (proelio apud [[Dara]]m), sed etiam clades (ad [[Callinicum]]) partae sunt. Iustinianus cum rege Persarum, [[Chosroes I|Chosroe I.]], pacem constituit. Anno [[540]] iterum bellum cum Persis gestum est, in quo [[Antiochia]] a Persis expugnata et perdita est. Tum Chosroes I. cum Iustiniano rursus de pace agere voluit, sed Iustinianus negavit. Bellum usque ad annum [[562]] gestum est; Persae [[Lazica]]m Iustiniano permiserunt, eo pacto ut Iustinianus [[tributum]] magnum Persis daret. === De bello cum Vandalis === Cum in [[Africa]] rex [[Vandali|Vandalorum]], [[Hildericus]], a [[Gelimerus|Gelimer]] nepote suo depositus erat, qui doctrinam [[Arius (theologus)|Arii]] presbyteri restaurare voluit, Iustinianus ad vindicandam causam Hilderici, ut videbatur, anno [[533]] [[Belisarius|Belisarium]] ducem cum 15.000 militum exercitu in [[regnum Vandalorum]] misit. Contingit ut illo tempore maxima pars classis Vandalorum abesset ad supprimendam insurrectionem in [[Sardinia]] insula. Belisarius facillime progressit per Africae provinciam, Vandalos vicit apud [[Tricamarum]], et 15 Septembris [[534]] [[Carthago|Carthaginem]] cepit. [[Gelimerus|Gelimer]] fugit, sed postea captivus Constantinopolim ductus est. === De bello primo cum Ostrogothis === Post mortem regis [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]] [[Theodoricus Magnus|Theodorici]] anno [[526]], filia eius [[Amalasuntha|Amalasuintha]] tutelam gesserat pro filio suo [[Athalaricus|Athalarico]], qui tunc modo puer olim in regnum Italiae secuturus esset. Cum ille autem mortuus sit iam anno [[534]], Amalasuintha sibi adsociavit [[Theodahad]]um, qui eam incarceravit et deinde necavit [[535]]. Inter Amalasuintham et Iustinianum autem amicitia fuerat, et inde anno [[535]] [[Belisarius]] contra usurpatorem missus [[Sicilia]]m cepit et [[Italia]]m invasit. Theodahado bellum gerendi imperito ab Ostrogothis comperto [[Witiges]], maritus [[Mathesuintha]]e, filia Amalasuinthae, rex factus est. Cum Belisarius sub fine anni [[536]] [[Roma]]m ceperit, Witichis exercitum collegit et frustra Urbem oppugnavit ([[537]]-[[538]]). Anno [[538]] Iustinianus [[Narses|Narsem]] ducem in Italiam misit, sed ob eius et Belisarii maximam discordiam eum revocavit anno [[539]]. Initio Maii [[540]] [[Ravenna]], sedes regum Ostrogothorum, a Belisario capta est, sed postea dux ille revocatus est ut contra [[Persia|Persas]] pugnaret. Witichis ad [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] vectus est, et mortuus est anno [[542]]. === De bello secundo cum Ostrogothis === Tributi magni causa seditio in [[Italia]] factus est. Anno 542 Ostrogothi reliqui [[Totila]]m (verum Baduila) novum regnum evocaverunt. Proelia de tota Italia pertinuerunt. Anno [[549]] Belisarius a [[Germanus Iustinus|Germano]] absolutus est, Germano morte Narses dux militaris factus est. Iulio [[552]] Ravenna a Narse expugnata est. Anno 552 Narses Totilam apud Bustam Gallorum vicit, Totila in proelio interfectus est. Postremo [[Teia]] duce maximus pars Ostrogothorum reliquorum apud [[Vesuvius|Vesuvium]] victus est. === De bello Hispanico === {{vide-etiam|Provincia Spaniae}} [[Fasciculus:Half follis-Justinian I-sb0165.jpg|thumb|300px|Iustinianus [[globus cruciger|globum crucigerum]] gerens]] == De codice Iustiniano == Anno [[529]], [[Codex Iustinianus]] edita est, principale [[Ius Romanum|iuris Romani]] opus. == Fontes rerum gestarum Iustiniani == * [[Agathias]], ''[[Historiae (Agathias)|Historiae]]'' * [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Corippus]], ''[[Iohannis]]''; ''[[In laudem Iustini Minoris]]'' * Hierocles grammaticus, ''[[Synecdemus]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De magistratibus'' * [[Ioannes Malalas]], ''[[Chronographia (Malalas)|Chronographia]]'' * [[Menander Protector]], ''[[Historiae (Menander)|Historiae]]'' * [[Procopius]], ''[[Bella (Procopius)|Bella]]''; ''[[De aedificiis (Procopius)|De aedificiis]]''; ''[[Anecdota (Procopius)|Anecdota]]'' == Bibliographia == * Charles Pazdernik, ""Our Most Pious Consort Given Us by God": Dissident Reactions to the Partnership of Justinian and Theodora, A.D. 525-548" in ''Classical Antiquity'' vol. 13 (1994) pp. 256-281 * Roger D. Scott, "Malalas, The Secret History, and Justinian's Propaganda" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 39 (1985) pp. 99-109 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291517 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{Grc|Ἰουστινιανός Α'}} * [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/justinian.html Opera Iustiniani] {{Ling|Latine}} * [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0791/_P2.HTM Marcellini Comitis Chronicon] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rusticius (consul 520)|Flavius Rusticius]] et [[Flavius Vitalianus]]| annus= 521<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Valerius (consul 521)|Flavio Valerio]]| successores=[[Flavius Symmachus]] et [[Flavius Boethius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius]] ''(sine collega)''| annus= 528<br />sine collega| successores=[[Flavius Decius Iunior]] ''(sine collega)''}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=''II post consulatum Lampadii et Orestis'' proximi consules: <br>[[Flavius Lampadius]] et [[Flavius Rufius Gennadius Probus Orestes]] (anno [[530]]| annus= 533<br />sine collega| successores=[[Iustinianus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Decius Paulinus Iunior]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Iustinianus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus]] III ''(sine collega)''| annus= 534<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Decius Paulinus Iunior|Flavio Decio Paulino Iuniore]]| successores=[[Belisarius|Flavius Belisarius]] ''(sine collega)''}} {{Imperatores Constantinopolitani| praedecessor= [[Iustinus I]]| annus-annus= 527-565| successor= [[Iustinus II]] }} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Iustinianus|!]] [[Categoria:Legis latores]] [[Categoria:Imperatores Constantinopolitani]] [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Nati 482]] [[Categoria:Mortui 565]] [[Categoria:Ius Romanum]] [[Categoria:Personae Divinae Comoediae (Paradisus)]] 4o6tabqpl3t8uhejngd4mdrzl1hf1qf 0 17465 3955277 3173520 2026-04-17T15:49:31Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Iustinus}} {{Imperator | nomen = Iustinus II | titulus = Imperator | image = Solidus-Justin II-sb0391.jpg | caption = [[Solidus]] Iustinii II | image_size = | principatus = 15. Novembri [[565]] – 5. Octobri [[578]] | nomen_plenum = Flavius Iustinus Iunior Augustus | partus = [[520]] | locus_natalis = | obitus = | locus_mortis = | uxor 1 = [[Sophia (imperatrix)|Sophia]] | uxor 2 = | domus = [[Dynastia Iustiniana]] | pater = Dulcidio (vel Dulcissimus) | mater = [[Vigilantia]] | prognati = <!--<br>--> | religio = }}'''Iustinus II''' anno [[520]] natus et [[5 Octobris]] [[578]] mortuus est. Fuit [[Imperatores Constantinopolitani|Imperator Romanus Orientalis]] a die [[14 Novembris]] [[565]] ad mortem. Iustinus II fuit filius Dulcidii et Vigilantiae, sororis [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani I]]. Auctoritate sua et [[Sophia (imperatrix)|Sophiae]], uxoris suae, quae filia sororis [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodorae]] (coniugis Iustiniani) fuit, Iustinus II imperator factus est. Initio imperii Iustinus aes alienum Iustiniani I solvit et regiones in imperio Romano occidenti tenere conatus est. Sed studium suum emendationum plerumque frustra remansit. Anno [[568]] [[Langobardi]] imperium romanum orientale invaserunt. Qui partes magnas imperii expugnaverunt et restaurationem imperii [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani I]] paene perdiderunt. Iustinus II plures bellos contra [[Avares]] frustra gerere conatus est et anno 572 bellum contra [[Sassanidae|Persas]] gessit. Persae [[Mesopotamia]]m invaserunt et anno 573 [[Dara]]m expugnaverunt. Demum anno 575 Persae certamine apud Melitenam facto victi sunt. Sed victoria non suprema fuit, pax incerta facienda fuit et Iustinus II Persis tributa dare debuit. Iam anno 578 bellum renovatum est. Ab anno 574 morbus animi Iustinum cepit. Coniugis Sophiae auctoritate die [[7 Decembris]] [[574]] Iustinus [[Flavius Tiberius Constantinus|Tiberium]] Caesarem socium imperatoris fecit. Iustino II anno 578 mortuo Flavius Tiberius Constantinus ei successit. == Fontes fere coaevi == * [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Corippus]], ''[[In laudem Iustini Minoris]]'' * [[Ioannes Malalas]], ''[[Chronographia (Malalas)|Chronographia]]'' * [[Menander Protector]], ''[[Historiae (Menander)|Historiae]]'' {{NexInt}} * [[Imperium Romanum Orientale]] {{Imperatores Constantinopolitani| praedecessor= [[Iustinianus I]]| annus-annus= 565-578| successor= [[Flavius Tiberius Constantinus]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius Iunior]] (anno [[541]])| annus= 566<br />sine collega| successores=[[Flavius Tiberius Constantinus|Imp. Caesar Tiberius Constantinus Augustus]] ''(sine collega'' anno [[579]])}} [[Categoria:Nati 520]] [[Categoria:Imperatores Constantinopolitani]] [[Categoria:Mortui 578]] dtlxj2c9ox9pize77y2eajih936nsu8 0 32366 3955245 3837439 2026-04-17T14:53:09Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De novis pontificibus */ 3955245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Pontifex Maximus}} [[Fasciculus:CaesarAugustusPontiusMaximus.jpg|thumb|[[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] in pontificis maximi habitu, capite velato (qui mos sacrificandi "ritus Romanus" dicitur). Paulo post annum [[12 a.C.n.]]]] {{L1}} '''Pontifices''' (pontifex, -ficis, ''m.''; [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|ἀρχιερεύς}} sive ἱεροφάντης<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]] passim.</ref>) [[religio Romana|Romae]] collegium [[sacerdos|sacerdotum]] erant, qui de omnibus [[sacramentum|sacris]] [[ritus|ritibusque]] ad [[religio]]nem pertinentibus cognoscebant atque iurisdictionem habebant; cui collegio [[pontifex maximus]] praeerat. == De origine pontificum == Ut multa alia instituta ad religionem pertinentia sic pontificatum a rege [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] creatum fuisse veteres rerum Romanarum scriptores tradiderunt, qui "omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit" ([[Titus Livius]]). [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] huius sacerdotii a [[vocabulum|vocabulis]] ''ponte'' et ''faciendo'' ortum esse, cum alii [[auctor]]es antiqui voluerunt, tum in primis [[Marcus Terentius Varro]]. Nam pontem Sublicium supra [[Tiberis|Tiberim]] pontifices fecerant atque curabant<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,1 et III,45,2.</ref> ; qui pons omnibus partibus suis [[lignum|ligneus]] erat, nec refici eum nisi ligneis instrumentis [[fas]] erat. E quo ponte, die [[15 Maii]], Argeorum sacris, pontifices simulacra humana in [[flumen]] praecipitabant, sine dubio pro veteribus [[sacrificium|sacrificiis]] humanis substituta. Porro nonne prisca [[Roma]] prope pontem crevit, in nodo viarum sita? Hanc autem [[etymologia]]m non aspernantes plerique auctores recentiores existimaverunt pontificem antiquiorem ac maioris ponderis fuisse, quam ut ideo creatus esset atque ab uno ponte nomen duceret. Itaque coniecturis variis usi sunt: alii putaverunt fortasse, tempore magnarum [[migratio]]num per [[Europa]]m, pontifices homines fuisse qui [[magia|magicis artibus]] iter ceteris munirent monstrarentque (significatione vocabuli [[Lingua Sanscrita|Indici]] ''panthah'' innixi, quod Latino ''ponti'' respondet atque omne genus itineris designat). Alii ad lacustres vicos, ante scriptam hominum [[memoria]]m, originem pontificum referunt, alii etiam pontem inter [[deus|deos]] et homines interpretati sunt. Tandem nonnulli putant hanc verbi originem, e populo enatam, rectam non esse et aliam quaerendam. == De collegio == Initio fortasse unus pontifex fuit (rex Numa Marcium filium Marci elegit), mox certe quinque fuere et ab anno [[300 a.C.n.]] novem ; deinde quindecim a [[Sulla]] dictatore, sedecim a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gaio Iulio Caesare]] facti sunt. Primo patricia gente orti esse debebant. [[Lex Ogulnia|Lege vero Ogulnia]] anno [[300 a.C.n.]] lata plebs obtinuit, ut non minus quam quattuor pontifices plebei homines essent. Pontifices in [[regia]]m coibant, ubi de sacris ac iure divino consultabant : quod aedificium, a rege nominatum, in [[Forum Romanum|foro]] erat, iuxta [[templum]] [[Vesta]]e. Cum unus ex iis moriebatur, novum collegam sibi ipsi cooptabant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,3.</ref> Tertio autem saeculo a.C.n. exeunte a comitiis tributis "minoribus" (nam 17 tantum tribus, sorte ductae, suffragia ferebant, non 35) pontifices maximi eligi coepti sunt ac postea demum a collegis confirmari: sic quidem Caesar pontifex maximus anno [[63 a.C.n.]] electus est. Secundo saeculo ante Christum exeunte [[tribunus plebis]] [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] offensus collegio, quod alium quam se in patris locum cooptaverat, legem tulit, ut ius pontificum omnium creandorum a collegio ad populum et comitia transferatur/<ref>Lex Domitia ''de sacerdotiis'' dicta, circa 104 a.C.n. [[Suetonius|Suet.]] ''Nero'' II.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII,37.</ref> Haec lex postea a [[Sylla]] abrogata anno [[63 a.C.n.]] demum per legem [[Titus Labienus|Labienam]] ''de sacerdotiis'', instigante Caesare, restituta est/<ref>[[Plutarchus]], ''Caesar'' 7.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.37.</ref> Quo eodem anno per [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribuum]] suffragia liberalitate profusissima comparata Caesar et pontifex et pontifex maximus in locum [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metelli Pii]] factus est. Incertum tamen est, quamdiu hoc modo in posterum actum sit. Exinde vero usque ad mortem pontifices remanebant, nec quisquam eos sacerdotio privare poterat. Quem morem [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] et ipse observavit: nam expectavit donec [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|triumvir Lepidus]] moreretur ; tum tandem pontificatum maximum sibi asseruit. Ab eo tempore (anno [[12 a.C.n.]]) pontifex maximus semper idem atque [[Imperatores Romani|imperator]] fuit. In titulis omnium imperatorum PM legitur, "Pontifex Maximus" notans. Sic religio universa in eius potestate erat ac maiore auctoritate apud populum fruebatur. Pontifex maximus summam potestatem in collegio semper quidem habuit, sed postquam imperator ipse fuit, ceteri pontifices pro nihilo fuerunt. [[Gratianus]], primus Christianorum imperatorum, hunc titulum recusavit. == De officio pontificum == [[Fasciculus:CaesarElephant.jpg|thumb|Insignia pontificatus in [[Denarius|denario]] iussu [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] initio belli civilis percusso. A laeva in dextram partem versus vides [[simpulum]], [[aspergillum]], [[sacena]]m sive [[acieris|acierem]], sive securim pontificalem, [[capis|capidem]] (supra sacenam) et [[Albogalerus|albogalerum]] cum [[Apex (vestimentum)|apice]] [[Flamen|flaminis]]. Pontifex maximus enim tunc erat Caesar.]] De officio pontificum [[Titus Livius]] summatim atque optime sic disseruit: "[Numa pontifici] sacra omnia exscripta exsignataque attribuit, quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent, atque unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo consultum plebes veniret, ne quid divini iuris neglegendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbaretur; nec caelestes modo caerimonias sed iusta quoque funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontifex edoceret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus aliove quo visu missa susciperentur atque curarentur." Breviter ut dicam, omnia scire de sacris rebus pontifices oportebat, ut ceteros homines docerent, sive privatos sive magistratus populi Romani. Si quae culpa inveniebatur, etiam iudices erant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,2.</ref> Singulatim vero haec fortasse officia digna memoratu sunt: *Pontifices sacra deorum et templorum, qui suum sacerdotem non habebant, suscipiebant. Exempli gratia omni mense [[Calendae|Kalendis]] pontifex minor [[Iuno]]ni rem divinam faciebat; cultus [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] quoque et [[Ops|Opis Consivae]] ab hoc collegio administrabatur. Sacra [[flamen|flaminis]] dialis, si necesse erat, pontifex maximus ipse suscipiebat. *Pontifex maximus [[Flamen|flaminem]] dialem necnon ceteros flamines et [[Vestalis virgo|virgines Vestales]] capiebat, id est eligebat. Nam [[Vesta]]e cultui pontifices maxime studebant, cuius templum prope regiam erat. [[Octavianus|Augustus]] pontifex maximus factus etiam sacrarium huius deae in suo palatio collocavit. Collegium pontificale de criminibus Vestalium cognoscebat atque cum sontes erant castigabat, virgarum verberibus in minoribus peccatis, corpore vero polluto et castitate laesa morte ignominiosa multabant : nam vivae sub terram prope portam Collinam sepeliebantur.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,67,3.</ref> *[[Fasti]]s praeerant, id est dies fastos nefastosque proclamabant, quibus fas aut nefas erat cum populo aut lege in iudicio agi. Ferias una cum rege pronuntiabant et, quando mensis intercalarius adiceretur, decernebant<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVI.1.12</ref>. Cum [[calendarium]] reformavit Gaius Iulius Caesar, officio suo pontificis maximi functus est. *[[Ius]] omne primo "in penetralibus pontificum repositum" et reconditum fuit. Medio quinto saeculo demum a.C.n. ius civile per [[Lex XII Tabularum|legem XII tabularum]] divulgatum est et ad magistratus populi Romani, praetores praesertim, transiit. Formulae actionum legum quoque quarto saeculo exeunte a scriba C. Flavio promulgatae sunt, magna patrum indignatione. Sed ius divinum, ius pontificium etiam nominatum, penes pontifices semper remansit et in libris pontificiis digestum est. *Praeterea, si quid memoria digni accidisset, in annalibus pontificalibus sive annalibus maximis adnotabatur; id est non tantum res ab hominibus gestae sed maxime, si quae prodigia aliave monstra voluntatem aut iram deorum indicassent, et quomodo procurata essent. Hi tamen annales posterioribus historiarum scriptoribus magno usui fuere ac memoriam multorum factorum nobis servaverunt. ==De novis pontificibus== ===Sol Invictus=== Imperator [[Aurelianus]] novum collegium ''pontificum Solis''<ref>{{AE|1964|00223}}</ref> creavit post [[Zenobia|Zenobiam]] debellatam in honorem novi dei, [[Sol invictus|Solis Invicti]], quem ex oriente secum Romam advexerat et omnibus antiquis deis Romanis, [[Iuppiter|Iove]] non excepto, praetulit. Abhinc veteres pontifices ut a novis discernerentur pontifices Vestae nonnumquam dicti sunt. ===Christianismus=== Post finem [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]], [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] titulo ''Pontifice Maximo'' utitur; titulus autem rectior est ''[[summus pontifex]].'' == Conclusio == Praecipuum officium pontificum in pace deorum imperio Romano paranda consistebat, id est providere debebant, ne quis deorum populo Romano iratus esset. Sed scientia pontificum magnum momentum habuit in [[Calendarium|calendario]], in [[ius|iure]] Romano nascente necnon in [[historia|historiis]] : scripta acta enim primi servarunt. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro secundo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]]'' cap. 73 *[[Cicero]]nis oratio ''[[Pro domo sua (Cicero)|Pro domo sua]]'' tota apud pontifices habita est. Optimum igitur exemplum est litis ab hoc collegio cognitae. **''[[Pro Murena]]'', 25-26. * [[Cassius Dio]], libro XXXVII [[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]], capitulo 37 necnon libro 54 cap. 27. * [[Iulius Capitolinus]] (e serie ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'') "Vita Opilii Macrini", capitulo VII. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnaliorum]],'' capitibus 15–16 necnon libro tertio capitibus 2-3 et passim. *[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Numae'' capitulis IX-XII. * [[Suetonius]] opere ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' in "Vita Divi Iuli"' cap. 13; in "Vita Divi Augusti" cap. 31, in "Vita Neronis" cap. 2. *[[Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe condita (Livius)|Ab Urbe condita]]'', primo libro cap. 20, nono libro cap. 45 et decimo libro cap. 6-9. *[[Varro]], ''[[De lingua Latina (Varro)|De lingua Latina]],'' quinto libro cap. 83. *[[Velleius Paterculus]], libro secundo ''Historiae Romanae,'' capitulo 43. == Plura legere si cupis == *Jochen Bleicken, "Oberpontifex und Pontifikalkollegium: Eine Studie zur Römischen Sakralverfassung" ,''Hermes'' 1957 (85): 345-66. * Claire Lovisi, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1998_num_110_2_2050 Vestale, incestus et juridiction pontificale sous la République romaine]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1998(110/2) ː 699-735 *Lily Ross Taylor, « The election of the pontifex maximus in the late Republic », ''Classical Philology'', 1942 (37): 421-24. * Francisca Van Haeperen , ''Le collège pontifical à Rome (3e s. a.C.-4e s. p.C.)'', Folia Electronica Classica n.5(2003) [http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/fe/05/pontgen.html]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} **''Le Collège pontifical (3ème s. a. C.-4ème s. p. C.) : contribution à l'étude de la religion publique romaine'', Bruxellis 2002. ISBN 90-74461-49-2. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2005_num_74_1_2584_t2_0417_0000_2 Recensio critica.] * Georg Wissowa: ''Religion und Kultus der Römer.'' [[Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft|Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft]], vol. 4. Monaci: C. H. Beck, [[1902]]; 2. ed [[1912]], et anno [[1971]], ISBN 3-406-03406-3. == Nexus externus == *[http://www.imperiumromanum.com/religion/antikereligion/pontifices_01.htm De Pontifice.] ''Imperium Rromanum'' {{Roma antiqua}} [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] 6ahm8eqbefq2ub6h5x9h7l7gunkqau6 3955246 3955245 2026-04-17T14:54:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De novis pontificibus */ 3955246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Pontifex Maximus}} [[Fasciculus:CaesarAugustusPontiusMaximus.jpg|thumb|[[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] in pontificis maximi habitu, capite velato (qui mos sacrificandi "ritus Romanus" dicitur). Paulo post annum [[12 a.C.n.]]]] {{L1}} '''Pontifices''' (pontifex, -ficis, ''m.''; [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|ἀρχιερεύς}} sive ἱεροφάντης<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]] passim.</ref>) [[religio Romana|Romae]] collegium [[sacerdos|sacerdotum]] erant, qui de omnibus [[sacramentum|sacris]] [[ritus|ritibusque]] ad [[religio]]nem pertinentibus cognoscebant atque iurisdictionem habebant; cui collegio [[pontifex maximus]] praeerat. == De origine pontificum == Ut multa alia instituta ad religionem pertinentia sic pontificatum a rege [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] creatum fuisse veteres rerum Romanarum scriptores tradiderunt, qui "omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit" ([[Titus Livius]]). [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] huius sacerdotii a [[vocabulum|vocabulis]] ''ponte'' et ''faciendo'' ortum esse, cum alii [[auctor]]es antiqui voluerunt, tum in primis [[Marcus Terentius Varro]]. Nam pontem Sublicium supra [[Tiberis|Tiberim]] pontifices fecerant atque curabant<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,1 et III,45,2.</ref> ; qui pons omnibus partibus suis [[lignum|ligneus]] erat, nec refici eum nisi ligneis instrumentis [[fas]] erat. E quo ponte, die [[15 Maii]], Argeorum sacris, pontifices simulacra humana in [[flumen]] praecipitabant, sine dubio pro veteribus [[sacrificium|sacrificiis]] humanis substituta. Porro nonne prisca [[Roma]] prope pontem crevit, in nodo viarum sita? Hanc autem [[etymologia]]m non aspernantes plerique auctores recentiores existimaverunt pontificem antiquiorem ac maioris ponderis fuisse, quam ut ideo creatus esset atque ab uno ponte nomen duceret. Itaque coniecturis variis usi sunt: alii putaverunt fortasse, tempore magnarum [[migratio]]num per [[Europa]]m, pontifices homines fuisse qui [[magia|magicis artibus]] iter ceteris munirent monstrarentque (significatione vocabuli [[Lingua Sanscrita|Indici]] ''panthah'' innixi, quod Latino ''ponti'' respondet atque omne genus itineris designat). Alii ad lacustres vicos, ante scriptam hominum [[memoria]]m, originem pontificum referunt, alii etiam pontem inter [[deus|deos]] et homines interpretati sunt. Tandem nonnulli putant hanc verbi originem, e populo enatam, rectam non esse et aliam quaerendam. == De collegio == Initio fortasse unus pontifex fuit (rex Numa Marcium filium Marci elegit), mox certe quinque fuere et ab anno [[300 a.C.n.]] novem ; deinde quindecim a [[Sulla]] dictatore, sedecim a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gaio Iulio Caesare]] facti sunt. Primo patricia gente orti esse debebant. [[Lex Ogulnia|Lege vero Ogulnia]] anno [[300 a.C.n.]] lata plebs obtinuit, ut non minus quam quattuor pontifices plebei homines essent. Pontifices in [[regia]]m coibant, ubi de sacris ac iure divino consultabant : quod aedificium, a rege nominatum, in [[Forum Romanum|foro]] erat, iuxta [[templum]] [[Vesta]]e. Cum unus ex iis moriebatur, novum collegam sibi ipsi cooptabant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,3.</ref> Tertio autem saeculo a.C.n. exeunte a comitiis tributis "minoribus" (nam 17 tantum tribus, sorte ductae, suffragia ferebant, non 35) pontifices maximi eligi coepti sunt ac postea demum a collegis confirmari: sic quidem Caesar pontifex maximus anno [[63 a.C.n.]] electus est. Secundo saeculo ante Christum exeunte [[tribunus plebis]] [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] offensus collegio, quod alium quam se in patris locum cooptaverat, legem tulit, ut ius pontificum omnium creandorum a collegio ad populum et comitia transferatur/<ref>Lex Domitia ''de sacerdotiis'' dicta, circa 104 a.C.n. [[Suetonius|Suet.]] ''Nero'' II.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII,37.</ref> Haec lex postea a [[Sylla]] abrogata anno [[63 a.C.n.]] demum per legem [[Titus Labienus|Labienam]] ''de sacerdotiis'', instigante Caesare, restituta est/<ref>[[Plutarchus]], ''Caesar'' 7.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.37.</ref> Quo eodem anno per [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribuum]] suffragia liberalitate profusissima comparata Caesar et pontifex et pontifex maximus in locum [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metelli Pii]] factus est. Incertum tamen est, quamdiu hoc modo in posterum actum sit. Exinde vero usque ad mortem pontifices remanebant, nec quisquam eos sacerdotio privare poterat. Quem morem [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] et ipse observavit: nam expectavit donec [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|triumvir Lepidus]] moreretur ; tum tandem pontificatum maximum sibi asseruit. Ab eo tempore (anno [[12 a.C.n.]]) pontifex maximus semper idem atque [[Imperatores Romani|imperator]] fuit. In titulis omnium imperatorum PM legitur, "Pontifex Maximus" notans. Sic religio universa in eius potestate erat ac maiore auctoritate apud populum fruebatur. Pontifex maximus summam potestatem in collegio semper quidem habuit, sed postquam imperator ipse fuit, ceteri pontifices pro nihilo fuerunt. [[Gratianus]], primus Christianorum imperatorum, hunc titulum recusavit. == De officio pontificum == [[Fasciculus:CaesarElephant.jpg|thumb|Insignia pontificatus in [[Denarius|denario]] iussu [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] initio belli civilis percusso. A laeva in dextram partem versus vides [[simpulum]], [[aspergillum]], [[sacena]]m sive [[acieris|acierem]], sive securim pontificalem, [[capis|capidem]] (supra sacenam) et [[Albogalerus|albogalerum]] cum [[Apex (vestimentum)|apice]] [[Flamen|flaminis]]. Pontifex maximus enim tunc erat Caesar.]] De officio pontificum [[Titus Livius]] summatim atque optime sic disseruit: "[Numa pontifici] sacra omnia exscripta exsignataque attribuit, quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent, atque unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo consultum plebes veniret, ne quid divini iuris neglegendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbaretur; nec caelestes modo caerimonias sed iusta quoque funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontifex edoceret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus aliove quo visu missa susciperentur atque curarentur." Breviter ut dicam, omnia scire de sacris rebus pontifices oportebat, ut ceteros homines docerent, sive privatos sive magistratus populi Romani. Si quae culpa inveniebatur, etiam iudices erant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,2.</ref> Singulatim vero haec fortasse officia digna memoratu sunt: *Pontifices sacra deorum et templorum, qui suum sacerdotem non habebant, suscipiebant. Exempli gratia omni mense [[Calendae|Kalendis]] pontifex minor [[Iuno]]ni rem divinam faciebat; cultus [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] quoque et [[Ops|Opis Consivae]] ab hoc collegio administrabatur. Sacra [[flamen|flaminis]] dialis, si necesse erat, pontifex maximus ipse suscipiebat. *Pontifex maximus [[Flamen|flaminem]] dialem necnon ceteros flamines et [[Vestalis virgo|virgines Vestales]] capiebat, id est eligebat. Nam [[Vesta]]e cultui pontifices maxime studebant, cuius templum prope regiam erat. [[Octavianus|Augustus]] pontifex maximus factus etiam sacrarium huius deae in suo palatio collocavit. Collegium pontificale de criminibus Vestalium cognoscebat atque cum sontes erant castigabat, virgarum verberibus in minoribus peccatis, corpore vero polluto et castitate laesa morte ignominiosa multabant : nam vivae sub terram prope portam Collinam sepeliebantur.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,67,3.</ref> *[[Fasti]]s praeerant, id est dies fastos nefastosque proclamabant, quibus fas aut nefas erat cum populo aut lege in iudicio agi. Ferias una cum rege pronuntiabant et, quando mensis intercalarius adiceretur, decernebant<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVI.1.12</ref>. Cum [[calendarium]] reformavit Gaius Iulius Caesar, officio suo pontificis maximi functus est. *[[Ius]] omne primo "in penetralibus pontificum repositum" et reconditum fuit. Medio quinto saeculo demum a.C.n. ius civile per [[Lex XII Tabularum|legem XII tabularum]] divulgatum est et ad magistratus populi Romani, praetores praesertim, transiit. Formulae actionum legum quoque quarto saeculo exeunte a scriba C. Flavio promulgatae sunt, magna patrum indignatione. Sed ius divinum, ius pontificium etiam nominatum, penes pontifices semper remansit et in libris pontificiis digestum est. *Praeterea, si quid memoria digni accidisset, in annalibus pontificalibus sive annalibus maximis adnotabatur; id est non tantum res ab hominibus gestae sed maxime, si quae prodigia aliave monstra voluntatem aut iram deorum indicassent, et quomodo procurata essent. Hi tamen annales posterioribus historiarum scriptoribus magno usui fuere ac memoriam multorum factorum nobis servaverunt. ==De novis pontificibus== ===Sol Invictus=== Imperator [[Aurelianus]] novum collegium ''pontificum Solis''<ref>{{AE|1964|00223}}. {{CIL|6|1673}}</ref> creavit post [[Zenobia|Zenobiam]] debellatam in honorem novi dei, [[Sol invictus|Solis Invicti]], quem ex oriente secum Romam advexerat et omnibus antiquis deis Romanis, [[Iuppiter|Iove]] non excepto, praetulit. Abhinc veteres pontifices ut a novis discernerentur pontifices Vestae nonnumquam dicti sunt. ===Christianismus=== Post finem [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]], [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] titulo ''Pontifice Maximo'' utitur; titulus autem rectior est ''[[summus pontifex]].'' == Conclusio == Praecipuum officium pontificum in pace deorum imperio Romano paranda consistebat, id est providere debebant, ne quis deorum populo Romano iratus esset. Sed scientia pontificum magnum momentum habuit in [[Calendarium|calendario]], in [[ius|iure]] Romano nascente necnon in [[historia|historiis]] : scripta acta enim primi servarunt. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro secundo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]]'' cap. 73 *[[Cicero]]nis oratio ''[[Pro domo sua (Cicero)|Pro domo sua]]'' tota apud pontifices habita est. Optimum igitur exemplum est litis ab hoc collegio cognitae. **''[[Pro Murena]]'', 25-26. * [[Cassius Dio]], libro XXXVII [[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]], capitulo 37 necnon libro 54 cap. 27. * [[Iulius Capitolinus]] (e serie ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'') "Vita Opilii Macrini", capitulo VII. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnaliorum]],'' capitibus 15–16 necnon libro tertio capitibus 2-3 et passim. *[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Numae'' capitulis IX-XII. * [[Suetonius]] opere ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' in "Vita Divi Iuli"' cap. 13; in "Vita Divi Augusti" cap. 31, in "Vita Neronis" cap. 2. *[[Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe condita (Livius)|Ab Urbe condita]]'', primo libro cap. 20, nono libro cap. 45 et decimo libro cap. 6-9. *[[Varro]], ''[[De lingua Latina (Varro)|De lingua Latina]],'' quinto libro cap. 83. *[[Velleius Paterculus]], libro secundo ''Historiae Romanae,'' capitulo 43. == Plura legere si cupis == *Jochen Bleicken, "Oberpontifex und Pontifikalkollegium: Eine Studie zur Römischen Sakralverfassung" ,''Hermes'' 1957 (85): 345-66. * Claire Lovisi, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1998_num_110_2_2050 Vestale, incestus et juridiction pontificale sous la République romaine]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1998(110/2) ː 699-735 *Lily Ross Taylor, « The election of the pontifex maximus in the late Republic », ''Classical Philology'', 1942 (37): 421-24. * Francisca Van Haeperen , ''Le collège pontifical à Rome (3e s. a.C.-4e s. p.C.)'', Folia Electronica Classica n.5(2003) [http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/fe/05/pontgen.html]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} **''Le Collège pontifical (3ème s. a. C.-4ème s. p. C.) : contribution à l'étude de la religion publique romaine'', Bruxellis 2002. ISBN 90-74461-49-2. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2005_num_74_1_2584_t2_0417_0000_2 Recensio critica.] * Georg Wissowa: ''Religion und Kultus der Römer.'' [[Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft|Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft]], vol. 4. Monaci: C. H. Beck, [[1902]]; 2. ed [[1912]], et anno [[1971]], ISBN 3-406-03406-3. == Nexus externus == *[http://www.imperiumromanum.com/religion/antikereligion/pontifices_01.htm De Pontifice.] ''Imperium Rromanum'' {{Roma antiqua}} [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] elajztl07zr5p6k0dp9dy16878yuho0 3955287 3955246 2026-04-17T17:04:58Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3955287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Pontifex Maximus}} [[Fasciculus:CaesarAugustusPontiusMaximus.jpg|thumb|[[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] in pontificis maximi habitu, capite velato (qui mos sacrificandi "ritus Romanus" dicitur). Paulo post annum [[12 a.C.n.]]]] {{L1}} '''Pontifices''' (pontifex, -ficis, ''m.''; [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|ἀρχιερεύς}} sive ἱεροφάντης<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]] passim.</ref>) [[religio Romana|Romae]] collegium [[sacerdos|sacerdotum]] erant, qui de omnibus [[sacramentum|sacris]] [[ritus|ritibusque]] ad [[religio]]nem pertinentibus cognoscebant atque iurisdictionem habebant; cui collegio [[pontifex maximus]] praeerat. == De origine pontificum == Ut multa alia instituta ad religionem pertinentia sic pontificatum a rege [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] creatum fuisse veteres rerum Romanarum scriptores tradiderunt, qui "omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit" ([[Titus Livius]]). [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] huius sacerdotii a [[vocabulum|vocabulis]] ''ponte'' et ''faciendo'' ortum esse, cum alii [[auctor]]es antiqui voluerunt, tum in primis [[Marcus Terentius Varro]]. Nam pontem Sublicium supra [[Tiberis|Tiberim]] pontifices fecerant atque curabant<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,1 et III,45,2.</ref> ; qui pons omnibus partibus suis [[lignum|ligneus]] erat, nec refici eum nisi ligneis instrumentis [[fas]] erat. E quo ponte, die [[15 Maii]], Argeorum sacris, pontifices simulacra humana in [[flumen]] praecipitabant, sine dubio pro veteribus [[sacrificium|sacrificiis]] humanis substituta. Porro nonne prisca [[Roma]] prope pontem crevit, in nodo viarum sita? Hanc autem [[etymologia]]m non aspernantes plerique auctores recentiores existimaverunt pontificem antiquiorem ac maioris ponderis fuisse, quam ut ideo creatus esset atque ab uno ponte nomen duceret. Itaque coniecturis variis usi sunt: alii putaverunt fortasse, tempore magnarum [[migratio]]num per [[Europa]]m, pontifices homines fuisse qui [[magia|magicis artibus]] iter ceteris munirent monstrarentque (significatione vocabuli [[Lingua Sanscrita|Indici]] ''panthah'' innixi, quod Latino ''ponti'' respondet atque omne genus itineris designat). Alii ad lacustres vicos, ante scriptam hominum [[memoria]]m, originem pontificum referunt, alii etiam pontem inter [[deus|deos]] et homines interpretati sunt. Tandem nonnulli putant hanc verbi originem, e populo enatam, rectam non esse et aliam quaerendam. == De collegio == Initio fortasse unus pontifex fuit (rex Numa Marcium filium Marci elegit), mox certe quinque fuere et ab anno [[300 a.C.n.]] novem ; deinde quindecim a [[Sulla]] dictatore, sedecim a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gaio Iulio Caesare]] facti sunt. Primo patricia gente orti esse debebant. [[Lex Ogulnia|Lege vero Ogulnia]] anno [[300 a.C.n.]] lata plebs obtinuit, ut non minus quam quattuor pontifices plebei homines essent. Pontifices in [[regia]]m coibant, ubi de sacris ac iure divino consultabant : quod aedificium, a rege nominatum, in [[Forum Romanum|foro]] erat, iuxta [[templum]] [[Vesta]]e. Cum unus ex iis moriebatur, novum collegam sibi ipsi cooptabant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,3.</ref> Tertio autem saeculo a.C.n. exeunte a comitiis tributis "minoribus" (nam 17 tantum tribus, sorte ductae, suffragia ferebant, non 35) pontifices maximi eligi coepti sunt ac postea demum a collegis confirmari: sic quidem Caesar pontifex maximus anno [[63 a.C.n.]] electus est. Secundo saeculo ante Christum exeunte [[tribunus plebis]] [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] offensus collegio, quod alium quam se in patris locum cooptaverat, legem tulit, ut ius pontificum omnium creandorum a collegio ad populum et comitia transferatur/<ref>Lex Domitia ''de sacerdotiis'' dicta, circa 104 a.C.n. [[Suetonius|Suet.]] ''Nero'' II.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII,37.</ref> Haec lex postea a [[Sylla]] abrogata anno [[63 a.C.n.]] demum per legem [[Titus Labienus|Labienam]] ''de sacerdotiis'', instigante Caesare, restituta est/<ref>[[Plutarchus]], ''Caesar'' 7.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.37.</ref> Quo eodem anno per [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribuum]] suffragia liberalitate profusissima comparata Caesar et pontifex et pontifex maximus in locum [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metelli Pii]] factus est. Incertum tamen est, quamdiu hoc modo in posterum actum sit. Exinde vero usque ad mortem pontifices remanebant, nec quisquam eos sacerdotio privare poterat. Quem morem [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] et ipse observavit: nam expectavit donec [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|triumvir Lepidus]] moreretur ; tum tandem pontificatum maximum sibi asseruit. Ab eo tempore (anno [[12 a.C.n.]]) pontifex maximus semper idem atque [[Imperatores Romani|imperator]] fuit. In titulis omnium imperatorum PM legitur, "Pontifex Maximus" notans. Sic religio universa in eius potestate erat ac maiore auctoritate apud populum fruebatur. Pontifex maximus summam potestatem in collegio semper quidem habuit, sed postquam imperator ipse fuit, ceteri pontifices pro nihilo fuerunt. [[Gratianus]], primus Christianorum imperatorum, hunc titulum recusavit. == De officio pontificum == [[Fasciculus:CaesarElephant.jpg|thumb|Insignia pontificatus in [[Denarius|denario]] iussu [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] initio belli civilis percusso. A laeva in dextram partem versus vides [[simpulum]], [[aspergillum]], [[sacena]]m sive [[acieris|acierem]], sive securim pontificalem, [[capis|capidem]] (supra sacenam) et [[Albogalerus|albogalerum]] cum [[Apex (vestimentum)|apice]] [[Flamen|flaminis]]. Pontifex maximus enim tunc erat Caesar.]] De officio pontificum [[Titus Livius]] summatim atque optime sic disseruit: "[Numa pontifici] sacra omnia exscripta exsignataque attribuit, quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent, atque unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo consultum plebes veniret, ne quid divini iuris neglegendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbaretur; nec caelestes modo caerimonias sed iusta quoque funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontifex edoceret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus aliove quo visu missa susciperentur atque curarentur." Breviter ut dicam, omnia scire de sacris rebus pontifices oportebat, ut ceteros homines docerent, sive privatos sive magistratus populi Romani. Si quae culpa inveniebatur, etiam iudices erant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,2.</ref> Singulatim vero haec fortasse officia digna memoratu sunt: *Pontifices sacra deorum et templorum, qui suum sacerdotem non habebant, suscipiebant. Exempli gratia omni mense [[Calendae|Kalendis]] pontifex minor [[Iuno]]ni rem divinam faciebat; cultus [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] quoque et [[Ops|Opis Consivae]] ab hoc collegio administrabatur. Sacra [[flamen|flaminis]] dialis, si necesse erat, pontifex maximus ipse suscipiebat. *Pontifex maximus [[Flamen|flaminem]] dialem necnon ceteros flamines et [[Vestalis virgo|virgines Vestales]] capiebat, id est eligebat. Nam [[Vesta]]e cultui pontifices maxime studebant, cuius templum prope regiam erat. [[Octavianus|Augustus]] pontifex maximus factus etiam sacrarium huius deae in suo palatio collocavit. Collegium pontificale de criminibus Vestalium cognoscebat atque cum sontes erant castigabat, virgarum verberibus in minoribus peccatis, corpore vero polluto et castitate laesa morte ignominiosa multabant : nam vivae sub terram prope portam Collinam sepeliebantur.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,67,3.</ref> *[[Fasti]]s praeerant, id est dies fastos nefastosque proclamabant, quibus fas aut nefas erat cum populo aut lege in iudicio agi. Ferias una cum rege pronuntiabant et, quando mensis intercalarius adiceretur, decernebant<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVI.1.12</ref>. Cum [[calendarium]] reformavit Gaius Iulius Caesar, officio suo pontificis maximi functus est. *[[Ius]] omne primo "in penetralibus pontificum repositum" et reconditum fuit. Medio quinto saeculo demum a.C.n. ius civile per [[Lex XII Tabularum|legem XII tabularum]] divulgatum est et ad magistratus populi Romani, praetores praesertim, transiit. Formulae actionum legum quoque quarto saeculo exeunte a scriba C. Flavio promulgatae sunt, magna patrum indignatione. Sed ius divinum, ius pontificium etiam nominatum, penes pontifices semper remansit et in libris pontificiis digestum est. *Praeterea, si quid memoria digni accidisset, in annalibus pontificalibus sive annalibus maximis adnotabatur; id est non tantum res ab hominibus gestae sed maxime, si quae prodigia aliave monstra voluntatem aut iram deorum indicassent, et quomodo procurata essent. Hi tamen annales posterioribus historiarum scriptoribus magno usui fuere ac memoriam multorum factorum nobis servaverunt. ==De novis pontificibus== ===Sol Invictus=== Imperator [[Aurelianus]] novum collegium ''pontificum Solis''<ref>{{AE|1964|00223}}. {{CIL|6|1673}}</ref> creavit post [[Zenobia|Zenobiam]] debellatam in honorem novi dei, [[Sol invictus|Solis Invicti]], quem ex oriente secum Romam advexerat et omnibus antiquis deis Romanis, [[Iuppiter|Iove]] non excepto, praetulit. Abhinc veteres pontifices ut a novis discernerentur pontifices Vestae nonnumquam dicti sunt. ===Christianismus=== Post finem [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]], [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] titulo ''Pontifice Maximo'' utitur; titulus autem rectior est ''[[summus pontifex]].'' == Conclusio == Praecipuum officium pontificum in pace deorum imperio Romano paranda consistebat, id est providere debebant, ne quis deorum populo Romano iratus esset. Sed scientia pontificum magnum momentum habuit in [[Calendarium|calendario]], in [[ius|iure]] Romano nascente necnon in [[historia|historiis]] : scripta acta enim primi servarunt. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro secundo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]]'' cap. 73 *[[Cicero]]nis oratio ''[[Pro domo sua (Cicero)|Pro domo sua]]'' tota apud pontifices habita est. Optimum igitur exemplum est litis ab hoc collegio cognitae. **''[[Pro Murena]]'', 25-26. * [[Cassius Dio]], libro XXXVII [[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]], capitulo 37 necnon libro 54 cap. 27. * [[Iulius Capitolinus]] (e serie ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'') "Vita Opilii Macrini", capitulo VII. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnaliorum]],'' capitibus 15–16 necnon libro tertio capitibus 2-3 et passim. *[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Numae'' capitulis IX-XII. * [[Suetonius]] opere ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' in "Vita Divi Iuli"' cap. 13; in "Vita Divi Augusti" cap. 31, in "Vita Neronis" cap. 2. *[[Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe condita (Livius)|Ab Urbe condita]]'', primo libro cap. 20, nono libro cap. 45 et decimo libro cap. 6-9. *[[Varro]], ''[[De lingua Latina (Varro)|De lingua Latina]],'' quinto libro cap. 83. *[[Velleius Paterculus]], libro secundo ''Historiae Romanae,'' capitulo 43. == Plura legere si cupis == *Jochen Bleicken, "Oberpontifex und Pontifikalkollegium: Eine Studie zur Römischen Sakralverfassung" ,''Hermes'' 1957 (85): 345-66. * Claire Lovisi, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1998_num_110_2_2050 Vestale, incestus et juridiction pontificale sous la République romaine]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1998(110/2) ː 699-735 *Lily Ross Taylor, « The election of the pontifex maximus in the late Republic », ''Classical Philology'', 1942 (37): 421-24. * Francisca Van Haeperen , ''Le collège pontifical à Rome (3e s. a.C.-4e s. p.C.)'', Folia Electronica Classica n.5(2003) [http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/fe/05/pontgen.html] **''Le Collège pontifical (3ème s. a. C.-4ème s. p. C.) : contribution à l'étude de la religion publique romaine'', Bruxellis 2002. ISBN 90-74461-49-2. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2005_num_74_1_2584_t2_0417_0000_2 Recensio critica.] * Georg Wissowa: ''Religion und Kultus der Römer.'' [[Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft|Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft]], vol. 4. Monaci: C. H. Beck, [[1902]]; 2. ed [[1912]], et anno [[1971]], ISBN 3-406-03406-3. == Nexus externus == *[http://www.imperiumromanum.com/religion/antikereligion/pontifices_01.htm De Pontifice.] ''Imperium Rromanum'' {{Roma antiqua}} [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] cpicha17hvjiphylx6r1o15vs8u3sv5 3955289 3955287 2026-04-17T17:07:08Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3955289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Pontifex Maximus}} [[Fasciculus:CaesarAugustusPontiusMaximus.jpg|thumb|[[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] in pontificis maximi habitu, capite velato (qui mos sacrificandi "ritus Romanus" dicitur). Paulo post annum [[12 a.C.n.]]]] {{L1}} '''Pontifices''' (pontifex, -ficis, ''m.''; [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|ἀρχιερεύς}} sive ἱεροφάντης<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]] passim.</ref>) [[religio Romana|Romae]] collegium [[sacerdos|sacerdotum]] erant, qui de omnibus [[sacramentum|sacris]] [[ritus|ritibusque]] ad [[religio]]nem pertinentibus cognoscebant atque iurisdictionem habebant; cui collegio [[pontifex maximus]] praeerat. == De origine pontificum == Ut multa alia instituta ad religionem pertinentia sic pontificatum a rege [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] creatum fuisse veteres rerum Romanarum scriptores tradiderunt, qui "omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit" ([[Titus Livius]]). [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] huius sacerdotii a [[vocabulum|vocabulis]] ''ponte'' et ''faciendo'' ortum esse, cum alii [[auctor]]es antiqui voluerunt, tum in primis [[Marcus Terentius Varro]]. Nam pontem Sublicium supra [[Tiberis|Tiberim]] pontifices fecerant atque curabant<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,1 et III,45,2.</ref> ; qui pons omnibus partibus suis [[lignum|ligneus]] erat, nec refici eum nisi ligneis instrumentis [[fas]] erat. E quo ponte, die [[15 Maii]], Argeorum sacris, pontifices simulacra humana in [[flumen]] praecipitabant, sine dubio pro veteribus [[sacrificium|sacrificiis]] humanis substituta. Porro nonne prisca [[Roma]] prope pontem crevit, in nodo viarum sita? Hanc autem [[etymologia]]m non aspernantes plerique auctores recentiores existimaverunt pontificem antiquiorem ac maioris ponderis fuisse, quam ut ideo creatus esset atque ab uno ponte nomen duceret. Itaque coniecturis variis usi sunt: alii putaverunt fortasse, tempore magnarum [[migratio]]num per [[Europa]]m, pontifices homines fuisse qui [[magia|magicis artibus]] iter ceteris munirent monstrarentque (significatione vocabuli [[Lingua Sanscrita|Indici]] ''panthah'' innixi, quod Latino ''ponti'' respondet atque omne genus itineris designat). Alii ad lacustres vicos, ante scriptam hominum [[memoria]]m, originem pontificum referunt, alii etiam pontem inter [[deus|deos]] et homines interpretati sunt. Tandem nonnulli putant hanc verbi originem, e populo enatam, rectam non esse et aliam quaerendam. == De collegio == Initio fortasse unus pontifex fuit (rex Numa Marcium filium Marci elegit), mox certe quinque fuere et ab anno [[300 a.C.n.]] novem ; deinde quindecim a [[Sulla]] dictatore, sedecim a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gaio Iulio Caesare]] facti sunt. Primo patricia gente orti esse debebant. [[Lex Ogulnia|Lege vero Ogulnia]] anno [[300 a.C.n.]] lata plebs obtinuit, ut non minus quam quattuor pontifices plebei homines essent. Pontifices in [[regia]]m coibant, ubi de sacris ac iure divino consultabant : quod aedificium, a rege nominatum, in [[Forum Romanum|foro]] erat, iuxta [[templum]] [[Vesta]]e. Cum unus ex iis moriebatur, novum collegam sibi ipsi cooptabant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,3.</ref> Tertio autem saeculo a.C.n. exeunte a comitiis tributis "minoribus" (nam 17 tantum tribus, sorte ductae, suffragia ferebant, non 35) pontifices maximi eligi coepti sunt ac postea demum a collegis confirmari: sic quidem Caesar pontifex maximus anno [[63 a.C.n.]] electus est. Secundo saeculo ante Christum exeunte [[tribunus plebis]] [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] offensus collegio, quod alium quam se in patris locum cooptaverat, legem tulit, ut ius pontificum omnium creandorum a collegio ad populum et comitia transferatur/<ref>Lex Domitia ''de sacerdotiis'' dicta, circa 104 a.C.n. [[Suetonius|Suet.]] ''Nero'' II.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII,37.</ref> Haec lex postea a [[Sylla]] abrogata anno [[63 a.C.n.]] demum per legem [[Titus Labienus|Labienam]] ''de sacerdotiis'', instigante Caesare, restituta est/<ref>[[Plutarchus]], ''Caesar'' 7.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.37.</ref> Quo eodem anno per [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribuum]] suffragia liberalitate profusissima comparata Caesar et pontifex et pontifex maximus in locum [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metelli Pii]] factus est. Incertum tamen est, quamdiu hoc modo in posterum actum sit. Exinde vero usque ad mortem pontifices remanebant, nec quisquam eos sacerdotio privare poterat. Quem morem [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] et ipse observavit: nam expectavit donec [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|triumvir Lepidus]] moreretur ; tum tandem pontificatum maximum sibi asseruit. Ab eo tempore (anno [[12 a.C.n.]]) pontifex maximus semper idem atque [[Imperatores Romani|imperator]] fuit. In titulis omnium imperatorum PM legitur, "Pontifex Maximus" notans. Sic religio universa in eius potestate erat ac maiore auctoritate apud populum fruebatur. Pontifex maximus summam potestatem in collegio semper quidem habuit, sed postquam imperator ipse fuit, ceteri pontifices pro nihilo fuerunt. [[Gratianus]], primus Christianorum imperatorum, hunc titulum recusavit. == De officio pontificum == [[Fasciculus:CaesarElephant.jpg|thumb|Insignia pontificatus in [[Denarius|denario]] iussu [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] initio belli civilis percusso. A laeva in dextram partem versus vides [[simpulum]], [[aspergillum]], [[sacena]]m sive [[acieris|acierem]], sive securim pontificalem, [[capis|capidem]] (supra sacenam) et [[Albogalerus|albogalerum]] cum [[Apex (vestimentum)|apice]] [[Flamen|flaminis]]. Pontifex maximus enim tunc erat Caesar.]] De officio pontificum [[Titus Livius]] summatim atque optime sic disseruit: "[Numa pontifici] sacra omnia exscripta exsignataque attribuit, quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent, atque unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo consultum plebes veniret, ne quid divini iuris neglegendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbaretur; nec caelestes modo caerimonias sed iusta quoque funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontifex edoceret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus aliove quo visu missa susciperentur atque curarentur." Breviter ut dicam, omnia scire de sacris rebus pontifices oportebat, ut ceteros homines docerent, sive privatos sive magistratus populi Romani. Si quae culpa inveniebatur, etiam iudices erant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,2.</ref> Singulatim vero haec fortasse officia digna memoratu sunt: *Pontifices sacra deorum et templorum, qui suum sacerdotem non habebant, suscipiebant. Exempli gratia omni mense [[Calendae|Kalendis]] pontifex minor [[Iuno]]ni rem divinam faciebat; cultus [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] quoque et [[Ops|Opis Consivae]] ab hoc collegio administrabatur. Sacra [[flamen|flaminis]] dialis, si necesse erat, pontifex maximus ipse suscipiebat. *Pontifex maximus [[Flamen|flaminem]] dialem necnon ceteros flamines et [[Vestalis virgo|virgines Vestales]] capiebat, id est eligebat. Nam [[Vesta]]e cultui pontifices maxime studebant, cuius templum prope regiam erat. [[Octavianus|Augustus]] pontifex maximus factus etiam sacrarium huius deae in suo palatio collocavit. Collegium pontificale de criminibus Vestalium cognoscebat atque cum sontes erant castigabat, virgarum verberibus in minoribus peccatis, corpore vero polluto et castitate laesa morte ignominiosa multabant : nam vivae sub terram prope portam Collinam sepeliebantur.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,67,3.</ref> *[[Fasti]]s praeerant, id est dies fastos nefastosque proclamabant, quibus fas aut nefas erat cum populo aut lege in iudicio agi. Ferias una cum rege pronuntiabant et, quando mensis intercalarius adiceretur, decernebant<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVI.1.12</ref>. Cum [[calendarium]] reformavit Gaius Iulius Caesar, officio suo pontificis maximi functus est. *[[Ius]] omne primo "in penetralibus pontificum repositum" et reconditum fuit. Medio quinto saeculo demum a.C.n. ius civile per [[Lex XII Tabularum|legem XII tabularum]] divulgatum est et ad magistratus populi Romani, praetores praesertim, transiit. Formulae actionum legum quoque quarto saeculo exeunte a scriba C. Flavio promulgatae sunt, magna patrum indignatione. Sed ius divinum, ius pontificium etiam nominatum, penes pontifices semper remansit et in libris pontificiis digestum est. *Praeterea, si quid memoria digni accidisset, in annalibus pontificalibus sive annalibus maximis adnotabatur; id est non tantum res ab hominibus gestae sed maxime, si quae prodigia aliave monstra voluntatem aut iram deorum indicassent, et quomodo procurata essent. Hi tamen annales posterioribus historiarum scriptoribus magno usui fuere ac memoriam multorum factorum nobis servaverunt. ==De novis pontificibus== ===Sol Invictus=== Imperator [[Aurelianus]] novum collegium ''pontificum Solis''<ref>{{AE|1964|00223}}. {{CIL|6|1673}}</ref> creavit post [[Zenobia|Zenobiam]] debellatam in honorem novi dei, [[Sol invictus|Solis Invicti]], quem ex oriente secum Romam advexerat et omnibus antiquis deis Romanis, [[Iuppiter|Iove]] non excepto, praetulit. Abhinc veteres pontifices ut a novis discernerentur pontifices Vestae nonnumquam dicti sunt. ===Christianismus=== Post finem [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]], [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] titulo ''Pontifice Maximo'' utitur; titulus autem rectior est ''[[summus pontifex]].'' == Conclusio == Praecipuum officium pontificum in pace deorum imperio Romano paranda consistebat, id est providere debebant, ne quis deorum populo Romano iratus esset. Sed scientia pontificum magnum momentum habuit in [[Calendarium|calendario]], in [[ius|iure]] Romano nascente necnon in [[historia|historiis]] : scripta acta enim primi servarunt. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro secundo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]]'' cap. 73 *[[Cicero]]nis oratio ''[[Pro domo sua (Cicero)|Pro domo sua]]'' tota apud pontifices habita est. Optimum igitur exemplum est litis ab hoc collegio cognitae. **''[[Pro Murena]]'', 25-26. * [[Cassius Dio]], libro XXXVII [[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]], capitulo 37 necnon libro 54 cap. 27. * [[Iulius Capitolinus]] (e serie ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'') "Vita Opilii Macrini", capitulo VII. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnaliorum]],'' capitibus 15–16 necnon libro tertio capitibus 2-3 et passim. *[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Numae'' capitulis IX-XII. * [[Suetonius]] opere ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' in "Vita Divi Iuli"' cap. 13; in "Vita Divi Augusti" cap. 31, in "Vita Neronis" cap. 2. *[[Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe condita (Livius)|Ab Urbe condita]]'', primo libro cap. 20, nono libro cap. 45 et decimo libro cap. 6-9. *[[Varro]], ''[[De lingua Latina (Varro)|De lingua Latina]],'' quinto libro cap. 83. *[[Velleius Paterculus]], libro secundo ''Historiae Romanae,'' capitulo 43. == Plura legere si cupis == *Jochen Bleicken, "Oberpontifex und Pontifikalkollegium: Eine Studie zur Römischen Sakralverfassung" ,''Hermes'' 1957 (85): 345-66. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4474977] * Claire Lovisi, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1998_num_110_2_2050 Vestale, incestus et juridiction pontificale sous la République romaine]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1998(110/2) ː 699-735 *Lily Ross Taylor, « The election of the pontifex maximus in the late Republic », ''Classical Philology'', 1942 (37): 421-24. * Francisca Van Haeperen , ''Le collège pontifical à Rome (3e s. a.C.-4e s. p.C.)'', Folia Electronica Classica n.5(2003) [http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/fe/05/pontgen.html] **''Le Collège pontifical (3ème s. a. C.-4ème s. p. C.) : contribution à l'étude de la religion publique romaine'', Bruxellis 2002. ISBN 90-74461-49-2. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2005_num_74_1_2584_t2_0417_0000_2 Recensio critica.] * Georg Wissowa: ''Religion und Kultus der Römer.'' [[Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft|Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft]], vol. 4. Monaci: C. H. Beck, [[1902]]; 2. ed [[1912]], et anno [[1971]], ISBN 3-406-03406-3. == Nexus externus == *[http://www.imperiumromanum.com/religion/antikereligion/pontifices_01.htm De Pontifice.] ''Imperium Rromanum'' {{Roma antiqua}} [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] 6ebhrw6qcxcm83bxk7i60e9du9jl1x7 3955290 3955289 2026-04-17T17:08:27Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3955290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Pontifex Maximus}} [[Fasciculus:CaesarAugustusPontiusMaximus.jpg|thumb|[[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] in pontificis maximi habitu, capite velato (qui mos sacrificandi "ritus Romanus" dicitur). Paulo post annum [[12 a.C.n.]]]] {{L1}} '''Pontifices''' (pontifex, -ficis, ''m.''; [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|ἀρχιερεύς}} sive ἱεροφάντης<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]] passim.</ref>) [[religio Romana|Romae]] collegium [[sacerdos|sacerdotum]] erant, qui de omnibus [[sacramentum|sacris]] [[ritus|ritibusque]] ad [[religio]]nem pertinentibus cognoscebant atque iurisdictionem habebant; cui collegio [[pontifex maximus]] praeerat. == De origine pontificum == Ut multa alia instituta ad religionem pertinentia sic pontificatum a rege [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] creatum fuisse veteres rerum Romanarum scriptores tradiderunt, qui "omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit" ([[Titus Livius]]). [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] huius sacerdotii a [[vocabulum|vocabulis]] ''ponte'' et ''faciendo'' ortum esse, cum alii [[auctor]]es antiqui voluerunt, tum in primis [[Marcus Terentius Varro]]. Nam pontem Sublicium supra [[Tiberis|Tiberim]] pontifices fecerant atque curabant<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,1 et III,45,2.</ref> ; qui pons omnibus partibus suis [[lignum|ligneus]] erat, nec refici eum nisi ligneis instrumentis [[fas]] erat. E quo ponte, die [[15 Maii]], Argeorum sacris, pontifices simulacra humana in [[flumen]] praecipitabant, sine dubio pro veteribus [[sacrificium|sacrificiis]] humanis substituta. Porro nonne prisca [[Roma]] prope pontem crevit, in nodo viarum sita? Hanc autem [[etymologia]]m non aspernantes plerique auctores recentiores existimaverunt pontificem antiquiorem ac maioris ponderis fuisse, quam ut ideo creatus esset atque ab uno ponte nomen duceret. Itaque coniecturis variis usi sunt: alii putaverunt fortasse, tempore magnarum [[migratio]]num per [[Europa]]m, pontifices homines fuisse qui [[magia|magicis artibus]] iter ceteris munirent monstrarentque (significatione vocabuli [[Lingua Sanscrita|Indici]] ''panthah'' innixi, quod Latino ''ponti'' respondet atque omne genus itineris designat). Alii ad lacustres vicos, ante scriptam hominum [[memoria]]m, originem pontificum referunt, alii etiam pontem inter [[deus|deos]] et homines interpretati sunt. Tandem nonnulli putant hanc verbi originem, e populo enatam, rectam non esse et aliam quaerendam. == De collegio == Initio fortasse unus pontifex fuit (rex Numa Marcium filium Marci elegit), mox certe quinque fuere et ab anno [[300 a.C.n.]] novem ; deinde quindecim a [[Sulla]] dictatore, sedecim a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gaio Iulio Caesare]] facti sunt. Primo patricia gente orti esse debebant. [[Lex Ogulnia|Lege vero Ogulnia]] anno [[300 a.C.n.]] lata plebs obtinuit, ut non minus quam quattuor pontifices plebei homines essent. Pontifices in [[regia]]m coibant, ubi de sacris ac iure divino consultabant : quod aedificium, a rege nominatum, in [[Forum Romanum|foro]] erat, iuxta [[templum]] [[Vesta]]e. Cum unus ex iis moriebatur, novum collegam sibi ipsi cooptabant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,3.</ref> Tertio autem saeculo a.C.n. exeunte a comitiis tributis "minoribus" (nam 17 tantum tribus, sorte ductae, suffragia ferebant, non 35) pontifices maximi eligi coepti sunt ac postea demum a collegis confirmari: sic quidem Caesar pontifex maximus anno [[63 a.C.n.]] electus est. Secundo saeculo ante Christum exeunte [[tribunus plebis]] [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] offensus collegio, quod alium quam se in patris locum cooptaverat, legem tulit, ut ius pontificum omnium creandorum a collegio ad populum et comitia transferatur/<ref>Lex Domitia ''de sacerdotiis'' dicta, circa 104 a.C.n. [[Suetonius|Suet.]] ''Nero'' II.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII,37.</ref> Haec lex postea a [[Sylla]] abrogata anno [[63 a.C.n.]] demum per legem [[Titus Labienus|Labienam]] ''de sacerdotiis'', instigante Caesare, restituta est/<ref>[[Plutarchus]], ''Caesar'' 7.1. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.37.</ref> Quo eodem anno per [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribuum]] suffragia liberalitate profusissima comparata Caesar et pontifex et pontifex maximus in locum [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metelli Pii]] factus est. Incertum tamen est, quamdiu hoc modo in posterum actum sit. Exinde vero usque ad mortem pontifices remanebant, nec quisquam eos sacerdotio privare poterat. Quem morem [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] et ipse observavit: nam expectavit donec [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|triumvir Lepidus]] moreretur ; tum tandem pontificatum maximum sibi asseruit. Ab eo tempore (anno [[12 a.C.n.]]) pontifex maximus semper idem atque [[Imperatores Romani|imperator]] fuit. In titulis omnium imperatorum PM legitur, "Pontifex Maximus" notans. Sic religio universa in eius potestate erat ac maiore auctoritate apud populum fruebatur. Pontifex maximus summam potestatem in collegio semper quidem habuit, sed postquam imperator ipse fuit, ceteri pontifices pro nihilo fuerunt. [[Gratianus]], primus Christianorum imperatorum, hunc titulum recusavit. == De officio pontificum == [[Fasciculus:CaesarElephant.jpg|thumb|Insignia pontificatus in [[Denarius|denario]] iussu [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] initio belli civilis percusso. A laeva in dextram partem versus vides [[simpulum]], [[aspergillum]], [[sacena]]m sive [[acieris|acierem]], sive securim pontificalem, [[capis|capidem]] (supra sacenam) et [[Albogalerus|albogalerum]] cum [[Apex (vestimentum)|apice]] [[Flamen|flaminis]]. Pontifex maximus enim tunc erat Caesar.]] De officio pontificum [[Titus Livius]] summatim atque optime sic disseruit: "[Numa pontifici] sacra omnia exscripta exsignataque attribuit, quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent, atque unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo consultum plebes veniret, ne quid divini iuris neglegendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbaretur; nec caelestes modo caerimonias sed iusta quoque funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontifex edoceret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus aliove quo visu missa susciperentur atque curarentur." Breviter ut dicam, omnia scire de sacris rebus pontifices oportebat, ut ceteros homines docerent, sive privatos sive magistratus populi Romani. Si quae culpa inveniebatur, etiam iudices erant.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,73,2.</ref> Singulatim vero haec fortasse officia digna memoratu sunt: *Pontifices sacra deorum et templorum, qui suum sacerdotem non habebant, suscipiebant. Exempli gratia omni mense [[Calendae|Kalendis]] pontifex minor [[Iuno]]ni rem divinam faciebat; cultus [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] quoque et [[Ops|Opis Consivae]] ab hoc collegio administrabatur. Sacra [[flamen|flaminis]] dialis, si necesse erat, pontifex maximus ipse suscipiebat. *Pontifex maximus [[Flamen|flaminem]] dialem necnon ceteros flamines et [[Vestalis virgo|virgines Vestales]] capiebat, id est eligebat. Nam [[Vesta]]e cultui pontifices maxime studebant, cuius templum prope regiam erat. [[Octavianus|Augustus]] pontifex maximus factus etiam sacrarium huius deae in suo palatio collocavit. Collegium pontificale de criminibus Vestalium cognoscebat atque cum sontes erant castigabat, virgarum verberibus in minoribus peccatis, corpore vero polluto et castitate laesa morte ignominiosa multabant : nam vivae sub terram prope portam Collinam sepeliebantur.<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''. II,67,3.</ref> *[[Fasti]]s praeerant, id est dies fastos nefastosque proclamabant, quibus fas aut nefas erat cum populo aut lege in iudicio agi. Ferias una cum rege pronuntiabant et, quando mensis intercalarius adiceretur, decernebant<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVI.1.12</ref>. Cum [[calendarium]] reformavit Gaius Iulius Caesar, officio suo pontificis maximi functus est. *[[Ius]] omne primo "in penetralibus pontificum repositum" et reconditum fuit. Medio quinto saeculo demum a.C.n. ius civile per [[Lex XII Tabularum|legem XII tabularum]] divulgatum est et ad magistratus populi Romani, praetores praesertim, transiit. Formulae actionum legum quoque quarto saeculo exeunte a scriba C. Flavio promulgatae sunt, magna patrum indignatione. Sed ius divinum, ius pontificium etiam nominatum, penes pontifices semper remansit et in libris pontificiis digestum est. *Praeterea, si quid memoria digni accidisset, in annalibus pontificalibus sive annalibus maximis adnotabatur; id est non tantum res ab hominibus gestae sed maxime, si quae prodigia aliave monstra voluntatem aut iram deorum indicassent, et quomodo procurata essent. Hi tamen annales posterioribus historiarum scriptoribus magno usui fuere ac memoriam multorum factorum nobis servaverunt. ==De novis pontificibus== ===Sol Invictus=== Imperator [[Aurelianus]] novum collegium ''pontificum Solis''<ref>{{AE|1964|00223}}. {{CIL|6|1673}}</ref> creavit post [[Zenobia|Zenobiam]] debellatam in honorem novi dei, [[Sol invictus|Solis Invicti]], quem ex oriente secum Romam advexerat et omnibus antiquis deis Romanis, [[Iuppiter|Iove]] non excepto, praetulit. Abhinc veteres pontifices ut a novis discernerentur pontifices Vestae nonnumquam dicti sunt. ===Christianismus=== Post finem [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]], [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] titulo ''Pontifice Maximo'' utitur; titulus autem rectior est ''[[summus pontifex]].'' == Conclusio == Praecipuum officium pontificum in pace deorum imperio Romano paranda consistebat, id est providere debebant, ne quis deorum populo Romano iratus esset. Sed scientia pontificum magnum momentum habuit in [[Calendarium|calendario]], in [[ius|iure]] Romano nascente necnon in [[historia|historiis]] : scripta acta enim primi servarunt. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro secundo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]]'' cap. 73 *[[Cicero]]nis oratio ''[[Pro domo sua (Cicero)|Pro domo sua]]'' tota apud pontifices habita est. Optimum igitur exemplum est litis ab hoc collegio cognitae. **''[[Pro Murena]]'', 25-26. * [[Cassius Dio]], libro XXXVII [[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]], capitulo 37 necnon libro 54 cap. 27. * [[Iulius Capitolinus]] (e serie ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'') "Vita Opilii Macrini", capitulo VII. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnaliorum]],'' capitibus 15–16 necnon libro tertio capitibus 2-3 et passim. *[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Numae'' capitulis IX-XII. * [[Suetonius]] opere ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' in "Vita Divi Iuli"' cap. 13; in "Vita Divi Augusti" cap. 31, in "Vita Neronis" cap. 2. *[[Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe condita (Livius)|Ab Urbe condita]]'', primo libro cap. 20, nono libro cap. 45 et decimo libro cap. 6-9. *[[Varro]], ''[[De lingua Latina (Varro)|De lingua Latina]],'' quinto libro cap. 83. *[[Velleius Paterculus]], libro secundo ''Historiae Romanae,'' capitulo 43. == Plura legere si cupis == *Jochen Bleicken, "Oberpontifex und Pontifikalkollegium: Eine Studie zur Römischen Sakralverfassung" ,''Hermes'' 1957 (85): 345-66. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4474977] * Claire Lovisi, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1998_num_110_2_2050 Vestale, incestus et juridiction pontificale sous la République romaine]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1998(110/2) ː 699-735 *Lily Ross Taylor, « The election of the pontifex maximus in the late Republic », ''Classical Philology'', 1942 (37): 421-24. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/264221] * Francisca Van Haeperen , ''Le collège pontifical à Rome (3e s. a.C.-4e s. p.C.)'', Folia Electronica Classica n.5(2003) [http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/fe/05/pontgen.html] **''Le Collège pontifical (3ème s. a. C.-4ème s. p. C.) : contribution à l'étude de la religion publique romaine'', Bruxellis 2002. ISBN 90-74461-49-2. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2005_num_74_1_2584_t2_0417_0000_2 Recensio critica.] * Georg Wissowa: ''Religion und Kultus der Römer.'' [[Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft|Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft]], vol. 4. Monaci: C. H. Beck, [[1902]]; 2. ed [[1912]], et anno [[1971]], ISBN 3-406-03406-3. == Nexus externus == *[http://www.imperiumromanum.com/religion/antikereligion/pontifices_01.htm De Pontifice.] ''Imperium Rromanum'' {{Roma antiqua}} [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] ir371jph31a894vwnk10vp1b9k497tz 1 41145 3955344 3264094 2026-04-18T08:45:54Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955344 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Nota== Haec removi quia nescio ubi relevat et quia numeri Romani erronei sunt. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:49, 17 Decembris 2007 (UTC) '' 2. Libraria editoria vaticana: Lexicon recentis latinitatis, Romae MCMLXLI'' == De nomine Latino == Sententia secunda: "Exstat et versio simplex '''Agrippina'''". Re vera? In nota subiuncta lexicon Theodiscum Pertz citatur. Si de nomine Latino loquimur, mea mente necesse erit fontem Latinum citare. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:45, 18 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ffjeh9p7s80y7au68q6c0ev5wk1yq4x 3955345 3955344 2026-04-18T08:59:47Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Bene 3955345 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Nota== Haec removi quia nescio ubi relevat et quia numeri Romani erronei sunt. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:49, 17 Decembris 2007 (UTC) '' 2. Libraria editoria vaticana: Lexicon recentis latinitatis, Romae MCMLXLI'' == De nomine Latino == Sententia secunda: "Exstat et versio simplex '''Agrippina'''". Re vera? In nota subiuncta lexicon Theodiscum Pertz citatur. Si de nomine Latino loquimur, mea mente necesse erit fontem Latinum citare. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:45, 18 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :Bene: ipse apud [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammianum]] confirmavi (verbis "... Agrippinam ingressi invenimus ..." (15.5.24). In nota subiuncta citabo. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:59, 18 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) s9jzjn6grrbvc7myho08tt705bp06uw 0 42498 3955310 3938948 2026-04-17T18:35:22Z Ziv 172423 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Michelangelo Caravaggio 062.jpg]] → [[File:Boy with a Basket of Fruit-Caravaggio (1593).jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from a low-quality version to a higher-quality version ([[c:c:GR]]) 3955310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FA stella}} [[Fasciculus:Chinesischer Maler des 11. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Templum]] Buddhisticum in montibus, exemplum antiquum ad Li Cheng.]] '''Pulchritudo''' (sive '''pulchrum'''<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulchrum</ref>) est notio abstracta ad multas humanae vitae rationes iuncta et praecipue in disciplina philosophica [[aesthetica]]e explicata, quamquam aliis disciplinis sicut [[historia]]e, [[sociologia]]e, [[psychologia]]e haudquaquam aliena est. Pulchritudo vulgo definitur proprietate rei, quae per [[experientia]]m [[perceptio|sensuum]] dat [[voluptas|voluptatem]] vel delectationem. Hoc sensu, pulchritudo oritur exempli gratia e forma, aspectu, momento, sono, sapore, odore. == De diversitate rerum pulchrarum == Quod pulchrum est videtur inter homines et tempora differre. "[[De gustibus non est disputandum|De gustibus et coloribus non est disputandum]]" est opinio communissima, quamquam philosophi conantur definire quid pulchrum sit. In libro ''[[Hippias maior]]'' inscripto, [[Socrates]] quid pulchrum sit quaerit. Hippias respondit pulchram virginem esse quod pulchrum est. Negans hanc notionem, [[Socrates]] argumentum pulchrarum fidium vel iumentorum proponit. Diversitas rerum pulchrarum videtur inhibere inventionem "pulchritudinis in se." Itaque nulla definitione pulchritudinis data dialogus [[Plato]]nis dubius finitur. == Pulchrum in "regno formarum" == [[Fasciculus:NAMA Diadumène 2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Apud Graecos, pulchritudo nexa est aequitati, [[mathematica]]e inter totum et partes harmoniae. (''[[Diadumenos]]'' [[Polyclitus|Polycliti]]. Exemplar [[saeculum 1|saeculo primo]] factum, penes [[Nationale museum archaeologicum Atheniense]] conservatum.)]] [[Saeculum 3|Saeculo tertio]], [[Plotinus]] philosophus, nexu inter opus artis et regnum formarum restituto, conceptum visionis internae a Platone propositum ample exponit, quod artificem sinit perfectam pulchritudinis formam attingere, quae non est in "re extensa" (mundo rerum), sed solum in "re cogitanti" (mundo formarum), et quae prius aut tardius mundo materiae apparebit. Potest applicari [[pictura|picturis]] numquam pictis, [[architectura|architecturis]], formis potestatis, signis, strategiis, mathematicis commenticiove homini "pulcherrimo in historia mundi" nondum nato. === Gustus e culturis oriundi === Sed non est sola difficultas: non solum unusquisque res varias pulchras habere potest, sed etiam eaedem res non habentur pulchrae ab omnibus hominibus. Res habetur pulchra solum si fruitur consensu, plerumque e [[cultura]]. In ''[[Storia della bellezza]]'' ('historia pulchritudinis') [[Humbertus Eco]] eas res, quas cultura Occidentalis arbitrata est pulchras, temporibus variis confert. Refert machinam numquam habitam esse puchram a Graecis antiquis, sed hoc tempore saepe esse. Si resumamus exemplum dialogi Platonis, videamus indignationem Hippiae, cum Socrates ex eo, sintne pulchrae ollae, quaereret. Signorum quoque contemplatio potest mutare spectatoris visum mundi. Secundum notum exemplum [[Anscharius Wilde|Anscharii Wilde]], plerique vident pulchritudinem locorum nebulosorum solum quod adspicere a quibusdam pictoribus didicerint. === Summum pulchrum variat in historia === [[Fasciculus:GiseleBundchen.jpg|thumb|[[Gisela Bündchen]], Brasiliana vestium ostentatrix, a multis in mundo occidentali exemplum pulchritudinis habita.]] Varietas sensuum tamen non est quod obstet praecipue definitioni unitae pulchri. Licet dicere pulchrum definiri in modo subiectivo: pulchrum est "pro aliquo" quod excitat in eo sensum pulchritudinis. Sed non est tam facilis: certe, licet dicere quod pulchrum est placere aesthetice, sed sunt multi modi delectandi. Eadem persona potest arbitrari pulchras pulchram mulierem et ollam elaboratam multa arte, sed non patitur eadem ante mulierem vel ollam. Certe quidam putant existere formam superiorem ceteris, summum pulchrum ut ita dicamus, sed homines variorum temporum varias opiniones de illo summo pulchro. Conceptus "classicus" pulchritudinis, qui illuminat pulchrum absolutum, divinum, opponitur "conceptui moderno" apud quos pulchritudo altissima in "unico" vel in "miro" constat. In saeculo septimo decimo, conceptus classicus pulcharum rerum non iam praevalet, mundus autem proprius artificis viget( confer pictores Vermeer et Rembrandt). Summatim, licet dicere artificem graecum vel pictorem Rinascimenti(?)petere pulchritudinem universam, testem ordinis aeterni Universi vel harmoniae proportionum ( cf hominem Vitruvi [[Da Vinci|Leonardi Da Vinci]]) artificem autem modernum contra petere emotionem aestheticam unicitate irreductibili. "Pulchra est, et plus quam pulchra; mira est" scribit [[Carolus Baudelaire]] in '' Cupidine pingendi'' ('Le désir de peindre'). Pulchrum triplicem difficultatem tollit: non accipitur eodem modo secundum rem pulchram nec secundum spectatoris sensum vel notionem eius summi pulchri. == Quomodo iudicemus res pulchras == [[Fasciculus:Jules Joseph Lefebvre - Nymph with morning glory flowers.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Nympha cum floribus gloriae matutinae picta a Iulio Iosepho Lefebvre.]] Non est regula quae certe dicat habeaturne pulchra res. Vel potius quaeramus sensum pulchritudinis in animo hominum ? [[David Humius]] fuit primus in [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] qui sic expertus sit. Scripsit: "Pulchritudo non est qualitas inhaerens in rebus ipsis, existit autem solum in animo qui admiratur eam et omnis [[anima]] variam pulchritudinem percipit."Praeterea, reducit sensum pulchritudinis voluptati." Voluptas dolorque non solum sunt comites necessarii pulchritudinis deformitatisque sed etiam sunt earum [[natura]] ipsa." Attamen, haec via ad maximum dubium de pulchris rebus non ducit necessarie. David Humius ipse [[educatio]]nem et naturae humanae unitatem evocat ad explicandum consensum plerorumque de pulchris rebus. Davidus Hume longius non procedit in quaestione sua. Periti recentes ostenderunt quaedam quae suscitabant pulchritundinis [[sensus|sensum]]. === Positio Kantiana === Dicere de persona, de re vel etiam de notione eam esse pulchram, est eis agnoscere proprietatem quamdam iudicatam positivam: pulchritudinem. Quae non est ordine logico aut scientifico: non licet enim affirmare rem pulchram esse solis legibus scientiae naturae vel numerorum. Non est ordine morum: homo pulcher potest esse improbus. Non est ordine commoditatis: pulchra res potest esse inutilis. Est "[[aesthetica]]" in sensu Kantiano, quoniam definiuntur principiis subiectivis: est soli homini iudicare quod pulchrum sit. Itaque cogitatio de pulchritudine difficultates proprias habet. [[Immanuel Kantius]] in ''[[Censura facultatis iudicandi]]'' (anno 1790 edita) putat non esse nec regulam nec rationem pulchritudinis. Sed Kant etiam animadvertit pulchritudinem non esse necessariam homini ut sit contentus et vice versa; praeterea esse in omni iudicio gustus postulationem ad [[universum]] ; id simpliciter non posse demonstrari: "Pulchrum est quod placet universis sine conceptu." Pulchritudo secundum Kant est " abstinens gaudium." Nihil prodest homini existentia operis in iudicio gustus. Pulchrum opus suscitandum est in nobis purum gaudium, in quo non subsit ulla cupido consumendi operis. == Notiones universae et mathematicae == [[Fasciculus:Mrs Texas.jpg|right|thumb|Mulier Texana coronata in certamine]] [[Psychologia|Psychologi]] adfirmant homines quodam ingenio corporis haberi pulchriores modo prope universo. Vultus enim symetrici e.g iudicantur formosiores quam ceteri. [[Iuditha Langlois]] demonstravit vultus prope mediocres iudicatos esse solere delectabiliores quam facies signatae. Quod explicatur theoria [[evolutio]]nis: cum mutationes geneticae saepissime deleant, homines petunt quaerere concubia cum aliis qui non ferant has mutationes, qui ergo sint prope mediocres. Alii autem putant "licere percipere pulchritudinem humanam ut animan repercussam" (I.-E. Mansart). In ''Studio pulchritudinis'' anni [[1753]], [[Gulielmus Hogarth]] [[pictor]] Anglicus lineam curvam "serpentinam" descripsit ut "lineam pulchritudinis" universam. Licet notare hanc flexuram proximam esse ei corporum mulierum quae viri amoenissima reuntur. Pulchritudo humana ita fascinat ut sint tot popularia certamina pulchritudinis. == Varietas emotionum aestheticarum == === Sensus [[sublimis|sublimitatis]] === [[Fasciculus:Typhoon in Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|Imago photographica tempestatis [[sona tropica|tropicae]] [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]].]] Species cladum in natura quae maxime deleant fortiter movere potest sensum aestheticum; quae emotio tamen multum differt ab ea orta in contemplenda pulchritudine classica. Edmundus Burke in [[Quaestione philosophica de origine nostrarum notionum Sublimium et pulchrarum rerum]] in anno 1757 et [[Immanuel Kantius]] in [[Critica facultatis iudicandi|Censura facultatis iudicandi]] (1790) discrimen faciunt inter [[sublimis|sublime]] et pulchrum. Pulchrum est in eorum opinione harmoniosum et amoenum; sublime autem est immane nec proportionatum.<!-- ==Elatio ad pulchrum== ==[[Plato]]: ad notionem Pulchrae rei== --> == Tria verba ad definiendam notionem == In [[fabula]] ''Psychè,'' tribus nominibus ut describatur pulchritudo utitur [[Apuleius]]. # Forma: est positio in spatio, lineae amoenae rei vel hominis. Est pulchritudo obiecti # Species: est effectus formae in spectatorem (eadem radix ac species). Est pulchritudo sensa a subiecto # Pulchritudo: est pulchritudo "in se." Est ex origine divina. Sola Psychè est "pulchra." == Exempla pulchritudinis == === In natura === <center> <gallery> Fasciculus:Pfau_imponierend.jpg|[[Pavo (avis)|Pavo]] Fasciculus:Papilio machaon01.jpg|[[Papilio]] Fasciculus:Nymphaea alba.jpg|[[Nymphea]] alba Fasciculus:Purpurkehlnymphe filtered.jpg|[[Colibri Thalassinus]] </gallery> </center> === In architectura === <center> <gallery> Santa Maria Novella (Florence).jpg|[[Ecclesia Sancta Maria Nova Florentiae]] Fasciculus:Florentine Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore1 RB.jpg|[[Frons ecclesiae cathedralis Florentiae Sanctae Mariae de Flore]] Fasciculus:Cathedral Notre-Dame de Reims, France-PerCorr.jpg|Frons ecclesiae cathedralis Beatae Mariae Virginis [[Durocortorum|Durocortori]] Fasciculus:Casabatllo2.jpg|[[Antoni Gaudí]]: ''[[Casa Batlló]]'' </gallery> </center> === In sculptura === <center> <gallery> Fasciculus:Paris.louvre.winged.500pix.jpg|''[[Victoria de Samothrace]]'' Fasciculus:Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399-02b.jpg|''[[Venus e Milo]]'' Fasciculus:David von Michelangelo.jpg|[[Michael Angelus]]: ''[[David iuvenis]]'' Fasciculus:Rodin TheThinker.jpg|[[Augustus Rodin]]: ''Cogitator'' </gallery> </center> === In pictura === <center> <gallery> Fasciculus:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|[[Sandro Botticelli]]: ''Nativitas [[Venus|Veneris]]'' Fasciculus:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|[[Leonardus Vincius]]: ''[[Iucunda|Mona Lisa]]'' Fasciculus:Boy with a Basket of Fruit-Caravaggio (1593).jpg|[[Michael Angelus Merisi Caravaggius|Caravaggio]]: ''Puer cum floribus'' Fasciculus:Gustav Klimt 017.jpg|[[Gustavus Klimt]]: ''Osculum'' </gallery> </center> === In mathematica === <center> <gallery> Image:Michelmset.jpg| rami [[fractalis|fractales]] Michaelis Image:Julia set (C = 0.285, 0.01).jpg|Iuliae somnium Image:Fractal dragon curve.jpg|Flexura [[fractalis]] draconis Image:Menger sponge (IFS).jpg|[[Spongia]] Menger </gallery> </center> {{NexInt}} *''[[Cellar door]]'' *[[Gratiae]]<!-- == Notae == <references/>--> == Bibliographia == === Commentarii antiqui === * [[Plato]]. Saec 4 a.C.n. ''[[Hippias maior]]'', ''[[Phaedrus (Plato)|Phaedrus]]'', ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' * [[Plotinus]]. Saec. 3 a.C.n. ""De pulchritudine," in ''Ennéade.''{{dubsig}} === Commentarii recentiores === * Danto, Arthur C. [[2003]]. ''The Abuse of Beauty: Aesthetics and the Concept of Art.'' Sicagi et La Salle Illinoesiae: Open Court. * Eco, Umberto. [[2004]]. ''History of Beauty.'' Novi Eboraci: Rizzoli International. * Gaskell, Ivan. [[2003]]. "Beauty." In ''Critical Terms for Art History: Second Edition,'' eds. Robert S. Nelson et Richard Shiff, 267–280. * [[Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten]]. [[1750]] "Æesthetica" * [[Hegelius]]. [[1820]]. "Die Idee dee Schönheit" In ''Ästhetik.'' * [[Immanuel Kantius|Kant, Emmanuel]]. [[1790]]. "Analysis der Shönehet" In ''[[Cencura facultatis iudicandi|Critik der Urteilskraft]].'' * Prettejohn, Elizabeth. [[2005]]. ''Beauty and Art 1750–2000.'' Oxford History of Art. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280160-0. * Soderholm, James, ed. [[1997]]. ''Beauty and the Critic: Aesthetics in an Age of Cultural Studies.'' Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. === Nexus externus === *[http://terrain.revues.org/sommaire871.html "Pulchritudo,"] ''Terrain'', 32 (Martio 1999). <!-- + | Human appearance | Physical attractiveness --> {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Philosophia}} [[Categoria:Aesthetica]] [[Categoria:Ars]] [[Categoria:Perceptio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] g9wjx5w1xkknp7vye1n86p9rv3bnudk 3955330 3955310 2026-04-17T22:38:19Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (1K) 3955330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FA stella}} [[Fasciculus:Chinesischer Maler des 11. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Templum]] Buddhisticum in [[mons|montibus]].'' Exemplum antiquum ad Li Cheng.]] '''Pulchritudo''' (sive '''pulchrum'''<ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulchrum Victionarium.]</ref>) est notio abstracta ad multas humanae vitae rationes iuncta et praecipue in [[philosophia|disciplina philosophica]] [[aesthetica]]e explicata, quamquam aliis [[disciplina|disciplinis]] sicut [[historia]]e, [[sociologia]]e, [[psychologia]]e haudquaquam aliena est. Pulchritudo vulgo definitur proprietate rei, quae per [[experientia]]m [[perceptio|sensuum]] dat [[voluptas|voluptatem]] vel delectationem. Hoc sensu, pulchritudo oritur exempli gratia e forma, aspectu, momento, [[sonus|sono]], [[sapor]]e, [[odor]]e. == De diversitate rerum pulchrarum == Quod pulchrum est videtur inter homines et tempora differre. "[[De gustibus non est disputandum|De gustibus et coloribus non est disputandum]]" est opinio communissima, quamquam philosophi conantur definire quid pulchrum sit. In libro ''[[Hippias maior]]'' inscripto, [[Socrates]] quid pulchrum sit quaerit. Hippias respondit pulchram virginem esse quod pulchrum est. Negans hanc notionem, [[Socrates]] argumentum pulchrarum fidium vel iumentorum proponit. Diversitas rerum pulchrarum videtur inhibere inventionem "pulchritudinis in se." Itaque nulla definitione pulchritudinis data [[dialogus]] [[Plato]]nis dubius finitur. == Pulchrum in "regno formarum" == [[Fasciculus:NAMA Diadumène 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Apud Graecos, pulchritudo nexa est aequitati, [[mathematica]]e inter totum et partes harmoniae. (''[[Diadumenos]]'' [[Polyclitus|Polycliti]]. Exemplar [[saeculum 1|saeculo primo]] factum, penes [[Nationale museum archaeologicum Atheniense]] conservatum.)]] [[Saeculum 3|Saeculo tertio]], [[Plotinus]] philosophus, nexu inter opus artis et regnum formarum restituto, conceptum visionis internae a Platone propositum ample exponit, quod artificem sinit perfectam pulchritudinis formam attingere, quae non est in "re extensa" (mundo rerum), sed solum in "re cogitanti" (mundo formarum), et quae prius aut tardius mundo materiae apparebit. Potest applicari [[pictura|picturis]] numquam pictis, [[architectura|architecturis]], formis potestatis, signis, strategiis, mathematicis commenticiove homini "pulcherrimo in historia mundi" nondum nato. === Gustus e culturis oriundi === Sed non est sola difficultas: non solum unusquisque res varias pulchras habere potest, sed etiam eaedem res non habentur pulchrae ab omnibus hominibus. Res habetur pulchra solum si fruitur consensu, plerumque e [[cultura]]. In ''[[Storia della bellezza]]'' ('historia pulchritudinis') [[Humbertus Eco]] eas res, quas cultura Occidentalis arbitrata est pulchras, temporibus variis confert. Refert machinam numquam habitam esse puchram a Graecis antiquis, sed hoc tempore saepe esse. Si resumamus exemplum dialogi Platonis, videamus indignationem Hippiae, cum Socrates ex eo, sintne pulchrae ollae, quaereret. Signorum quoque contemplatio potest mutare spectatoris visum mundi. Secundum notum exemplum [[Anscharius Wilde|Anscharii Wilde]], plerique vident pulchritudinem locorum nebulosorum solum quod adspicere a quibusdam pictoribus didicerint. === Summum pulchrum variat in historia === [[Fasciculus:GiseleBundchen.jpg|thumb|[[Gisela Bündchen]], Brasiliana vestium ostentatrix, a multis in mundo occidentali exemplum pulchritudinis habita.]] Varietas sensuum tamen non est quod obstet praecipue definitioni unitae pulchri. Licet dicere pulchrum definiri in modo subiectivo: pulchrum est "pro aliquo" quod excitat in eo sensum pulchritudinis. Sed non est tam facilis: certe, licet dicere quod pulchrum est placere aesthetice, sed sunt multi modi delectandi. Eadem persona potest arbitrari pulchras pulchram mulierem et ollam elaboratam multa arte, sed non patitur eadem ante mulierem vel ollam. Certe quidam putant existere formam superiorem ceteris, summum pulchrum ut ita dicamus, sed homines variorum temporum varias opiniones de illo summo pulchro. Conceptus "classicus" pulchritudinis, qui illuminat pulchrum absolutum, divinum, opponitur "conceptui moderno" apud quos pulchritudo altissima in "unico" vel in "miro" constat. In saeculo septimo decimo, conceptus classicus pulcharum rerum non iam praevalet, mundus autem proprius artificis viget( confer pictores Vermeer et Rembrandt). Summatim, licet dicere artificem graecum vel pictorem Rinascimenti(?)petere pulchritudinem universam, testem ordinis aeterni Universi vel harmoniae proportionum ( cf hominem Vitruvi [[Da Vinci|Leonardi Da Vinci]]) artificem autem modernum contra petere emotionem aestheticam unicitate irreductibili. "Pulchra est, et plus quam pulchra; mira est" scribit [[Carolus Baudelaire]] in '' Cupidine pingendi'' ('Le désir de peindre'). Pulchrum triplicem difficultatem tollit: non accipitur eodem modo secundum rem pulchram nec secundum spectatoris sensum vel notionem eius summi pulchri. == Quomodo iudicemus res pulchras == [[Fasciculus:Jules Joseph Lefebvre - Nymph with morning glory flowers.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Nympha cum floribus gloriae matutinae picta a Iulio Iosepho Lefebvre.]] Non est regula quae certe dicat habeaturne pulchra res. Vel potius quaeramus sensum pulchritudinis in animo hominum ? [[David Humius]] fuit primus in [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] qui sic expertus sit. Scripsit: "Pulchritudo non est qualitas inhaerens in rebus ipsis, existit autem solum in animo qui admiratur eam et omnis [[anima]] variam pulchritudinem percipit."Praeterea, reducit sensum pulchritudinis voluptati." Voluptas dolorque non solum sunt comites necessarii pulchritudinis deformitatisque sed etiam sunt earum [[natura]] ipsa." Attamen, haec via ad maximum dubium de pulchris rebus non ducit necessarie. David Humius ipse [[educatio]]nem et naturae humanae unitatem evocat ad explicandum consensum plerorumque de pulchris rebus. Davidus Hume longius non procedit in quaestione sua. Periti recentes ostenderunt quaedam quae suscitabant pulchritundinis [[sensus|sensum]]. === Positio Kantiana === Dicere de persona, de re vel etiam de notione eam esse pulchram, est eis agnoscere proprietatem quamdam iudicatam positivam: pulchritudinem. Quae non est ordine logico aut scientifico: non licet enim affirmare rem pulchram esse solis legibus scientiae naturae vel numerorum. Non est ordine morum: homo pulcher potest esse improbus. Non est ordine commoditatis: pulchra res potest esse inutilis. Est "[[aesthetica]]" in sensu Kantiano, quoniam definiuntur principiis subiectivis: est soli homini iudicare quod pulchrum sit. Itaque cogitatio de pulchritudine difficultates proprias habet. [[Immanuel Kantius]] in ''[[Censura facultatis iudicandi]]'' (anno 1790 edita) putat non esse nec regulam nec rationem pulchritudinis. Sed Kant etiam animadvertit pulchritudinem non esse necessariam homini ut sit contentus et vice versa; praeterea esse in omni iudicio gustus postulationem ad [[universum]] ; id simpliciter non posse demonstrari: "Pulchrum est quod placet universis sine conceptu." Pulchritudo secundum Kant est " abstinens gaudium." Nihil prodest homini existentia operis in iudicio gustus. Pulchrum opus suscitandum est in nobis purum gaudium, in quo non subsit ulla cupido consumendi operis. == Notiones universae et mathematicae == [[Fasciculus:Mrs Texas.jpg|right|thumb|Mulier Texana coronata in certamine]] [[Psychologia|Psychologi]] adfirmant homines quodam ingenio corporis haberi pulchriores modo prope universo. Vultus enim symetrici e.g iudicantur formosiores quam ceteri. [[Iuditha Langlois]] demonstravit vultus prope mediocres iudicatos esse solere delectabiliores quam facies signatae. Quod explicatur theoria [[evolutio]]nis: cum mutationes geneticae saepissime deleant, homines petunt quaerere concubia cum aliis qui non ferant has mutationes, qui ergo sint prope mediocres. Alii autem putant "licere percipere pulchritudinem humanam ut animan repercussam" (I.-E. Mansart). In ''Studio pulchritudinis'' anni [[1753]], [[Gulielmus Hogarth]] [[pictor]] Anglicus lineam curvam "serpentinam" descripsit ut "lineam pulchritudinis" universam. Licet notare hanc flexuram proximam esse ei corporum mulierum quae viri amoenissima reuntur. Pulchritudo humana ita fascinat ut sint tot popularia certamina pulchritudinis. == Varietas emotionum aestheticarum == === Sensus [[sublimis|sublimitatis]] === [[Fasciculus:Typhoon in Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|Imago photographica tempestatis [[sona tropica|tropicae]] [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]].]] Species cladum in natura quae maxime deleant fortiter movere potest sensum aestheticum; quae emotio tamen multum differt ab ea orta in contemplenda pulchritudine classica. Edmundus Burke in [[Quaestione philosophica de origine nostrarum notionum Sublimium et pulchrarum rerum]] in anno 1757 et [[Immanuel Kantius]] in [[Critica facultatis iudicandi|Censura facultatis iudicandi]] (1790) discrimen faciunt inter [[sublimis|sublime]] et pulchrum. Pulchrum est in eorum opinione harmoniosum et amoenum; sublime autem est immane nec proportionatum.<!-- ==Elatio ad pulchrum== ==[[Plato]]: ad notionem Pulchrae rei== --> == Tria verba ad definiendam notionem == In [[fabula]] ''Psychè,'' tribus nominibus ut describatur pulchritudo utitur [[Apuleius]]. # Forma: est positio in spatio, lineae amoenae rei vel hominis. Est pulchritudo obiecti # Species: est effectus formae in spectatorem (eadem radix ac species). Est pulchritudo sensa a subiecto # Pulchritudo: est pulchritudo "in se." Est ex origine divina. Sola Psychè est "pulchra." == Exempla pulchritudinis == === In natura === <center> <gallery> Fasciculus:Pfau_imponierend.jpg|[[Pavo (avis)|Pavo]] Fasciculus:Papilio machaon01.jpg|[[Papilio]] Fasciculus:Nymphaea alba.jpg|[[Nymphea]] alba Fasciculus:Purpurkehlnymphe filtered.jpg|[[Colibri Thalassinus]] </gallery> </center> === In architectura === <center> <gallery> Santa Maria Novella (Florence).jpg|[[Ecclesia Sancta Maria Nova Florentiae]] Fasciculus:Florentine Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore1 RB.jpg|[[Frons ecclesiae cathedralis Florentiae Sanctae Mariae de Flore]] Fasciculus:Cathedral Notre-Dame de Reims, France-PerCorr.jpg|Frons ecclesiae cathedralis Beatae Mariae Virginis [[Durocortorum|Durocortori]] Fasciculus:Casabatllo2.jpg|[[Antoni Gaudí]]: ''[[Casa Batlló]]'' </gallery> </center> === In sculptura === <center> <gallery> Fasciculus:Paris.louvre.winged.500pix.jpg|''[[Victoria de Samothrace]]'' Fasciculus:Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399-02b.jpg|''[[Venus e Milo]]'' Fasciculus:David von Michelangelo.jpg|[[Michael Angelus]]: ''[[David iuvenis]]'' Fasciculus:Rodin TheThinker.jpg|[[Augustus Rodin]]: ''Cogitator'' </gallery> </center> === In pictura === <center> <gallery> Fasciculus:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|[[Sandro Botticelli]]: ''Nativitas [[Venus|Veneris]]'' Fasciculus:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|[[Leonardus Vincius]]: ''[[Iucunda|Mona Lisa]]'' Fasciculus:Boy with a Basket of Fruit-Caravaggio (1593).jpg|[[Michael Angelus Merisi Caravaggius|Caravaggio]]: ''Puer cum floribus'' Fasciculus:Gustav Klimt 017.jpg|[[Gustavus Klimt]]: ''Osculum'' </gallery> </center> === In mathematica === <center> <gallery> Image:Michelmset.jpg| rami [[fractalis|fractales]] Michaelis Image:Julia set (C = 0.285, 0.01).jpg|Iuliae somnium Image:Fractal dragon curve.jpg|Flexura [[fractalis]] draconis Image:Menger sponge (IFS).jpg|[[Spongia]] Menger </gallery> </center> {{NexInt}} *''[[Cellar door]]'' *[[Gratiae]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == === Commentarii antiqui === * [[Plato]]. Saec 4 a.C.n. ''[[Hippias maior]]'', ''[[Phaedrus (Plato)|Phaedrus]]'', ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' * [[Plotinus]]. Saec. 3 a.C.n. ""De pulchritudine," in ''Ennéade.''{{dubsig}} === Commentarii recentiores === * Danto, Arthur C. [[2003]]. ''The Abuse of Beauty: Aesthetics and the Concept of Art.'' Sicagi et La Salle Illinoesiae: Open Court. * Eco, Umberto. [[2004]]. ''History of Beauty.'' Novi Eboraci: Rizzoli International. * Gaskell, Ivan. [[2003]]. "Beauty." In ''Critical Terms for Art History: Second Edition,'' eds. Robert S. Nelson et Richard Shiff, 267–280. * [[Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten]]. [[1750]] "Æesthetica" * [[Hegelius]]. [[1820]]. "Die Idee dee Schönheit" In ''Ästhetik.'' * [[Immanuel Kantius|Kant, Emmanuel]]. [[1790]]. "Analysis der Shönehet" In ''[[Cencura facultatis iudicandi|Critik der Urteilskraft]].'' * Prettejohn, Elizabeth. [[2005]]. ''Beauty and Art 1750–2000.'' Oxford History of Art. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280160-0. * Soderholm, James, ed. [[1997]]. ''Beauty and the Critic: Aesthetics in an Age of Cultural Studies.'' Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. === Nexus externus === *[http://terrain.revues.org/sommaire871.html "Pulchritudo,"] ''Terrain'', 32 (Martio 1999). <!-- + | Human appearance | Physical attractiveness --> {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Philosophia}} [[Categoria:Aesthetica]] [[Categoria:Ars]] [[Categoria:Perceptio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] 3symz0m56igs5u75vp2dwyg8l8gv01e 0 42708 3955320 3819057 2026-04-17T20:29:55Z Andrew Dalby 1084 bibl 3955320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa principis Vicidata}} '''Alboinus''' (natus ante annum [[526]]; necatus [[Verona]]e die [[28 Iunii]] [[572]] aut [[573]]) ab anno [[565]] fere fuit [[rex]] [[Langobardi|Langobardorum]], quo regnante, Langobardi in [[Italia]]m anno [[568]] irruperunt. == Bibliographia == ; Fontes antiquiores * 787/796 : [[Paulus Diaconus]], ''[[Historia Gentis Langobardorum]]'' lib. 2 * 830/850 : [[Andreas Agnellus]], ''Liber Pontificalis Ecclesiae Ravennatis'' [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_lang_1/index.htm#page/339/mode/1up cap. 96-97] ; Eruditio * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] * Joaquín Martínez Pizarro, ''Writing Ravenna : the Liber pontificalis of Andreas Agnellus'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015037760280&seq=129 pp. 119-141] apud ''Hathi Trust'' == Nexus externi == [[Fasciculus:Assassination of Alboin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Alboinus rex Langobardarum necatur.'' Opus [[Carolus Landseer|Caroli Landseer]] (anno [[1859]]), {{Creanda|en|Leicester Galleries|Pinacothecae Leicestrienses}}.]] {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ITALY,%20Kings%20to%20962.htm#_Toc203638178 Nota biographica] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 6|572|Alboinus}} [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Reges Langobardorum]] 4yvf0y5twbx8jcalu7tddgm2ajqjkdm 0 43840 3955315 3858774 2026-04-17T19:11:07Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Nuremberg chronicles f 143r 3.jpg|thumb|Amalasuntha [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]] regina sicut in [[Liber chronicarum (Schedel)|Chronicis Nurembergensibus]] ficta est]] ''' Amalasuntha''', etiam '''Amalasuentha''', '''Amalaswintha''', '''Amalasuintha''', (nata circa annum [[495]], mortua die [[30 Aprilis]] [[535]] in insula Martana in lacu Volsinii), filia [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theoderici Magni]] et uxor [[Flavius Eutharicus Cillica|Eutharici]], fuit regina [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]]. In eius honorem appellatus est ''Ranunculus amalasuinthae'', microspecies [[Ranunculus auricomus|''Ranunculi auricomi'']] in [[Pomerania]] crescens, inter alia haud longe a [[Sepulcretum praehistoricum ad pagum Grzybnica|coemeterio Gothorum ad pagum Grzybnica]].<ref>Halamski, Adam T. (2024) Contribution à l’étude des renoncules tête d’or (Ranunculus auricomus aggr.) de la Poméranie polonaise. Trois espèces nouvelles des environs de Darłowo et Sławno. ''Bulletin de la Societe linnéenne de Lyon'', 93 (7–8), 169–205. ISSN 2554-5280.</ref> == Filii eius == * [[Athalaricus]] (* 516; † 534) ; * [[Matasuentha]] (* 518; † post annum 550) (etiam Mataswintha, Matasuntha). == Fontes fere coaevi == * [[Cassiodorus]], ''[[Variae (Cassiodorus)|Variae]]'' 10.20.4, 10.23.1, 11.1 * [[Procopius Caesariensis|Procopius]], ''[[Historia arcana]]'' 16.1-6 == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Reges Ostrogothorum]] [[Categoria:Mortui 535]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5]] rzxawu61am5vlejv18tupq4qn9sw3fq 3955318 3955315 2026-04-17T19:33:03Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Fontes fere coaevi */ 3955318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Nuremberg chronicles f 143r 3.jpg|thumb|Amalasuntha [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]] regina sicut in [[Liber chronicarum (Schedel)|Chronicis Nurembergensibus]] ficta est]] ''' Amalasuntha''', etiam '''Amalasuentha''', '''Amalaswintha''', '''Amalasuintha''', (nata circa annum [[495]], mortua die [[30 Aprilis]] [[535]] in insula Martana in lacu Volsinii), filia [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theoderici Magni]] et uxor [[Flavius Eutharicus Cillica|Eutharici]], fuit regina [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]]. In eius honorem appellatus est ''Ranunculus amalasuinthae'', microspecies [[Ranunculus auricomus|''Ranunculi auricomi'']] in [[Pomerania]] crescens, inter alia haud longe a [[Sepulcretum praehistoricum ad pagum Grzybnica|coemeterio Gothorum ad pagum Grzybnica]].<ref>Halamski, Adam T. (2024) Contribution à l’étude des renoncules tête d’or (Ranunculus auricomus aggr.) de la Poméranie polonaise. Trois espèces nouvelles des environs de Darłowo et Sławno. ''Bulletin de la Societe linnéenne de Lyon'', 93 (7–8), 169–205. ISSN 2554-5280.</ref> == Filii eius == * [[Athalaricus]] (* 516; † 534) ; * [[Matasuentha]] (* 518; † post annum 550) (etiam Mataswintha, Matasuntha). == Fontes fere coaevi == * [[Cassiodorus]], ''[[Variae (Cassiodorus)|Variae]]'' 10.20.4, 10.23.1, 11.1 * [[Procopius Caesariensis|Procopius]], ''[[Bella (Procopius)|Bella]]'' 5.2-5.4; ''[[Historia arcana]]'' 16.1-6 * [[Gregorius Turonensis]] lib. 3 == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Reges Ostrogothorum]] [[Categoria:Mortui 535]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5]] ish1c6sgfb7041x6h9zjz0py785bsa4 3955324 3955318 2026-04-17T20:57:57Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} ''' Amalasuntha''', etiam '''Amalasuentha''', '''Amalaswintha''', '''Amalasuintha''', (nata circa annum [[495]], mortua die [[30 Aprilis]] [[535]] in insula Martana in lacu Volsinii), filia [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theoderici Magni]] et uxor [[Flavius Eutharicus Cillica|Eutharici]], fuit regina [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]]. In eius honorem appellatus est ''Ranunculus amalasuinthae'', microspecies [[Ranunculus auricomus|''Ranunculi auricomi'']] in [[Pomerania]] crescens, inter alia haud longe a [[Sepulcretum praehistoricum ad pagum Grzybnica|coemeterio Gothorum ad pagum Grzybnica]].<ref>Halamski, Adam T. (2024) Contribution à l’étude des renoncules tête d’or (Ranunculus auricomus aggr.) de la Poméranie polonaise. Trois espèces nouvelles des environs de Darłowo et Sławno. ''Bulletin de la Societe linnéenne de Lyon'', 93 (7–8), 169–205. ISSN 2554-5280.</ref> == Filii eius == * [[Athalaricus]] (* 516; † 534) ; * [[Matasuentha]] (* 518; † post annum 550) (etiam Mataswintha, Matasuntha). == Fontes fere coaevi == * [[Cassiodorus]], ''[[Variae (Cassiodorus)|Variae]]'' 10.20.4, 10.23.1, 11.1 * [[Procopius Caesariensis|Procopius]], ''[[Bella (Procopius)|Bella]]'' 5.2-5.4; ''[[Historia arcana]]'' 16.1-6 * [[Gregorius Turonensis]] lib. 3 == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|535|Amalasuintha}} [[Categoria:Reges Ostrogothorum]] [[Categoria:Mortui 535]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5]] f2tn6sko71i8lva60z369w6tei2suu5 0 43841 3955317 3070456 2026-04-17T19:32:52Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955317 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Athalaricus''' (natus anno [[516]]; mortuus die [[2 Octobris]] [[534]]), [[filius]] [[Flavius Eutharicus Cillica|Eutharici]] et [[Amalasuntha]]e et ergo nepos [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theodorici Magni]], fuit [[rex]] [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]] ab anno [[526]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]], quamquam propter iuventutem suam mater eius vicaria regis erat. == Fontes fere coaevi == * [[Cassiodorus]], ''[[Variae (Cassiodorus)|Variae]]'' 11.1 * [[Procopius Caesariensis|Procopius]], ''[[Bella (Procopius)|Bella]]'' 5.2.19, 5.3.10, 5.4.4 == Bibliographia == * Julius von Pflugk-Harttung, "[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63547z.r Die Thronfolge im Reiche der Ostgothen]" in ''Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Germanistische Abteilung'' vol. 10 (1889) p. 203 ff. {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Reges Ostrogothorum]] [[Categoria:Nati 516]] [[Categoria:Mortui 534]] rbnae1ofjaab3jjcfc90ti4l3rpbng6 0 51729 3955314 3954999 2026-04-17T18:53:17Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3955314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} '''''Res gestae''''' est opus [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] [[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]] exeunte [[Latine]] scriptum, quod res gestas Romanas inter annos [[96]] et [[378]] tractat. Libri ab I ad XIII huius operis deperditi sunt; libri qui supersunt gesta annorum ab [[353]] ad [[378]] narrant. Fragmenta nonnulla e libris deperditis in opere [[Blondus Flavius|Blondi Flavii]], titulo ''[[Italia illustrata]]'', servantur. == Epitome librorum ''Rerum gestarum'' == * Liber XIV: De [[Constantius Gallus|Gallo Caesare]] tractatur, de eius saevitia et morte iussu [[Constantius II|Augusti Constanti]]. Etiam excursus de [[Isauri|Isauris]], [[Saraceni|Saracenis]] [[Alamanni|Alamannisque]] exponuntur et vitia Romanorum vituperantur. * Liber XV: Augustus Constantius in Alamannos bellum gerit. Magister peditum [[Claudius Silvanus|Silvanus]] potestatem Augusteam usurpat et per insidias quibus Ammianus quoque interfuit occiditur. [[Flavius Claudius Iulianus|Iulianus]] Caesar creatus est a Constantio. * Liber XVI: Bella a Iuliano victa exponuntur in Alamannos, praecipue victoria apud [[Argentoratum]]. * Liber XVII: Plures res bellicae a Iuliano gestae narrantur. Etiam de victoriis Augusti Constantii exponitur et de pace cum [[Persae|Persis]] frustra temptata. * Liber XVIII: Rex Persarum [[Sapor II|Sapor]] Mesopotamiam Romanam aggreditur et Ammianus miles itinera sua narrat. * Liber XIX: Amidam urbem Sapor obsidit et capit. Inter defensores etiam Ammianus est, qui ab urbe capta fugit. * Liber XX: Ursicinus magister equitum, sub quo Ammianus meruerat, titulo suo discingitur. Iulianus Lutetiae a militibus suis Augustus appellatur, sed Constantius litteris titulum Augusti deponere Iulianum iubet, dum Sapor plures urbes Mesopotamias expugnat. * Liber XXI: Dum belllum inter Iulianum et Constantium paratur, Constantius morbo moritur. * Liber XXII: Iulianus solus Augustus [[Religio Romana|cultum deorum]] qui clam antea colebat nunc palam profitetur. Aliquae res a Iuliano Augusto gestae narrantur, qui bellum in Persas parat. * Liber XXIII: Iter Iuliani contra Persas. [[Templum Hierosolymitanum|Hierosolymae templum]] Iulianus restaurare frustra conatur. Descriptio [[Machina bellica|machinarum militarium]] et regionum Mesopotamiae. * Liber XXIV: Quamquam oppida Persa et castella aliquot Iulianus cum exercito expugnat, a Ctesiphontis urbis Persarum capitalis obsidione is deterretur et iter revertit. * Liber XXV: Persae Romanos fugientes persequuntur et Iulianus in proeliis vulneratus moritur. [[Iovianus]] Augustus creatus est, qui pace ignobili cum Sapore facta subito etiam moritur. * Liber XXVI: [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] Augustus creatus est et postea [[Flavius Valens|Valentem]] fratrem Augustum consortem constituit. [[Procopius (imperator)|Procopius]] Oriente res novas molitur, sed a suis denique desertus et traditus est ut poenam capitalem susciperet. * Liber XXVII: De bellis variis Romanorum in Alamannos, Gothos, gentes Britanniae et Africae tractatur. Descriptio provinciarum Thraciae. [[Gratianus]] puer Augustus a Valentiniano creatus est. * Liber XXVIII: Pugnae plures Romanorum narrantur. * Liber XXIX: Theodorus notarius quidam potestatem usurpare conatur sed maiestatis accusatus necatur. Saevitia Valentiniani in iuribus narratur, dum Theodosius magister equitum variis bellis vincit. * Liber XXX: Romani et Persae de [[Armenia (provincia Romana)|Armenia]] disputant. Valentinianus cum Alamannis pacem tandem facit et bellum gerens in Illyrico subito exstinguitur. [[Valentinianus II|Valentinianus]] Valentiniani iunior filius Augustus a exercito suo factus est. * Liber XXXI: Gens Hunorum, quorum mores descriptae sunt, Gothos invadunt ac suis sedibus expellunt ut Gothi in territorium Romanum Thraciae accipi petunt, quod bellum denique fert. Valens Augustus apud [[Hadrianopolis|Hadrianopolim]] cum Gothis pugnat, ubi Romanus exercitus victus est et Valens occiditur. == Editiones == * ''Ammiani Marcellini rerum gestarum qui de XXXI supersunt libri XVIII'' ex MS. codicibus emendati ab [[Henricus Valesius|Henrico Valesio]], et annotationibus illustrati. Adjecta sunt excerpta de gestis Constantini nondum edita. Parisiis: apud Ioannem Camusat, 1636 ([[Editio princeps]]) * Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Römische Geschichte.'' Latine et Germanice cum commentario W. Seyfarth. 4 tomi. Akademie-Verlag, [[Berolinum|Berolini]] 1968-1971. {{Ling|Latine|Theodisce}} * ''Rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt'' ed. Wolfgang Seyfarth. Leipzig: Teubner, 1978. 2 voll. (''[[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]]'') {{Ling|Latine}} * ''Ammianus Marcellinus'' ed. et interpr. J. C. Rolfe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935-1940. (''[[Loeb Classical Library]]'') {{Ling|Latine|Anglice}} * Ammianus Marcellinus, ''The Later Roman Empire (AD 354-378)'' interpr. Walter Hamilton. 1986. (''[[Penguin Classics]]'') {{Ling|Anglice}} (versio bona sed imperfecta) * Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Das römische Weltreich vor dem Untergang'' interpr. Otto Veh cum commentario Gerhard Wirth. Artemis-Verlag, München – Zürich 1974, ISBN 3-7608-3514-7. {{Ling|Theodisce}} == Bibliographia == * Timothy D. Barnes, ''Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology)''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8014-3526-9). * [[Alanus Cameron|Alan Cameron]], "Biondo's Ammianus: Constantius and Hormisdas at Rome" in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 92 (1989) pp. 423-436. * R. Cappelletto, ''Recuperi Ammianei da Biondo Flavio''. Romae, 1983. * R. Cappelletto, "Passi nuovi di Ammiano in Biondo Flavio" in ''Atene e Roma'' n.s. vol. 30 (1985) pp. 66-71. * Charles Upson Clark, ''The Text Tradition of Ammianus Marcellinus.'' Ph.D. Diss. Yale: 1904. * Gary A Crump, ''Ammianus Marcellinus as a military historian'' Steiner, 1975, ISBN 3515019847. * J. den Boeft, D. den Hengst et H. C. Teitler, edd., ''Cognitio Gestorum – The Historiographic Art of Ammianus Marcellinus''. Amsterdam – New York 1992. * J. den Boeft, J. W. Drijvers, D. den Hengst, H. C. Teitler: ''Ammianus after Julian. The Reign of Valentinian and Valens in Books 26–31 of the Res Gestae (Mnemosyne Supplementa 289)''. Brill, Leiden 2007. * Jan den Boeft, Daniel den Hengst, Hans C. Teitler, Jan Willem Drijvers, ''Philological and historical commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus''. Groningen 1991 sqq. * Jan Drijvers, David Hunt, edd., ''The Late Roman World and its Historian'' Routledge, 1999, ISBN 041520271X. * Henricus Ehrismann, ''[https://play.google.com/store/books/details/De_temporum_et_modorum_usu_Ammianeo?id=UOHLJNiUofkC&gl=US De temporum et modorum usu Ammianeo : ad summos in philosophia honores ab amplissimo philosophorum Ordine Academiae Wilhelmae Argentinensis rite impetrandos]'', Argentinae, Truebner, 1886 * J. Matthews, ''The Roman Empire of Ammianus''. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. * Henry Thompson Rowell, ''Ammianus Marcellinus, soldier-historian of the late Roman Empire'' University of Cincinnati, 1964. * Guy Sabbah, ''La Méthode d'Ammien Marcellin.'' Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1978. * Robin Seager, ''Ammianus Marcellinus: Seven Studies in His Language and Thought'' Univ of Missouri Pr, 1986, ISBN 0826204953. * E. A. Thompson, ''The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus.'' London: Cambridge University Press, 1947. * Frank Wittchow, ''Exemplarisches Erzählen bei Ammanius Marcellinus – Episode, Exemplum, Anekdote''. Saur, München-Leipzig 2001, ISBN 3-598-77693-4. ; De singulis rebus in hoc opere relatis * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == * ''[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ammianus.html Res gestae]'' {{Ling|Latine}} * ''[http://www.domus-ecclesiae.de/historica/ammianus/ammianus.vita.html Res gestae]'' {{Ling|Latine}} cum praefatione Germanica * ''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/home.html Res gestae]'' {{Ling|Latine|Anglice}} * [http://www.ammianus.info/ Versio ab Aart Blom confecta] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181004071707/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~drijvers/ammianus/index.htm Ammianus Marcellinus in rete] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aetatis Imperii]] [[Categoria:Syriae scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 4]] pzcu7wz801ridtxiv8mh9j8e2197cnz 0 55520 3955217 3809797 2026-04-17T14:10:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Antonius Henricus Becquerel''' ([[Lutetia]]e natus die [[15 Decembris]] [[1852]]; mortuus [[Crociciacum|Crociciaci]] in praefectura [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] die [[25 Augusti]] [[1908]]) fuit [[physicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Avus eius [[Antonius Becquerel|Antonius]] et pater [[Alexander Edmundus Becquerel|Alexander Edmundus]] etiam physici fuerunt. Anno [[1903]] una cum [[Petrus Curie|Petro]] et [[Maria Curie]] [[praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus est ob studium [[physica nuclearis|physicae nuclearis]] ac [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]]. Alma mater eius [[Schola Polytechnica Francica]] deinde [[Schola Pontium Viarumque]] fuit. Etiam [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] socius fuit. == Plura legere si cupis == *Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017. {{NexInt}} *[[6914 Becquerel]] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Henri Becquerel|Antonium Henricum Becquerel}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/ De Antonio Henrico Becquerel] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BecquerelAntoine/ De Antonio Henrico Becquerel] in Museo historico Germaniae ''(Deutsches Historisches Museum'') {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/historical_background.html De Antonio Henrico Becquerel ] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.indispensables.over-blog.com/article-2732387.html De familia Becquerel] {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Becquerel, Antonius Henricus}} [[Categoria:Physici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Polytechnicae Parisiensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1852]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1908]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Pontium Viarumque]] {{Myrias|Homines}} kr5fvuy4rthw9co99e3r35frmr5e3f6 3955218 3955217 2026-04-17T14:10:32Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3955218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Antonius Henricus Becquerel''' ([[Lutetia]]e natus die [[15 Decembris]] [[1852]]; mortuus [[Crociciacum|Crociciaci]] in praefectura [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] die [[25 Augusti]] [[1908]]) fuit [[physicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Avus eius [[Antonius Becquerel|Antonius]] et pater [[Alexander Edmundus Becquerel|Alexander Edmundus]] etiam physici fuerunt. Anno [[1903]] una cum [[Petrus Curie|Petro]] et [[Maria Curie]] [[praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus est ob studium [[physica nuclearis|physicae nuclearis]] ac [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]]. Alma mater eius [[Schola Polytechnica Francica]] deinde [[Schola Pontium Viarumque]] fuit. Etiam [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] socius fuit. == Plura legere si cupis == *Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017. {{NexInt}} *[[6914 Becquerel]] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Henri Becquerel|Antonium Henricum Becquerel}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/ De Antonio Henrico Becquerel] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BecquerelAntoine/ De Antonio Henrico Becquerel] in Museo historico Germaniae ''(Deutsches Historisches Museum'') {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/historical_background.html De Antonio Henrico Becquerel ] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.indispensables.over-blog.com/article-2732387.html De familia Becquerel] {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Becquerel, Antonius Henricus}} [[Categoria:Physici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Polytechnicae Parisiensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1852]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1908]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Pontium Viarumque]] {{Myrias|Homines}} isc0z3x3mtggj2by7gpr4swoiunul2q 3955264 3955218 2026-04-17T15:34:03Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3955264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Antonius Henricus Becquerel''' ([[Lutetia]]e natus die [[15 Decembris]] [[1852]]; mortuus [[Crociciacum|Crociciaci]] in praefectura [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] die [[25 Augusti]] [[1908]]) fuit [[physicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Avus eius [[Antonius Becquerel|Antonius]] et pater [[Alexander Edmundus Becquerel|Alexander Edmundus]] etiam physici fuerunt. Anno [[1903]] una cum [[Petrus Curie|Petro]] et [[Maria Curie]] [[praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus est ob studium [[physica nuclearis|physicae nuclearis]] ac [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]]. Alma mater eius [[Schola Polytechnica Francica]] deinde [[Schola Pontium Viarumque]] fuit. Etiam [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] socius fuit. == Plura legere si cupis == *Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017. *Pierre Radvanyi, Jacques Villain. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070517300786 La découverte de la radioactivité]", ''Comptes Rendus Physique'', 2017: 544-550 {{NexInt}} *[[6914 Becquerel]] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Henri Becquerel|Antonium Henricum Becquerel}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/ De Antonio Henrico Becquerel] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BecquerelAntoine/ De Antonio Henrico Becquerel] in Museo historico Germaniae ''(Deutsches Historisches Museum'') {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/historical_background.html De Antonio Henrico Becquerel ] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.indispensables.over-blog.com/article-2732387.html De familia Becquerel] {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Becquerel, Antonius Henricus}} [[Categoria:Physici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Polytechnicae Parisiensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1852]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1908]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Pontium Viarumque]] {{Myrias|Homines}} g0al48ev2ganli7o4cutngszj7g7w1j 0 74667 3955203 3954819 2026-04-17T12:59:30Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} mbmyw6oq8qpfsxoehzvvmvlbgweljuc 3955204 3955203 2026-04-17T13:19:41Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unistas in systemate internationali est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]. Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} 7rua6gdqlj0149lv6vr3nm58c9prkmx 3955205 3955204 2026-04-17T13:24:28Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> vel {{res|nucleus dissiliens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]. Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' (nota Ci) nomine quae 3.7.10¹⁰ becquerel valebat. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} t8wyq9j3go3eq5jjf01ltc2pr0vj882 3955206 3955205 2026-04-17T13:25:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]. Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' (nota Ci) nomine quae 3.7.10¹⁰ becquerel valebat. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} 1py8sqkmgezlej9yxjtmvk27h4tecpw 3955207 3955206 2026-04-17T13:30:48Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]. Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' (nota Ci) nomine quae 3,7.10¹⁰ becquerel valebat. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} 4p434ztqgpsapvvv6yz1uuy8yi3ieix 3955208 3955207 2026-04-17T13:31:06Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]. Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' (nota Ci) nomine quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} hgx8mg2zhor98bikhlrsrp7eqt58bqy 3955209 3955208 2026-04-17T13:37:53Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]. Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' (nota Ci) nomine quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est rempore necessario ut dimidia pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} bdt4j9biapdi1ruc7beaa8tgftf0r8c 3955210 3955209 2026-04-17T13:38:32Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]. Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' (nota Ci) nomine quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est rempore necessario ut dimidia pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} lu883jridpz3ftgpd6t2nogi69atnos 3955211 3955210 2026-04-17T13:42:08Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]. Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' (nota Ci) nomine quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est rempore necessario ut dimidia pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} sk63o3cmu1newgll2zw5fycedtmqnhx 3955212 3955211 2026-04-17T13:44:16Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est rempore necessario ut dimidia pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} gpczuu96b8a6uit090b61uwkoz3l7th 3955213 3955212 2026-04-17T13:45:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est rempore necessario ut dimidia pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} d15rbydumheuri2zwd2d77qdea69mwh 3955214 3955213 2026-04-17T13:47:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955214 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est tempore necessario ut dimidia tantum pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} lr6da0rqbstqcsnqnb5uwsrzcn2a0xs 3955216 3955214 2026-04-17T14:02:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est tempore necessario ut dimidia tantum pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. Haec semivitarum constantia ad [[Archaeologia|archaeologicorum]] inventorum [[datatio|datationem]] adhibetur, imprimis per [[Computatio radiocarbonica|carbonium-14]]. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} df535llorm1llh2ae6qi418j0mi5rlr 3955219 3955216 2026-04-17T14:11:05Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitate inventa */ 3955219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse<ref>Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017.</ref>. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est tempore necessario ut dimidia tantum pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. Haec semivitarum constantia ad [[Archaeologia|archaeologicorum]] inventorum [[datatio|datationem]] adhibetur, imprimis per [[Computatio radiocarbonica|carbonium-14]]. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} 6mbztnxlp5nhq37w1754t9wyfbm6ay6 3955224 3955219 2026-04-17T14:16:13Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitate inventa */ 3955224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse<ref>Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017. Pierre Radvanyi, Jacques Villain. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070517300786 La découverte de la radioactivité]", ''Comptes Rendus Physique'': 544-550</ref>. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est tempore necessario ut dimidia tantum pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. Haec semivitarum constantia ad [[Archaeologia|archaeologicorum]] inventorum [[datatio|datationem]] adhibetur, imprimis per [[Computatio radiocarbonica|carbonium-14]]. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} dc5dhvvpey7s5hwf3tl6xi29qyxgjpt 3955225 3955224 2026-04-17T14:19:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse<ref>Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017. Pierre Radvanyi, Jacques Villain. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070517300786 La découverte de la radioactivité]", ''Comptes Rendus Physique'': 544-550</ref>. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226<ref>CRIIRAD, [https://www.criirad.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/CRIIRAD-Fiche-G2-Unites.pdf Trois unités pour la radioactivité et ses effets].</ref>. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est tempore necessario ut dimidia tantum pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. Haec semivitarum constantia ad [[Archaeologia|archaeologicorum]] inventorum [[datatio|datationem]] adhibetur, imprimis per [[Computatio radiocarbonica|carbonium-14]]. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} 82760lfb8g8c2sijehds3o8e9ylotfl 3955228 3955225 2026-04-17T14:22:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitatis mensura */ 3955228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse<ref>Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017. Pierre Radvanyi, Jacques Villain. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070517300786 La découverte de la radioactivité]", ''Comptes Rendus Physique'': 544-550</ref>. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226<ref>CRIIRAD, [https://www.criirad.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/CRIIRAD-Fiche-G2-Unites.pdf Trois unités pour la radioactivité et ses effets]. Tableau de conversion.fr.[https://www.tableau-de-conversion.fr/blog/becquerel-unite-radioactivite/ Unités de mesure. Découverte du becquerel : unité de mesure de la radioactivité], 2025.</ref>. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est tempore necessario ut dimidia tantum pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. Haec semivitarum constantia ad [[Archaeologia|archaeologicorum]] inventorum [[datatio|datationem]] adhibetur, imprimis per [[Computatio radiocarbonica|carbonium-14]]. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} kkmayqh9e70p6exxpif6szsb5trb0xn 3955230 3955228 2026-04-17T14:25:38Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De radiactivitate inventa */ 3955230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.<!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) -->]] {{res|Radiactivitas}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Nobel | nomen auctoris = Albertus | titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index | annus = 1983 | pagina = 1302 | url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 | retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959 | domus editoria = [[Springer]] | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94 }}: “14183 ⁴⁰K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina | nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius | titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico | contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | tempus = 2012-10-31 | pagina = 138 | url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352 | url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197 | domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado | locus = [[Barquisimeto]] | issn = 22447997 }}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”</ref> aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum "[[carbonium]]-12" nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent. Haec carboni varietas est "carbonium-14" et radiactiva est. Varietates eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii. Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]]. Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit. == De radiactivitate inventa == Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse<ref>Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017. Pierre Radvanyi, Jacques Villain. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070517300786 La découverte de la radioactivité]", ''Comptes Rendus Physique'', 2017: 544-550</ref>. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat. At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit. == De praecipuis radiationum generibus == [[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]] Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt: * '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}} aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α. Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur. * '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e^- aut β^- aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β⁺ inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β⁺. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (⁰₊₁e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur sic scribitur: :{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} + ⁰₊₁e. [[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]] * '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10¹⁷ et 10²⁰ [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur. * Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet. == In biologia == Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]<ref>Amy L. Sherborne, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]", ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926</ref>, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]<ref>Jeonghwan Youk et alii, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]", ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.</ref>, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent<ref>INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute humana].</ref>. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma. Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu⁴⁺ oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]³⁺ in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit<ref>''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]", ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.</ref>. Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat<ref>Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.</ref>. Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14<ref>"[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]", ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.</ref>; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]<ref>RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''</ref> aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana<ref>[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, "[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]", ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.</ref>. Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri. == De radiactivitatis mensura == Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est [[Gray (unitas)|gray]] (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet. Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10^-2). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]: Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert<ref>H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).</ref> valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv<ref>Millisievert.</ref> per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur. Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est [[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]] (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10¹⁰ becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226<ref>CRIIRAD, [https://www.criirad.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/CRIIRAD-Fiche-G2-Unites.pdf Trois unités pour la radioactivité et ses effets]. Tableau de conversion.fr.[https://www.tableau-de-conversion.fr/blog/becquerel-unite-radioactivite/ Unités de mesure. Découverte du becquerel : unité de mesure de la radioactivité], 2025.</ref>. Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est tempore necessario ut dimidia tantum pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. Haec semivitarum constantia ad [[Archaeologia|archaeologicorum]] inventorum [[datatio|datationem]] adhibetur, imprimis per [[Computatio radiocarbonica|carbonium-14]]. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]", ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10 == Bibliographia == * Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125053 * [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera. Lutetiae: Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique. * Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources: Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey: Monterey Institute of International Studies. ISBN 1885350066 * Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478 * Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}} {{NexInt}} * [[Actinium]] * ''[[Hibakusha]]'' * [[Leuchaemia]] * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Radiatio Cherenkov]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Radiatio Roentgensis]] * [[Radiologia]] * [[Semiotica atomica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} tfo3g70i6tw7b0b3zwl9o8lyjfldo97 0 74764 3955340 3812121 2026-04-18T03:51:31Z Grufo 64423 +{{pns}} 3955340 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bucht in Neuseeland.jpg|thumb|Sinus apud [[Paeninsula Banksiana|Paeninsulam Banksianam]] iuxta [[Christchurch]] in orientali [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]] [[litus|litore]].]] {{res|Sinus marinus}}, vel {{res|sinus}} tantum ({{pns|ūs|m}}), est flexus vel recessus [[corpus aquae|corporis aquae]] [[litus|litoralis]] qui cum maiori corpore aquae recte coniungitur, sicut [[oceanus|oceano]], [[lacus|lacu]], aliove sinu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of BAY|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bay|website=Merriam-Webster.com|accessdate=21 Martii 2017|language=Anglice}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title="bay"|work=Dictionary.com Unabridged|publisher=Random House, Inc.|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bay |accessdate=21 Martii 2017 }}</ref> Magnus sinus etiam ''[[sund]]'' appellari potest, vel fortasse '''gulphus,'''{{FD ref}} '''[[fretum]],''' atque adeo '''[[mare]]''' tantum. Multi [[portus]] et [[navalia]] in sinibus patent. {{NexInt}} * [[Aestuarium]] * [[Fenestra (geographia)]] * [[Fiordum]] * [[Portus]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Finkl, Charles W. [[2019]]. ''Encyclopedia of coastal science.'' Novi Eboraci, Berolini, Heidelbergae: Springer. ISBN 9783319938059, ISBN 9783319938073, ISBN 9783319938066. * Harff, Jan, Martin Meschede, Sven Petersen, et Jörn Thiede, eds. [[2016]]. ''Encyclopedia of marine geosciences.'' Dordrecht: Springer Reference, Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 9789400762374, ISBN 9400762372. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Bays|sinum}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Sinus|!]] {{Myrias|Physica}} lk52fqrgr82nlkr2gu8r0rfs1b77ex1 0 89765 3955288 3734446 2026-04-17T17:05:52Z Nefelokokkygieus 107224 /* Discographia */ Lisäsin puuttuvat latinannokset. 3955288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus:Matti ja Teppo Vihreät Niityt iskelmätapahtumassa 2004.jpg|thumb|Cantores Aboenses anno 2004]] '''Matti ja Teppo''' ([[Latine]] fere: Matthias et Stephanus) vocatur [[grex musicus]] popularis duoviralis [[Finnia|Finnicus]], qui a duobus fratribus [[Aboa|Aboensibus]], Matti (natus anno [[1949]]) et Teppo Ruohonen (natus anno [[1948]]), anno [[1969]] Aboae conditus est. A prima iam iuventute una cum fratre maiore Seppo, qui postea et ipse [[cantor]] notabilis factus est, domi forisque maritimis vestimentis induti concinere solebant. Postquam fundamenta conservatorio Aboensi iacta sunt, in numero primorum studentium ambo se illic arti musicae dederunt. In principio fratres et [[violina]] et [[clavile]] usi inter se ludebant, sed maturioribus annis vox [[cithara]]que magis Matthiae placebant, verba lyrica componenda Stephano. Anno demum [[1966]] competitionem musicam, qua nova ingenia popularia querebatur, vicerunt, sed non prius quam anno [[1969]], cum concertus publicos Aboitibus dare coepissent, re vera communem admirationem secuti sunt. Eodem quoque anno primum phonodiscum, cui nomen ''Si felix es'' inditum est, palam dederunt, annoque insequenti cantico ''Biotita'' summum favoris gradum attigerunt. Carmina selecta ''Matti ja Teppo'' intitulata anno [[1972]] edita sunt, proprio negotio discophonico nuperrime instituto. In carminibus posterioribus notanda sunt praeter alia ''Kaiken takana on nainen'' (Latine fere: "Dux femina facti") et ''Mä joka päivä töitä teen'' (Latine fere: "Cotidie mihi laborandumst"). Dicitur Teppo iuvenis se etiam studio Latinitatis paululum dedisse. == Discographia == * ''Matti ja Teppo'' (1972, Latine: "Matthias et Stephanus") * ''Ota kiinni'' (1975, Latine: "Cape") * ''Cara mia'' (1976, Latine: "Cara mea") * ''Sait mitä hait'' (1977, Latine: "Quod querebas, tibi est") * ''Et voi tulla rajan taa'' (1981, Latine: "Finis non tibi superandast") * ''Pidä itsestäsi huolta'' (1982, Latine: "Sis tibi curae") * ''Minuun voit luottaa'' (1983, Latine: "Mihi credere potes") * ''Kuulut aikaan parhaimpaan'' (1984, Latine: "Pertinuisti ad optima tempora") * ''Lauluja sinulle'' (1984, Latine: "Carmina tibi conscripta") * ''Matti & Teppo'' (1986, Latine: "Matthias Stephanusque") * ''Matti ja Teppo '87'' (1987, Latine: "Matthias et Stephanus LXXXVII") * ''Aito tunne'' (1989, Latine: "Verus sensus") * ''Joulu on rakkautta'' (1989, Latine: "Natalis est amor") * ''Suuret valssisuosikit'' (1990, Latine: "Saltationes praeferitae") * ''Taivaan merkit'' (1991, Latine: "Signa coeli") * ''Jää mun luo'' (1992, Latine: "Mecum maneas") * ''Kaikki peliin'' (1994, Latine: "Alea iacta est") * ''Suuret valssisuosikit 2'' (1995, Latine: "Saltationes praeferitae II") * ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja'' (1995, Latine: "Carmina spei et tacitudinis") * ''Luotuja kulkemaan'' (1997, Latine: "Creati ut ambularent") * ''Suuret valssisuosikit 3'' (1998, Latine: "Saltationes praeferitae III) * ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja 2'' (1999, Latine: "Carmina spei et tacitudinis II") * ''Ensimmäinen'' (2001, Latine: "Prima") * ''Hänelle'' (2003, Latine: "Illi") * ''Joulun aika'' (2004, Latine: "Tempus natale") * ''Pöytä täyteen'' (2006, Latine: "Plena mensa") * ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja 3'' (2006, Latine: "Carmina spei et tacitudinis III") * ''Satoi tai paistoi'' (2008, Latine: "Sub pluviis fulgentique Jove") * ''Peruskallio'' (2010, Latine: "Petra") * ''Meidän paikka'' (2012, Latine: "Locus noster") * ''Yksinoikeudella'' (2014, Latine: "Cum iure exclusivo") * ''Nostalgiaa'' (2017, Latine: "Desiderium paeteriti temporis") * ''Enemmän'' (2019, Latine: "Plus") * ''Ollaan kuin ennen'' (2022, Latine: "Ut olim simus") [[Categoria:Greges musici Finniae]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1969]] [[Categoria:Musici et greges Finnice cantantes]] 70osamfo9rpkhg806yjbwbjm6j99m4w 3955331 3955288 2026-04-17T22:40:17Z IacobusAmor 1163 Fontes absunt 3955331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2026|4}} {{vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus:Matti ja Teppo Vihreät Niityt iskelmätapahtumassa 2004.jpg|thumb|Cantores Aboenses anno 2004]] '''Matti ja Teppo''' ([[Latine]] fere: Matthias et Stephanus) vocatur [[grex musicus]] popularis duoviralis [[Finnia|Finnicus]], qui a duobus fratribus [[Aboa|Aboensibus]], Matti (natus anno [[1949]]) et Teppo Ruohonen (natus anno [[1948]]), anno [[1969]] Aboae conditus est. A prima iam iuventute una cum fratre maiore Seppo, qui postea et ipse [[cantor]] notabilis factus est, domi forisque maritimis vestimentis induti concinere solebant. Postquam fundamenta conservatorio Aboensi iacta sunt, in numero primorum studentium ambo se illic arti musicae dederunt. In principio fratres et [[violina]] et [[clavile]] usi inter se ludebant, sed maturioribus annis vox [[cithara]]que magis Matthiae placebant, verba lyrica componenda Stephano. Anno demum [[1966]] competitionem musicam, qua nova ingenia popularia querebatur, vicerunt, sed non prius quam anno [[1969]], cum concertus publicos Aboitibus dare coepissent, re vera communem admirationem secuti sunt. Eodem quoque anno primum phonodiscum, cui nomen ''Si felix es'' inditum est, palam dederunt, annoque insequenti cantico ''Biotita'' summum favoris gradum attigerunt. Carmina selecta ''Matti ja Teppo'' intitulata anno [[1972]] edita sunt, proprio negotio discophonico nuperrime instituto. In carminibus posterioribus notanda sunt praeter alia ''Kaiken takana on nainen'' (Latine fere: "Dux femina facti") et ''Mä joka päivä töitä teen'' (Latine fere: "Cotidie mihi laborandumst"). Dicitur Teppo iuvenis se etiam studio Latinitatis paululum dedisse. == Discographia == * ''Matti ja Teppo'' (1972, Latine: "Matthias et Stephanus") * ''Ota kiinni'' (1975, Latine: "Cape") * ''Cara mia'' (1976, Latine: "Cara mea") * ''Sait mitä hait'' (1977, Latine: "Quod querebas, tibi est") * ''Et voi tulla rajan taa'' (1981, Latine: "Finis non tibi superandast") * ''Pidä itsestäsi huolta'' (1982, Latine: "Sis tibi curae") * ''Minuun voit luottaa'' (1983, Latine: "Mihi credere potes") * ''Kuulut aikaan parhaimpaan'' (1984, Latine: "Pertinuisti ad optima tempora") * ''Lauluja sinulle'' (1984, Latine: "Carmina tibi conscripta") * ''Matti & Teppo'' (1986, Latine: "Matthias Stephanusque") * ''Matti ja Teppo '87'' (1987, Latine: "Matthias et Stephanus LXXXVII") * ''Aito tunne'' (1989, Latine: "Verus sensus") * ''Joulu on rakkautta'' (1989, Latine: "Natalis est amor") * ''Suuret valssisuosikit'' (1990, Latine: "Saltationes praeferitae") * ''Taivaan merkit'' (1991, Latine: "Signa coeli") * ''Jää mun luo'' (1992, Latine: "Mecum maneas") * ''Kaikki peliin'' (1994, Latine: "Alea iacta est") * ''Suuret valssisuosikit 2'' (1995, Latine: "Saltationes praeferitae II") * ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja'' (1995, Latine: "Carmina spei et tacitudinis") * ''Luotuja kulkemaan'' (1997, Latine: "Creati ut ambularent") * ''Suuret valssisuosikit 3'' (1998, Latine: "Saltationes praeferitae III) * ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja 2'' (1999, Latine: "Carmina spei et tacitudinis II") * ''Ensimmäinen'' (2001, Latine: "Prima") * ''Hänelle'' (2003, Latine: "Illi") * ''Joulun aika'' (2004, Latine: "Tempus natale") * ''Pöytä täyteen'' (2006, Latine: "Plena mensa") * ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja 3'' (2006, Latine: "Carmina spei et tacitudinis III") * ''Satoi tai paistoi'' (2008, Latine: "Sub pluviis fulgentique Jove") * ''Peruskallio'' (2010, Latine: "Petra") * ''Meidän paikka'' (2012, Latine: "Locus noster") * ''Yksinoikeudella'' (2014, Latine: "Cum iure exclusivo") * ''Nostalgiaa'' (2017, Latine: "Desiderium paeteriti temporis") * ''Enemmän'' (2019, Latine: "Plus") * ''Ollaan kuin ennen'' (2022, Latine: "Ut olim simus") [[Categoria:Greges musici Finniae]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1969]] [[Categoria:Musici et greges Finnice cantantes]] fv4dn9pq85g6thnstodvav5p3i5xxl4 0 89957 3955260 3713515 2026-04-17T15:26:50Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Census Latinus universalis''' anno 2009 factus est ut numerus Latine loquentium sive Latinizantium temporibus nostris, qui adhuc non bene liquet, magis perspicue appareret. A temporibus [[Seditio Francogallica|Seditionis Francogallicae]] numerus eorum qui in Europa sermone Latino utebantur magis magisque minuebatur. Tamen hodie vix scientifice dici potest quot homines lingua Latina cottidie utantur. ==Inquisitiones statisticae== Recens, quidam universitarii americani, quaestionibus in Reti Internationali propositis, per totum orbem terrarum magnam inquisitionem de usu linguae latinae proposuerunt. Etenim anno 2009 mense iulio professores nonnulli [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527211843/http://www.wwu.edu/mcl/classical/ Universitatis studiorum Vasintoniae Occidentalis (WWU)], Eduardo Engelsing moderante, censum latinum universalem instituere coeperunt ut homines qui tempore nostro latino sermone utantur denumerentur. Ex hoc censu apparebit clarius status hodiernus linguae latinae et videre poterimus an sit reapse lingua latina omnino mortua ut in Francogallia palam dicitur. == Nuntius census Latini anno 2009 == Exspectatus ad primum Censum omnium hominum quavis e gente oriundorum accessisti. Census ab Universitatis studiorum Vasintoniae Occidentalis (WWU) professoribus institutus est, auspiciis Academiae Latinitati Fovendae (ALF) sodalium, duobus praesertim propositis: * Ut homines, qui nostra aetate sermone Latino utuntur, adnumerentur; * Quo melius Latini sermonis usus atque condiciones, quae nostra aetate sunt, intelligantur. Huius census indiciis decursu annorum descriptis, rite ordinatis, inter se comparatis demonstrari poterit utrum sermonis usus increbrescat necne, quibus in orbis terrarum regionibus sermo Latinus maxime usurpetur, qui libri ad eius studium saepius adhibeantur et alia. Census Latinus alternis annis ab eisdem professoribus instituetur, et indicia in eo collecta in publicum edentur. Ab illis, qui respondere velint, nihil poscetur, quod ad vitam privatam pertineat. Talia enim nullo iure in Rete Universali exhibentur. ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620105237/http://www.academialatinitatifovendae.org/Academialatinitatifovendae/ALF.html De Academia Latina] {{Nexus desiderati}} [[Categoria:Linguistica]] [[Categoria:Latinitas viva]] [[Categoria:Census]] [[Categoria:2009]] m399q8hyzco3mf9ielzcerp6axj5dm6 3955261 3955260 2026-04-17T15:27:25Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Inquisitiones statisticae */ 3955261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Census Latinus universalis''' anno 2009 factus est ut numerus Latine loquentium sive Latinizantium temporibus nostris, qui adhuc non bene liquet, magis perspicue appareret. A temporibus [[Seditio Francogallica|Seditionis Francogallicae]] numerus eorum qui in Europa sermone Latino utebantur magis magisque minuebatur. Tamen hodie vix scientifice dici potest quot homines lingua Latina cottidie utantur. ==Inquisitiones statisticae== Recens, quidam universitarii americani, quaestionibus in Reti Internationali propositis, per totum orbem terrarum magnam inquisitionem de usu linguae Latinae proposuerunt. Etenim anno 2009 mense iulio professores nonnulli [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527211843/http://www.wwu.edu/mcl/classical/ Universitatis studiorum Vasintoniae Occidentalis (WWU)], Eduardo Engelsing moderante, censum latinum universalem instituere coeperunt ut homines qui tempore nostro latino sermone utantur denumerentur. Ex hoc censu apparebit clarius status hodiernus linguae latinae et videre poterimus an sit reapse lingua latina omnino mortua ut in Francogallia palam dicitur. == Nuntius census Latini anno 2009 == Exspectatus ad primum Censum omnium hominum quavis e gente oriundorum accessisti. Census ab Universitatis studiorum Vasintoniae Occidentalis (WWU) professoribus institutus est, auspiciis Academiae Latinitati Fovendae (ALF) sodalium, duobus praesertim propositis: * Ut homines, qui nostra aetate sermone Latino utuntur, adnumerentur; * Quo melius Latini sermonis usus atque condiciones, quae nostra aetate sunt, intelligantur. Huius census indiciis decursu annorum descriptis, rite ordinatis, inter se comparatis demonstrari poterit utrum sermonis usus increbrescat necne, quibus in orbis terrarum regionibus sermo Latinus maxime usurpetur, qui libri ad eius studium saepius adhibeantur et alia. Census Latinus alternis annis ab eisdem professoribus instituetur, et indicia in eo collecta in publicum edentur. Ab illis, qui respondere velint, nihil poscetur, quod ad vitam privatam pertineat. Talia enim nullo iure in Rete Universali exhibentur. ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620105237/http://www.academialatinitatifovendae.org/Academialatinitatifovendae/ALF.html De Academia Latina] {{Nexus desiderati}} [[Categoria:Linguistica]] [[Categoria:Latinitas viva]] [[Categoria:Census]] [[Categoria:2009]] escqohvl8da8d0y39jwfxrx9eji2fxn 3955262 3955261 2026-04-17T15:28:19Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Inquisitiones statisticae */ 3955262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Census Latinus universalis''' anno 2009 factus est ut numerus Latine loquentium sive Latinizantium temporibus nostris, qui adhuc non bene liquet, magis perspicue appareret. A temporibus [[Seditio Francogallica|Seditionis Francogallicae]] numerus eorum qui in Europa sermone Latino utebantur magis magisque minuebatur. Tamen hodie vix scientifice dici potest quot homines lingua Latina cottidie utantur. ==Inquisitiones statisticae== Recens, quidam universitarii americani, quaestionibus in Reti Internationali propositis, per totum orbem terrarum magnam inquisitionem de usu linguae Latinae proposuerunt. Etenim anno 2009 mense iulio professores nonnulli [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527211843/http://www.wwu.edu/mcl/classical/ Universitatis studiorum Vasintoniae Occidentalis (WWU)], Eduardo Engelsing moderante, censum Latinum universalem instituere coeperunt ut homines qui tempore nostro Latino sermone utantur denumerentur. Ex hoc censu apparebit clarius status hodiernus linguae latinae et videre poterimus an sit reapse lingua Latina omnino mortua ut in Francogallia palam dicitur. == Nuntius census Latini anno 2009 == Exspectatus ad primum Censum omnium hominum quavis e gente oriundorum accessisti. Census ab Universitatis studiorum Vasintoniae Occidentalis (WWU) professoribus institutus est, auspiciis Academiae Latinitati Fovendae (ALF) sodalium, duobus praesertim propositis: * Ut homines, qui nostra aetate sermone Latino utuntur, adnumerentur; * Quo melius Latini sermonis usus atque condiciones, quae nostra aetate sunt, intelligantur. Huius census indiciis decursu annorum descriptis, rite ordinatis, inter se comparatis demonstrari poterit utrum sermonis usus increbrescat necne, quibus in orbis terrarum regionibus sermo Latinus maxime usurpetur, qui libri ad eius studium saepius adhibeantur et alia. Census Latinus alternis annis ab eisdem professoribus instituetur, et indicia in eo collecta in publicum edentur. Ab illis, qui respondere velint, nihil poscetur, quod ad vitam privatam pertineat. Talia enim nullo iure in Rete Universali exhibentur. ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620105237/http://www.academialatinitatifovendae.org/Academialatinitatifovendae/ALF.html De Academia Latina] {{Nexus desiderati}} [[Categoria:Linguistica]] [[Categoria:Latinitas viva]] [[Categoria:Census]] [[Categoria:2009]] 583g0w6m90sfwn34zgiahaq3hi7vv5o 0 93000 3955265 3182673 2026-04-17T15:36:51Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3955265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ioannes Malalas''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἰωάννης Μαλάλας}}; natus circa annum 490; mortuus circa 580) fuit [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], auctor ''[[Chronographia (Malalas)|Chronographiae]]''. == Editiones et versiones == * Johannes Thurn, ed., 2000, ''Ioannis Malalae Chronographia''. Berolini:De Gruyter, 2000. ISBN 3-11-008800-2 (''Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae'', 35) * Elizabeth Jeffreys et al., transll., ''The Chronicle of John Malalas: A Translation''. Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986. ISBN 0-9593626-2-2 (''Byzantina Australiensia'', 4) == Nexus externi == * [http://www.attalus.org/translate/malalas.html Versio libri octavi ''Chronographiae''] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0491-0578-_Ioannes_Malalas.html Textus] {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} == Bibliographia == * {{CathEnc|08466c|John Malalas}} * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 73-77 * E. Jeffreys, B. Croke, and R. Scott (eds.), ''Studies in John Malalas'' (Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1990) (Byzantina Australiensia, 6), pp. 1-25. * J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, "Malalas on Antioch," in J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, ''Decline and Change in Late Antiquity: Religion, Barbarians and their Historiography''. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006 * Roger D. Scott, "Malalas, The Secret History, and Justinian's Propaganda" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 39 (1985) pp. 99-109 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291517 JSTOR] * David Woods, "Malalas, Constantius, and a Church-inscription from Antioch," ''Vigiliae Christianae'', 59,1 (2005), pp. 54-62 {{Bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Historici Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] m1djzevdbnc6aovkh0wats0flskmeen 3955268 3955265 2026-04-17T15:41:46Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ioannes Malalas''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἰωάννης Μαλάλας}}; natus circa annum 490; mortuus circa 580) fuit [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], auctor ''[[Chronographia (Malalas)|Chronographiae]]''. == Bibliographia == * {{CathEnc|08466c|John Malalas}} * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 73-77 * E. Jeffreys, B. Croke, and R. Scott (eds.), ''Studies in John Malalas'' (Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1990) (Byzantina Australiensia, 6), pp. 1-25. {{Bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Historici Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] 2kaboy3a057ddohjsb9yxr0ifoujcmp 0 93034 3955253 3621634 2026-04-17T15:19:59Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Menander Protector''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Μένανδρος ὁ προτήκτωρ}}) fuit [[historicus]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]] qui [[saeculum 6|saeculo VI]] exeunte floruit. Cum [[Herodotus (historicus Byzantinus)|Herodoto]] fratre res gestas imperii Byzantini narravit post finem ''[[Historiae (Agathias)|historiarum]]'' [[Agathias|Agathiae]], scilicet ab anno [[558]], usque ad [[582]], imperatoribus [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]], [[Iustinus II|Iustino II]], [[Flavius Tiberius Constantinus|Tiberio II]]. == Opera == * ''[[Historia (Menander)|Historia]]'' (in fragmentis tantum servata) == Bibliographia == * [[Barry Baldwin]], "Menander Protector" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 32 (1978) pp. 101-125 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291420 JSTOR] * R. C. Blockley, ed., ''The History of Menander the Guardsman''. Liverpolii: Francis Cairns, 1985) pp. 1-2 * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Neapoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 82-83 [[Categoria:Historici Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6 aut 7]] t9pncp0xrhstj4c7h2r1yolepgrmbbn 0 93042 3955312 3585751 2026-04-17T18:46:58Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MorThanFeastofAttila.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Attila]]e cena a Prisco descripta, recentius a [[Than Mór]] Hungarico picta]] '''Priscus Panites''' seu '''Panita''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Πρίσκος ὁ Πανίτης}}; floruit [[saeculum 5|saeculo V]] medio) fuit legatus et [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], cuius opera partim in fragmentis servantur. == Bibliographia == * "[http://archive.org/stream/fragmentahistori04mueluoft#page/68/mode/2up Priscus Panites]" in {{FHG}} vol. 4 pp. 69-110 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} * "[http://www.archive.org/stream/historicigraecim01dinduoft#page/274/mode/2up Prisci fragmenta]" in [[Ludovicus Dindorfius|L. Dindorfius]], ed., ''Historici Graeci minores'' (Lipsiae: Teubner, 1870) p. 275 ff. (''[[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]]'') {{Ling|Graece}} * Immanuel Bekkerus, B. G. Niebuhrius, edd., ''Dexippi, Eunapii, Petri Patricii, Prisci, Malchi, Menandri historiarum quae supersunt''. 1829 (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'') {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum10niebuoft Textus] * Roger C. Blockley, ''The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire''. Liverpolii. Vol. 2 (ISBN 0-905205-15-4) * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 102-105 ; De singulis rebus quae in fragmentis referuntur * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == * [http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/texts/priscus.html Priscus ad aulam Attilae] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{Bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Historici Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Legati Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4 aut 5]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 5]] ofuci5xq4uiiz7ck8ep9k29jcpp06wp 0 93050 3955323 3405520 2026-04-17T20:50:18Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Theophylactus Simocatta''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάτ(τ)ης}}; floruit circa annum 630) fuit poeta et [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]]. == Opera == * ''[[Historia (Theophylactus)|Historia]]'' * ''[[Quaestiones physicae]]'' == Bibliographia == * Immanuel Bekkerus, ed., ''Theophylactus Simocatta, Genesius''. 1834 (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'') [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum49niebuoft Textus] * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 119-121 * Michael Whitby, ''The Emperor Maurice and His Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1988 * Michael Whitby, Mary Whitby, interprr., ''The History of Theophylact Simocatta: An English Translation with Introduction''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-822799-X == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0530-0630-_Theophylactus_Simocatta.html Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes] {{Bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 6 aut 7|saeculo 7|Theophylactus Simocatta}} [[Categoria:Historici Byzantini]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] 936ka39i5h90ifnm83j92of4xw1pxaj 0 93469 3955311 3715019 2026-04-17T18:41:46Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ nexus 3955311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Porphyrogenetus.jpg|thumb|right|Imperator [[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus]] a Christo coronatus]] '''''De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae''''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα}}, scil. "constitutio") est opus ab imperatore [[Constantinus VII Porphyrogenitus|Constantino Porphyrogenito]] aut ab eruditis scriptorii imperialis [[saeculum 10|saeculo X]] scriptum, in quo agenda diurnalia aulae imperialis enumerantur. Libellus de officiis aulicis cuius titulus est ''[[Cletorologium]]'', a [[Philotheus|Philotheo]] compositus, capitulis 52–54 libri primi operis ''De cerimoniis'' nobis servatur. == Continentur == * Liber I, tempore Constantini Porphyrogeniti elaboratus e scriptis separatim iam exstantibus, tempore [[Nicephorus II Phocas|Nicephori Phocae]] recensus ** cc. 1-9 : de pompis et cerimoniis sacris principalibus, tempore Constantini Porphyrogeniti actis, a nativitate Christi ad Pentecostum tantum comprehendentibus ** cc. 10-37 : de pompis et cerimoniis sacris, praecipue ante Constantinum Porphyrogenitum actis, a Pascha incipientibus omnemque annum comprehendentibus ** cc. 38-83 : de pompis et cerimoniis saec. X saecularibus ** cc. 84-85 : de cerimoniis instaurationis officialium (res saeculo VI a "magistro [[Petrus Patricius|Petro]]" scripta) ** c. 86 : de instauratione officialium (res saeculo VI scripta) ** cc. 87-88 : de receptione legatorum imperatorum occidentalium (res tempore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani I]] scripta) ** cc. 89-90 : de receptione legatorum Persarum (res saeculo VI scripta) ** cc. 91-95 : anagoreuses imperatorum a [[Leo I (imperator)|Leone I]] ad [[Iustinianus I|Iustinianum I]] (res tempore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani I]] scripta) ** c. 96 : anagoreusis [[Nicephorus II Phocas|Nicephori Phocae]] (res tempore [[Nicephorus II Phocas|Nicephori Phocae]] addita) ** c. 97 : instauratio proedri Senatus (res tempore [[Nicephorus II Phocas|Nicephori Phocae]] addita) * Liber II ** cc. 1-16, 18-25 : de rebus notandis cerimoniarum saec. X, ex ore participum descriptis ** c. 15 supplementum : de receptione legatorum Saracenorum et principissae [[Olga Kioviensis|Olgae]] ** c. 17 : anagoreusis [[Romanus II|Romani II]] ** cc. 26-55 : res variae praecipue antiquae, e scriptis separatis congessae ** cc. 52-53 : ''[[Cletorologium]]'' [[Philotheus|Philothei]] ** c. 54 : "Notitia episcopatuum" [[Epiphanius Cyprius|Epiphanii Cyprii]] (supplementum ''Cletorologio'') == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * Ann Moffatt, Maxene Tall, interprr., ''Constantine Porphyrogennetos, The Book of Ceremonies; with the Greek edition of the Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1829)''. 2 voll. Canberrae: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 2012. ISBN 9781876503420 (''Byzantina Australiensia'', 18) {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2013/2013-08-19.html Recensio huius operis] * Io. Iac. Reiskius, ed., ''Constantini Porphyrogeniti imperatoris De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae''. 2 voll. Bonnae: Weber, 1830 (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 7-8) {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum07niebuoft Vol. 1] [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum08niebuoft Vol. 2] apud archive.org * A. Vogt, ed. et interpr. ''Constantin VII Porphyrogénète, Le livre des cérémonies''. 4 voll. Lutetiae, 1935-1940 [Editio libri 1 nondum perfecta cum commentario] {{Ling|Graece|Francogallice}} ; Editiones et versiones capitulorum singulorum {{Vide-etiam|Cletorologium#Bibliographia}} * Béatrice Caseau, “Le cérémonial impérial” in Sophie Métivier, ed., ''Economie et société à Byzance (VIIIe-XIIe siècle): textes et documents'' (Lutetiae: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2007) pp. 19-27 [versio textuum selectorum] {{Google Books|890Vqq0GNhYC|Paginae selectae}} * Gilbert Dagron, "L’organisation et le déroulement des courses d’après le Livre des Cérémonies" in ''Travaux et mémoires du Centre de recherche, d'histoire et de civilisation byzantine'' vol. 13 (2000) pp. 1-200 * John F. Haldon, ''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions''. Vindobonae, 1990 {{Ling|Anglice}} ; Historica et critica * Christine Angelidi, "[https://www.academia.edu/6411819/Designing_Receptions_in_the_Palace_De_Cerimoniis_2.15_in_A._Beihammer_S._Constantinou_and_M._Parani_eds_Court_Ceremonies_and_Rituals_of_Power_in_Byzantium_and_the_Medieval_World._Comparative_Perspectives_Brill_Leiden_and_Boston_2013_ Designing Receptions in the Palace (De Cerimoniis 2.15)]" in Alexander Beihammer, Stavroula Constantinou, Maria Parani, edd., ''Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2013) pp. 465-486 {{Google Books|0WJTAQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}} * J. B. Bury, "The Ceremonial Book of Constantine Porphyrogennetos" (2 partes) in ''English Historical Review'' vol. 22 (1907) pp. 209-227, 417-439 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/550563 JSTOR 1], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/549919 2] * Jean Ebersolt, ''Le grand palais de Constantinople et le livre des cérémonies''. Lutetiae: Leroux, 1910 [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/ebersolt1910 Textus apud universitatem Heidelbergensem] * John F. Haldon, "Theory and Practice in Tenth-Century Military Administration. Chapters II, 44 and 45 of the Book of Ceremonies" in ''Travaux et mémoires du Centre de recherche, d'histoire et de civilisation byzantine'' vol. 13 (2000) pp. 201-352 * Simon Malmberg, ''Dazzling Dining: banquets as an expression of imperial legitimacy''. Upsalae: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 2003 [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 10]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Libri de civitatibus administrandis]] [[Categoria:Aulae]] [[Categoria:Imperium Byzantinum]] [[Categoria:Constantinus VII Porphyrogenitus]] abyjr9jncep18svlgujf3tmgpudazqm 3955316 3955311 2026-04-17T19:24:38Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Porphyrogenetus.jpg|thumb|right|Imperator [[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus]] a Christo coronatus]] '''''De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae''''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα}}, scil. "constitutio") est opus ab imperatore [[Constantinus VII Porphyrogenitus|Constantino Porphyrogenito]] aut ab eruditis scriptorii imperialis [[saeculum 10|saeculo X]] scriptum, in quo agenda diurnalia aulae imperialis enumerantur. Libellus de officiis aulicis cuius titulus est ''[[Cletorologium]]'', a [[Philotheus|Philotheo]] compositus, capitulis 52–54 libri primi operis ''De cerimoniis'' nobis servatur. == Continentur == * Liber I, tempore Constantini Porphyrogeniti elaboratus e scriptis separatim iam exstantibus, tempore [[Nicephorus II Phocas|Nicephori Phocae]] recensus ** cc. 1-9 : de pompis et cerimoniis sacris principalibus, tempore Constantini Porphyrogeniti actis, a nativitate Christi ad Pentecostum tantum comprehendentibus ** cc. 10-37 : de pompis et cerimoniis sacris, praecipue ante Constantinum Porphyrogenitum actis, a Pascha incipientibus omnemque annum comprehendentibus ** cc. 38-83 : de pompis et cerimoniis saec. X saecularibus ** cc. 84-85 : de cerimoniis instaurationis officialium (res saeculo VI a "magistro [[Petrus Patricius|Petro]]" scripta) ** c. 86 : de instauratione officialium (res saeculo VI scripta) ** cc. 87-88 : de receptione legatorum imperatorum occidentalium (res tempore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani I]] scripta) ** cc. 89-90 : de receptione legatorum Persarum (res saeculo VI scripta) ** cc. 91-95 : anagoreuses imperatorum a [[Leo I (imperator)|Leone I]] ad [[Iustinianus I|Iustinianum I]] (res tempore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani I]] scripta) ** c. 96 : anagoreusis [[Nicephorus II Phocas|Nicephori Phocae]] (res tempore [[Nicephorus II Phocas|Nicephori Phocae]] addita) ** c. 97 : instauratio proedri Senatus (res tempore [[Nicephorus II Phocas|Nicephori Phocae]] addita) * Liber II ** cc. 1-16, 18-25 : de rebus notandis cerimoniarum saec. X, ex ore participum descriptis ** c. 15 supplementum : de receptione legatorum Saracenorum et principissae [[Olga Kioviensis|Olgae]] ** c. 17 : anagoreusis [[Romanus II|Romani II]] ** cc. 26-55 : res variae praecipue antiquae, e scriptis separatis congessae ** cc. 52-53 : ''[[Cletorologium]]'' [[Philotheus|Philothei]] ** c. 54 : "Notitia episcopatuum" [[Epiphanius Cyprius|Epiphanii Cyprii]] (supplementum ''Cletorologio'') == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * Ann Moffatt, Maxene Tall, interprr., ''Constantine Porphyrogennetos, The Book of Ceremonies; with the Greek edition of the Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1829)''. 2 voll. Canberrae: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 2012. ISBN 9781876503420 (''Byzantina Australiensia'', 18) {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2013/2013-08-19.html Recensio huius operis] * Io. Iac. Reiskius, ed., ''Constantini Porphyrogeniti imperatoris De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae''. 2 voll. Bonnae: Weber, 1830 (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 7-8) {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum07niebuoft Vol. 1] [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum08niebuoft Vol. 2] apud archive.org * A. Vogt, ed. et interpr. ''Constantin VII Porphyrogénète, Le livre des cérémonies''. 4 voll. Lutetiae, 1935-1940 [Editio libri 1 nondum perfecta cum commentario] {{Ling|Graece|Francogallice}} ; Editiones et versiones capitulorum singulorum {{Vide-etiam|Cletorologium#Bibliographia}} * Béatrice Caseau, “Le cérémonial impérial” in Sophie Métivier, ed., ''Economie et société à Byzance (VIIIe-XIIe siècle): textes et documents'' (Lutetiae: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2007) pp. 19-27 [versio textuum selectorum] {{Google Books|890Vqq0GNhYC|Paginae selectae}} * Gilbert Dagron, "L’organisation et le déroulement des courses d’après le Livre des Cérémonies" in ''Travaux et mémoires du Centre de recherche, d'histoire et de civilisation byzantine'' vol. 13 (2000) pp. 1-200 * John F. Haldon, ''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions''. Vindobonae, 1990 {{Ling|Anglice}} ; Historica et critica * Christine Angelidi, "[https://www.academia.edu/6411819/Designing_Receptions_in_the_Palace_De_Cerimoniis_2.15_in_A._Beihammer_S._Constantinou_and_M._Parani_eds_Court_Ceremonies_and_Rituals_of_Power_in_Byzantium_and_the_Medieval_World._Comparative_Perspectives_Brill_Leiden_and_Boston_2013_ Designing Receptions in the Palace (De Cerimoniis 2.15)]" in Alexander Beihammer, Stavroula Constantinou, Maria Parani, edd., ''Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2013) pp. 465-486 {{Google Books|0WJTAQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}} * J. B. Bury, "The Ceremonial Book of Constantine Porphyrogennetos" (2 partes) in ''English Historical Review'' vol. 22 (1907) pp. 209-227, 417-439 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/550563 JSTOR 1], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/549919 2] * Jean Ebersolt, ''Le grand palais de Constantinople et le livre des cérémonies''. Lutetiae: Leroux, 1910 [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/ebersolt1910 Textus apud universitatem Heidelbergensem] * John F. Haldon, "Theory and Practice in Tenth-Century Military Administration. Chapters II, 44 and 45 of the Book of Ceremonies" in ''Travaux et mémoires du Centre de recherche, d'histoire et de civilisation byzantine'' vol. 13 (2000) pp. 201-352 * Simon Malmberg, ''Dazzling Dining: banquets as an expression of imperial legitimacy''. Upsalae: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 2003 [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 10]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Libri de civitatibus administrandis]] [[Categoria:Aulae]] [[Categoria:Imperium Byzantinum]] [[Categoria:Constantinus VII Porphyrogenitus]] 4mnn7svia0k17um266j94k7eugups37 0 94246 3955255 3954910 2026-04-17T15:21:49Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3955255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Historia Arcana 1623.jpg|thumb|''Ἀνέκδοτα: Arcana historia'', editore Nicolao Alemanno, Lugduni, 1623 ([[editio princeps]]): titulus]] '''''Anecdota''''' sive '''''Historia arcana''''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἀνέκδοτα}}) est opus [[Procopius|Procopii]], saeculo VI medio scriptum inter annos fere [[558]] et 562. Ibi res gestas aulae [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinae]] tempore suo narrat, et praecipue vitas [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] imperatoris, [[Theodora (uxor Iustiniani)|Theodorae]] imperatricis, [[Belisarius|Belisarii]] ducis exercituum uxorisque eius [[Antonina (Belisarii uxor)|Antoninae]]. == Editiones et versiones == * 1623 : Nicolaus Alemannus, ed., ''Procopii Caesariensis V. I. Ἀνέκδοτα: Arcana historia, qui est liber nonus Historiarum''. Lugduni: Andreas Brugiotti {{Google Books|TiBDAAAAcAAJ}} * 1654 : Ioannes Eichelius, ed., ''Ἀνέκδοτα seu Historia arcana Procopii Caesariensis''. Helmestadi: Henningus Mullerus {{Google Books|V1JcAAAAcAAJ}} * 1669 : ''Histoire secrète de Procope de Cesarée, traduite par L. de M.'' Lutetiae: Guillaume de Luyne {{Google Books|y55oAAAAcAAJ}} * 1674 : ''The secret history of the court of the emperor Justinian, written by Procopius of Cesarea, faithfully rendred into English''. Londinii: John Barkesdale {{Google Books|1OhmAAAAcAAJ}} * 1682 : ''The Debaucht Court, or The Lives of the Emperor Justinian and His Empress Theodora, faithfully translated into English''. Londinii: G. Baldwyn {{Google Books|UgMyX9Oss08C}} * 1685 : Louis Cousin, interpr., ''Histoire de Constantinople depuis le règne de l'ancien Justin jusqu'à la fin de l'Empire: traduite sur les originaux grecs'' (8 voll. Lutetiae: Damien Foucault) vol. 2 pp. 113-220 {{Ling|Francogallice}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k87272103/f117 Textus] apud Gallica * 1716 : "Capitis nono Ἀνεκδότων sive Historiae arcanae Procopii loci duo e codice ms. Vaticano suppleti et Latine redditi" in ''Menagiana, ou Les bons mots .... de M. Menage recueillis par ses amis'' vol. 3 (Amstelodami, 1716) {{Google Books|beETAAAAQAAJ|pp. 254-259}} {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} * 1729 : Claudius Maltretus, ed., ''Procopii Caesariensis Historia arcana, qui est liber nonus Historiarum''. Venetiis: Bartholomaeus Javarina {{Google Books|R9Hytpn7fFQC}} * 1753 : Johann Paul Reinhard, interpr., ''Procopii von Cäsarea Geheime Geschichte''. Erlangen: Gotthard Poetsch {{Google Books|AXgAAAAAcAAJ}} * 1838 : [[Guilelmus Dindorfius]], ed., ''Procopius''. Bonnae: Weber, 1833-1838 (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 43-45) [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum45niebuoft Vol. 3] {{Google Books|aVFXAAAAcAAJ}} {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} * 1906 : Iacobus Haury, ed., ''Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia'' (4 voll. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1905-1913. ''[[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]]'') vol. 3: ''Historia quae dicitur arcana'' [https://archive.org/details/ProcopiiCaesariensisOperaOmnia Textus] {{Ling|Graece}} ** ed. correctior; addenda et corrigenda adiecit Gerhard Wirth (4 voll. 1962-1964) vol. 3: ''Historia quae dicitur arcana'' [https://archive.org/details/operaomniarecogn0003proc Textus] {{Ling|Graece}} * 1927 : Richard Atwater, transl., ''Procopius: Secret History''. Chicago: P. Covici, 1927 [https://web.archive.org/web/20131011231759/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/procop-anec.html Textus] {{Ling|Anglice}} * 1940 : H. B. Dewing, ed., ''Procopius'' (7 voll. Londinii: Heinemann, 1914-1940. ''[[Loeb Classical Library]]'') vol. 6 ''The Anecdota or Secret History'' [https://archive.org/details/procopius0000proc Textus] {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} * 1966 : G. A. Williamson, transl., ''Procopius: The Secret History''. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966 (''[[Penguin Classics]]'') {{Ling|Anglice}} == Bibliographia == * "Procopius and the Secret History", "Procopius and Theodora" in [[Averil Cameron]], ''Procopius and the sixth century'' (Londinii: Routledge, 2005) pp. 47-82 * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 105-111 * Brian Croke, "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277999364_Procopius%27_Secret_History_Rethinking_the_Date Procopius’ Secret History : Rethinking the Date]" in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 45 (2005) pp. 405–431 * Elizabeth A. Fisher, "Theodora and Antonina in the ''Historia arcana'': history and/or fiction?" in ''Arethusa'' vol. 11 (1978) pp. 253-279 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26308163 JSTOR] * Roger D. Scott, "Malalas, The Secret History, and Justinian's Propaganda" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 39 (1985) pp. 99-109 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291517 JSTOR] {{NexInt}} * [[Libri rerum gestarum Byzantinarum]] {{Lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Iustinianus]] kvdcp2sluv5bcgyed59aht5adbt7p17 0 94255 3955321 3813774 2026-04-17T20:34:41Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} '''''Historiae''''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἱστορίαι}}) fuit opus [[Menander Protector|Menandri Protectoris]], [[saeculum 6|saeculo VI]] exeunte scriptum. Ibi, post finem ''[[Historiae (Agathias)|Historiarum]]'' [[Agathias|Agathiae Scholastici]] insequens, res gestas [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinas]] narravit ab anno [[558]] usque ad [[582]], imperatoribus [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]], [[Iustinus II|Iustino II]], [[Flavius Tiberius Constantinus|Tiberio II]]. == Editiones et versiones == * 1685 : Louis Cousin, interpr., ''Histoire de Constantinople depuis le règne de l'ancien Justin jusqu'à la fin de l'Empire: traduite sur les originaux grecs'' (8 voll. Lutetiae: Damien Foucault) vol. 3 p. 17 sqq. {{Ling|Francogallice}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8727209f/f25 Textus] apud Gallica * 1829 : [[Immanuel Bekkerus]], [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhr|B. G. Niebuhrius]], ''Dexippi, Eunapii, Petri Patricii, Prisci, Malchi, Menandri historiarum quae supersunt''. Bonnae: Weber (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 10) {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum10niebuoft Textus] apud archive.org * {{FHG}} vol. 4 p. 200 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} * {{Migne PG}} vol. 113 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} * [[Ludovicus Dindorf]], ''Historici Graeci minores'' vol. 2 * 1985 : Roger Blockley, ed., ''The History of Menander the Guardsman''. Liverpolii, 1985 {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} == Bibliographia == * [[Barry Baldwin]], "Menander Protector" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 32 (1978) pp. 101-125 * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 82-83 ; De singulis rebus in opere relatis * Mihály Dobrovits, "The Altaic world through Byzantine eyes: some remarks on the historical circumstances of Zemarchus' journey to the Turks (AD 569-570)" in ''Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'' vol. 64 (2011), pp. 373-409 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43282429 JSTOR] {{NexInt}} * [[Libri rerum gestarum Byzantinarum]] {{Lit-stipula}} {{Nexus absunt}} [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Iustinianus]] em9pqnal7ynqbul6n3bofwtgjz0fcn7 3955322 3955321 2026-04-17T20:47:39Z Andrew Dalby 1084 bibl 3955322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} '''''Historiae''''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἱστορίαι}}) fuit opus [[Menander Protector|Menandri Protectoris]], [[saeculum 6|saeculo VI]] exeunte scriptum. Ibi, post finem ''[[Historiae (Agathias)|Historiarum]]'' [[Agathias|Agathiae Scholastici]] insequens, res gestas [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinas]] narravit ab anno [[558]] usque ad [[582]], imperatoribus [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]], [[Iustinus II|Iustino II]], [[Flavius Tiberius Constantinus|Tiberio II]]. == Editiones et versiones == * 1685 : Louis Cousin, interpr., ''Histoire de Constantinople depuis le règne de l'ancien Justin jusqu'à la fin de l'Empire: traduite sur les originaux grecs'' (8 voll. Lutetiae: Damien Foucault) vol. 3 p. 17 sqq. {{Ling|Francogallice}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8727209f/f25 Textus] apud Gallica * 1829 : [[Immanuel Bekkerus]], [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhr|B. G. Niebuhrius]], ''Dexippi, Eunapii, Petri Patricii, Prisci, Malchi, Menandri historiarum quae supersunt''. Bonnae: Weber (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 10) {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum10niebuoft Textus] apud archive.org * {{FHG}} vol. 4 p. 200 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} * {{Migne PG}} vol. 113 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} * [[Ludovicus Dindorf]], ''Historici Graeci minores'' vol. 2 * 1985 : Roger Blockley, ed., ''The History of Menander the Guardsman''. Liverpolii, 1985 {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} == Bibliographia == * [[Barry Baldwin]], "Menander Protector" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 32 (1978) pp. 101-125 * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 82-83 ; De singulis rebus in opere relatis * Mihály Dobrovits, "The Altaic world through Byzantine eyes: some remarks on the historical circumstances of Zemarchus' journey to the Turks (AD 569-570)" in ''Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'' vol. 64 (2011), pp. 373-409 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43282429 JSTOR] * Sebastian Kolditz, "Barbarian Emperors? Aspects of the Byzantine Perception of the qaghan (chaganos) in the Earlier Middle Ages" in Christian Scholl, Torben R. Gebhardt, Jan Clauß, edd., ''Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages'' (Peter Lang, 2017) pp. 41-76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv6zdbwx.5 JSTOR] {{NexInt}} * [[Libri rerum gestarum Byzantinarum]] {{Lit-stipula}} {{Nexus absunt}} [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Iustinianus]] aqhkhbc5u51ko19oof3bg9astjr51h9 0 94256 3955270 3148367 2026-04-17T15:44:04Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} '''''Chronographia''''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Χρονογραφία}}) est opus [[Ioannes Malalas|Ioannis Malalae]], [[saeculum 6|saeculo VI]] exeunte scriptum. Ibi res gestas [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinas]] narrat a mundo creato usque ad [[563]]. == Editiones et versiones == * [[Ludovicus Dindorfius]], ed., ''Ioannis Malalae Chronographia''. Bonnae: Weber, 1831 (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 28) [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum28niebuoft Textus] {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} {{NexInt}} * [[Libri rerum gestarum Byzantinarum]] == Bibliographia == * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 73-77 == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * Johannes Thurn, ed., 2000, ''Ioannis Malalae Chronographia''. Berolini:De Gruyter, 2000. ISBN 3-11-008800-2 (''Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae'', 35) * Elizabeth Jeffreys et al., transll., ''The Chronicle of John Malalas: A Translation''. Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986. ISBN 0-9593626-2-2 (''Byzantina Australiensia'', 4) ; Eruditio * Maria Elisabetta Colonna, ''Gli storici Bizantini dal IV al XV secolo'' (Napoli: Armanni, 1956) pp. 73-77 * E. Jeffreys, B. Croke, and R. Scott (eds.), ''Studies in John Malalas'' (Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1990) (Byzantina Australiensia, 6), pp. 1-25. * J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, "Malalas on Antioch," in J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, ''Decline and Change in Late Antiquity: Religion, Barbarians and their Historiography''. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006 * Roger D. Scott, "Malalas, The Secret History, and Justinian's Propaganda" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 39 (1985) pp. 99-109 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291517 JSTOR] * David Woods, "Malalas, Constantius, and a Church-inscription from Antioch," ''Vigiliae Christianae'', 59,1 (2005), pp. 54-62 == Nexus externi == * [http://www.attalus.org/translate/malalas.html Versio libri octavi ''Chronographiae''] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0491-0578-_Ioannes_Malalas.html Textus] {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} {{Lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] 0mhhne4gpilmzeowaecucq4ttcu8jxk 0 118327 3955303 3952083 2026-04-17T18:17:12Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3955303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[File:Refurbished A. E. Housman statue Sept 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05]] '''Alfredus Eduardus Housman''' (natus in vico [[Fockbury]], propior [[Bremesgrave]], die [[26 Martii]] [[1859]]; [[Cantabrigia]]e mortuus die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1936]]) fuit sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]] et [[poeta]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-E-Housman A.E. Housman, English scholar and poet - Encyclopaedia Britannica.]</ref>. Professor rerum classicarum meruit apud [[Collegium Universitatis Londiniensis]], deinde apud [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigienses]]. Editiones "editorum in usum" produxit operum [[Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis|Iuvenalis]], [[Manilius|Manilii]] et [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|Lucani]]. == Opera == ; Carmina * 1883 : "[[Fragment of a Greek Tragedy]]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20140618040451/http://people.ds.cam.ac.uk/blf10/links/housman.html Textus 1883] [http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poems/fragment-greek-tragedy Textus 1901] * 1896 : ''[[A Shropshire Lad]]'' [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5720 Textus apud gutenberg.org] [https://archive.org/details/shropshirelad00hous apud archive.org] * 1922 : ''[[Last Poems (Housman)|Last Poems]]'' [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7848 Textus apud gutenberg.org] [https://archive.org/details/lastpoem00housuoft apud archive.org] * 1936 : ''[[More Poems (Housman)|More Poems]]'' ; Editiones "editorum in usum" * 1903-1930 : ''[[Marcus Manilius|M. Manilii]] Astronomica''. 5 voll. (Londinii: Grant Richards) [https://web.archive.org/web/20210210062409/http://www.hellenisticastrology.com/critical%20editions/Housman-Manilius-volume-1.pdf 1] [https://archive.org/details/astronomiconrece02maniuoft 2] [https://archive.org/details/astronomiconrece03maniuoft 3] [https://archive.org/details/astronomiconrece04maniuoft 4] [https://archive.org/details/astronomiconrece05maniuoft 5]; 2a ed. 5 voll. (cura [[Andreas Gow|Andreae Gow]]: Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1937) * 1905 : ''[[Iuvenalis|D. Iunii Iuuenalis]] Saturae''. [https://archive.org/details/saturaeeditorumi00juveuoft Textus] 2a ed., 1931 * 1926 : ''[[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|M. Annaei Lucani]] [[Pharsalia|Belli Ciuilis]] libri decem''. 2a ed., 1927 ; Contiones separatim editae * 1892 : "Introductory Lecture" [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~martinh/poems/introductory.html Textus] * 1922 : "The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism" [http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/extras/Housman-Thought.html Textus] * 1933 : "The Name and Nature of Poetry" [http://symmachus.wordpress.com/2008/11/03/a-e-housman-the-name-and-nature-of-poetry/ Textus]{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * 1969 : "Swinburne" (anno 1910 habita) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002619/http://feralbeacon.blogspot.fr/2011/08/swinburne-ae-housmans-essay-of-1910.html Textus] * 1969 : "The Confines of Criticism" (anno 1911 habita) {{Google Books|5TY8AAAAIAAJ|Paginae selectae}} == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * J. Roy Birch, ed., ''A. E. Housman: Unkind to Unicorns: Selected Comic Verse''. 1995. 2a ed., 1999 * Archie Burnett, ed., ''The Poems of A. E. Housman''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1997 * Archie Burnett, ed., ''The Letters of A. E. Housman''. 2007 * John Carter, ed., ''A. E. Housman: Selected Prose''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1961 * John Carter, ed., ''A. E. Housman: The Confines of Criticism: the Cambridge inaugural, 1911''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1969 {{Google Books|5TY8AAAAIAAJ|Paginae selectae}} * [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''The Classical Papers of A. E. Housman''. 3 voll. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1972 {{Google Books|VW36cvMUpk8C|Paginae selectae vol. 2}} * Tom Burns Haber, ed., ''A. E. Housman: Manuscript Poems: eight hundred lines of hitherto un-collected verse from the author's notebooks''. 1955 * Laurence Housman, ''A. E .H.: Some Poems, Some Letters and a Personal Memoir by his Brother''. Londinii: Jonathan Cape, 1937 * [Laurence Housman. ed.] ''Collected Poems of A. E. Housman''. Londinii: Jonathan Cape, 1939 * Henry Maas, ed., ''The Letters of A. E. Housman''. 1971 * Ralph Marcellino, "A. E. Housman's "Fragment of a Greek Tragedy"" in ''Classical Journal'' vol. 48 (1953) pp. 171-178 et 188 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3293270 JSTOR] * William White, "Housman's Latin Inscriptions" in ''Classical Journal'' vol. 50 (1955) pp. 159-166 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3293281 JSTOR] ; Bibliographica * John Carter, John Sparrow, ''A. E. Housman: an annotated hand-list''. Londinii: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1952 [https://archive.org/details/aehousman032102mbp Textus apud archive.org] ; Biographica et critica * Charles Oscar Brink, ''English Classical Scholarship: historical reflections on Bentley, Porson and Housman''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1986 * [[Andreas Gow|A. S. F. Gow]], ''A. E. Housman: A Sketch Together with a List of his Writings and Indexes to his Classical Papers''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1936 * Richard Perceval Graves, ''A. E. Housman: The Scholar-Poet''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1979 * P. G. Naiditch, ''A. E. Housman at University College, London: The Election of 1892''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 1988. ISBN 9004088482 {{Google Books|hZb90uvtg20C|Paginae selectae}} * P. G. Naiditch, ''Problems in the Life and Writings of A. E. Housman''. Beverly Hills Californiae: Krown and Spellman, 1995. ISBN 0-9747634-1-9 * P. G. Naiditch, ''Additional Problems in the Life and Writings of A. E. Housman''. Angelopoli Californiae: Sam Johnson's, 2005. ISBN 0965859827 * Norman Page, "Housman, Alfred Edward (1859–1936)" in {{ODNB}} * Christopher Palmer, Stephen Banfield, "A. E. Housman" in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' (Londinii: Macmillan, 2001) * Donna Richardson, "The Can Of Ail: A. E. Housman’s Moral Irony" in ''Victorian Poetry'' vol. 48 (2010) pp. 267-285 * Robin Shaw, "Housman's Places". The Housman Society, 1995 == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/631 Biographia apud poets.org] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1859|1936|Housman, Alfredus Eduardus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]] [[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Universitatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Recensores]] [[Categoria:Professores rerum Classicarum]] 9mrvoblucz967grlnlwzlofpugn1lgr 0 134390 3955337 3744192 2026-04-18T02:10:22Z ~2026-23848-91 208149 Fixed grammar 3955337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Humanitas''' est copia proprietatum distinctarum, inter quas [[ratio]], [[sensus]], [[virtus]], [[conscientia]], [[dignitas]], quae [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] [[natura]]liter esse solent. Coloribus necatarius sunt coloribus malla. coloribus necatarius sunt colliribus afribus, remaniscus caelissimus. Notio humanitatis a [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicerone]] decreta est. [[Publius Terentius Afer]] in ''[[Heautontimorumenos]]'' dixit: "Homo sum; [[nihil]] humani alienum puto." Respectus humanitatis [[humanismus]] appellatur. Origo ad [[humanitarianismus]] et [[humanitarium belli ius]] dedit.{{dubsig}} Violatio humanitatis [[scelus contra humanitatem]] appellatur. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} *[[Aggressionismus]] *[[Altruismus]] *[[Artes humaniores]] *[[Confucianismus]] *[[Cynismus]] *[[Cultus humanus]] *[[Ethica]] *[[Evolutio]] *''[[Homo sapiens]]'' *[[Humanismus]] *[[Humanitas Europae]] *[[Legalismus (philosophia Sinica)]] *[[Mencius]] *[[Motus animi]] *[[Motus ethicus]] *[[Officium]] *[[Psychologia]] *[[Psychologia humanistica]] *[[Scelus contra humanitatem]] *[[Sensus communis]] *[[Theologia Christiana]] *[[Transhumanismus]] {{div col end}} ==Bibliographia==<!-- * [http://www.culture-of-peace.info/ssov-intro.html Introduction and Updated Information on the Seville Statement on Violence] * [http://www.human-nature.com www.human-nature.com] * [http://www.thegreatdebate.org.uk/GDarticles.html Newcastle University debate on Steven Pinker's book The Blank Slate]--> * Abel, Donald C., ed. [[1992]]. ''Theories of Human Nature: Classical and Contemporary Readings.'' Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. * Arnhart, Larry. [[1998]]. ''Darwinian Natural Right: The Biological Ethics of Human Nature.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press. * Benthall, Jonathan, ed. [[1973]]. ''The Limits of Human Nature.'' Londinii: Allen Lane. * Berry, Christopher J. [[1986]]. ''Human Nature.'' Basingstoke: Macmillan. * Cantril, Hadley. [[1961]]. ''Human Nature and Political Systems.'' Novi Brunsvici Novaa Caesareae: Rutgers University Press. * [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]]. [[1996]]. ''Powers and Prospects: Reflections on Human Nature and the Social Order.'' Londinii: Pluto Press. * Chomsky, Noam, et [[Michael Foucault|Michel Foucault]]. [[2006]]. [http://www.eduarchive.org/archive/chomsky-foucault-debate.html ''The Chomsky-Foucault Debate: On Human Nature.'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} New Press. * Christopher J. Berry. [[1986]]. ''Human Nature.'' Basingstoke: Macmillan. * Coward, Harold. [[2008]]. ''The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press. * Cumming, Robert Denoon. [[1969]]. ''Human Nature and History: A Study of the Development of Liberal Political Thought.'' 2 vols. Sicagi: Chicago University Press. * Curti, Merle E. [[1980]]. ''Human Nature in American Thought: A History.'' Madisoniae: University of Wisconsin Press. * [[David Hume|Hume, David]]. [[2007]]. ''A Treatise on Human Nature.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. Liber primum 1739/1740 editus. * Davies, James C. [[1963]]. ''Human Nature in Politics: The Dynamics of Political Behaviour.'' Novi Eboraci: John Wiley and Sons. * Forbes, Ian, et Steve Smith, eds. [[1981]]. ''Politics and Human Nature.'' Londinii: Frances Pinter. * [[Sigmundus Freud|Freud, Sigmund]]. ''[[Die Zukunft einer Illusion]].'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud, Sigmund.]] [[1933]]. "The Question of a [[cosmotheoria|Weltanschauung]]." In ''A Philosophy of Life,'' acroasis 35. Hogarth Press. [http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/reference/subject/philosophy/works/at/freud.htm Textus interretialis.] * Freyberg-Inan, Annette. [[2004]]. ''What Moves Man: The Realist Theory of International Relations and Its Judgment of Human Nature.'' Novi Eboraci: SUNY Press. * Fruehwald, Edwin Scott. [[2011]]. ''Law & Human Behavior.'' Vandeplas. * Geras, Norman. [[1983]]. ''Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend.'' Londinii: Verso. * Habermas, Jürgen. [[2003]]. ''The Future of Human Nature.'' Cantabrigiae: Polity. * Hacker, P. M. S. [[2007]]. ''Human Nature: The Categorial Framework.'' Londinii: Blackwell. * Heinze, Andrew R. [[2004]]. ''Jews and the American Soul: Human Nature in the Twentieth Century.'' Princetoniae et Oxoniae: Princeton University Press. * Hewitt, Martin. [[2000]]. ''Welfare and Human Nature: The Human Subject in Twentieth Century Social Politics.'' Basingstoke: Macmillan. * Jaggar, Alison M. [[1983]]. ''Feminist Politics and Human Nature.'' Sussexiae: Harvester Press. * Kaplan, Morton A. [[1976]]. ''Justice, Human Nature, and Political Obligation.'' Novi Eboraci Free Press. * Loptson, Peter. [[2006]]. ''Theories of Human Nature.'' Editio tertia. Peterborough, ON: Broadview. * Low, Albert. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090113141910/http://www.originofhumannature.ca/ ''The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution.''] Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845192600. * Miller, Martin A. [[1998]]. ''Freud and the Bolsheviks: Psychoanalysis in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union'' Portu Novo Connecticutae: Yale University Press. * [[Reinhold Nieburh|Niebuhr, Reinhold]]. [[1941]]. ''The Nature and Destiny of Man, Vol. 1: Human Nature.'' Londinii: Nisbet. * Orudzhev, Zaid. [[2009]]. ''Human Nature and the Sense of History.'' Editio Russica. Moscow: Librocom. * Paul, Ellen Frankel. [[1991]]. Fred Dycus Miller, and Jeffrey Paul, eds. ''Ethics, Politics, and Human Nature.'' Oxoniae: Basil Blackwell. * Pennock, J. Roland, et John W. Chapman, eds. [[1977]]. ''Human Nature in Politics.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. * [[Stephanus Pinker|Pinker, Steven]]. [[2002]]. ''The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature.'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. * Pojman, Louis P. [[2005]]. ''Who Are We?'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Pompa, Leon. [[2002]]. ''Human Nature and Historical Knowledge: Hume, Hegel and Vico.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * Rosen, Stephen. [[2005]]. ''War and Human Nature.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. * Sarles, Harvey B. [[1985]]. [http://www.harveysarles.com/book-language-and-human-nature/ Language and Human Nature] University of Minnesota Press * Sayers, Sean. [[1998]]. ''Marxism and Human Nature.'' Londinii: Routledge. * Schleidgen, Sebastian, et Michael Jungert, eds. [[2011]]. ''Human Nature and Self-Design.'' Paderborn: Mentis. * Schuett, Robert. [[2010]]. ''Political Realism, Freud, and Human Nature in International Relations: The Resurrection of the Realist Man.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan. * Smith, David Livingstone. [[2007]]. ''The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. * Stephens, William O., ed. [[2006]]. ''The Person: Readings in Human Nature.'' Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson. * Stevenson, Leslie. [[1999]]. ''The Study of Human Nature.'' Ed. secunda. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Stevenson, Leslie, et David Haberman. [[2004]]. ''Ten Theories of Human Nature.'' Ed. quarta. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Unger, Roberto Mangabeira. [[1986]]. ''Passion: An Essay on Personality.'' Novi Eboraci: Free Press. * Wells, Robin Headlam, et Johnjoe McFadden, eds. [[2006]]. ''Human Nature: Fact and Fiction.'' London et Novi Eboraci: Continuum. * [[Edmundus O. Wilson|Wilson, Edmund O.]] [[2004]]. ''On Human Nature.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. [[Categoria:Anthropologia philosophica]] [[Categoria:Ethica]] [[Categoria:Homo sapiens]] [[Categoria:Iura humana]] [[Categoria:Mores humani]] [[Categoria:Psychologia evolutionaria]] [[Categoria:Vita]]<!--recte Personal life--> {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} puz687svfekmmctfr0zma9i1zooh9ry 3955339 3955337 2026-04-18T03:46:57Z Grufo 64423 Recensiones a conlatore [[Special:Contributions/~2026-23848-91|~2026-23848-91]] ([[User talk:~2026-23848-91|Disputatio]]) factas in superiorem redactionem a conlatore [[User:LilyKitty|LilyKitty]] factam restitui 3744192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Humanitas''' est copia proprietatum distinctarum, inter quas [[ratio]], [[sensus]], [[virtus]], [[conscientia]], [[dignitas]], quae [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] [[natura]]liter esse solent. Notio humanitatis a [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicerone]] decreta est. [[Publius Terentius Afer]] in ''[[Heautontimorumenos]]'' dixit: "Homo sum; [[nihil]] humani alienum puto." Respectus humanitatis [[humanismus]] appellatur. Origo ad [[humanitarianismus]] et [[humanitarium belli ius]] dedit.{{dubsig}} Violatio humanitatis [[scelus contra humanitatem]] appellatur. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} *[[Aggressionismus]] *[[Altruismus]] *[[Artes humaniores]] *[[Confucianismus]] *[[Cynismus]] *[[Cultus humanus]] *[[Ethica]] *[[Evolutio]] *''[[Homo sapiens]]'' *[[Humanismus]] *[[Humanitas Europae]] *[[Legalismus (philosophia Sinica)]] *[[Mencius]] *[[Motus animi]] *[[Motus ethicus]] *[[Officium]] *[[Psychologia]] *[[Psychologia humanistica]] *[[Scelus contra humanitatem]] *[[Sensus communis]] *[[Theologia Christiana]] *[[Transhumanismus]] {{div col end}} ==Bibliographia==<!-- * [http://www.culture-of-peace.info/ssov-intro.html Introduction and Updated Information on the Seville Statement on Violence] * [http://www.human-nature.com www.human-nature.com] * [http://www.thegreatdebate.org.uk/GDarticles.html Newcastle University debate on Steven Pinker's book The Blank Slate]--> * Abel, Donald C., ed. [[1992]]. ''Theories of Human Nature: Classical and Contemporary Readings.'' Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. * Arnhart, Larry. [[1998]]. ''Darwinian Natural Right: The Biological Ethics of Human Nature.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press. * Benthall, Jonathan, ed. [[1973]]. ''The Limits of Human Nature.'' Londinii: Allen Lane. * Berry, Christopher J. [[1986]]. ''Human Nature.'' Basingstoke: Macmillan. * Cantril, Hadley. [[1961]]. ''Human Nature and Political Systems.'' Novi Brunsvici Novaa Caesareae: Rutgers University Press. * [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]]. [[1996]]. ''Powers and Prospects: Reflections on Human Nature and the Social Order.'' Londinii: Pluto Press. * Chomsky, Noam, et [[Michael Foucault|Michel Foucault]]. [[2006]]. [http://www.eduarchive.org/archive/chomsky-foucault-debate.html ''The Chomsky-Foucault Debate: On Human Nature.'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} New Press. * Christopher J. Berry. [[1986]]. ''Human Nature.'' Basingstoke: Macmillan. * Coward, Harold. [[2008]]. ''The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press. * Cumming, Robert Denoon. [[1969]]. ''Human Nature and History: A Study of the Development of Liberal Political Thought.'' 2 vols. Sicagi: Chicago University Press. * Curti, Merle E. [[1980]]. ''Human Nature in American Thought: A History.'' Madisoniae: University of Wisconsin Press. * [[David Hume|Hume, David]]. [[2007]]. ''A Treatise on Human Nature.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. Liber primum 1739/1740 editus. * Davies, James C. [[1963]]. ''Human Nature in Politics: The Dynamics of Political Behaviour.'' Novi Eboraci: John Wiley and Sons. * Forbes, Ian, et Steve Smith, eds. [[1981]]. ''Politics and Human Nature.'' Londinii: Frances Pinter. * [[Sigmundus Freud|Freud, Sigmund]]. ''[[Die Zukunft einer Illusion]].'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud, Sigmund.]] [[1933]]. "The Question of a [[cosmotheoria|Weltanschauung]]." In ''A Philosophy of Life,'' acroasis 35. Hogarth Press. [http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/reference/subject/philosophy/works/at/freud.htm Textus interretialis.] * Freyberg-Inan, Annette. [[2004]]. ''What Moves Man: The Realist Theory of International Relations and Its Judgment of Human Nature.'' Novi Eboraci: SUNY Press. * Fruehwald, Edwin Scott. [[2011]]. ''Law & Human Behavior.'' Vandeplas. * Geras, Norman. [[1983]]. ''Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend.'' Londinii: Verso. * Habermas, Jürgen. [[2003]]. ''The Future of Human Nature.'' Cantabrigiae: Polity. * Hacker, P. M. S. [[2007]]. ''Human Nature: The Categorial Framework.'' Londinii: Blackwell. * Heinze, Andrew R. [[2004]]. ''Jews and the American Soul: Human Nature in the Twentieth Century.'' Princetoniae et Oxoniae: Princeton University Press. * Hewitt, Martin. [[2000]]. ''Welfare and Human Nature: The Human Subject in Twentieth Century Social Politics.'' Basingstoke: Macmillan. * Jaggar, Alison M. [[1983]]. ''Feminist Politics and Human Nature.'' Sussexiae: Harvester Press. * Kaplan, Morton A. [[1976]]. ''Justice, Human Nature, and Political Obligation.'' Novi Eboraci Free Press. * Loptson, Peter. [[2006]]. ''Theories of Human Nature.'' Editio tertia. Peterborough, ON: Broadview. * Low, Albert. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090113141910/http://www.originofhumannature.ca/ ''The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution.''] Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845192600. * Miller, Martin A. [[1998]]. ''Freud and the Bolsheviks: Psychoanalysis in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union'' Portu Novo Connecticutae: Yale University Press. * [[Reinhold Nieburh|Niebuhr, Reinhold]]. [[1941]]. ''The Nature and Destiny of Man, Vol. 1: Human Nature.'' Londinii: Nisbet. * Orudzhev, Zaid. [[2009]]. ''Human Nature and the Sense of History.'' Editio Russica. Moscow: Librocom. * Paul, Ellen Frankel. [[1991]]. Fred Dycus Miller, and Jeffrey Paul, eds. ''Ethics, Politics, and Human Nature.'' Oxoniae: Basil Blackwell. * Pennock, J. Roland, et John W. Chapman, eds. [[1977]]. ''Human Nature in Politics.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. * [[Stephanus Pinker|Pinker, Steven]]. [[2002]]. ''The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature.'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. * Pojman, Louis P. [[2005]]. ''Who Are We?'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Pompa, Leon. [[2002]]. ''Human Nature and Historical Knowledge: Hume, Hegel and Vico.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * Rosen, Stephen. [[2005]]. ''War and Human Nature.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. * Sarles, Harvey B. [[1985]]. [http://www.harveysarles.com/book-language-and-human-nature/ Language and Human Nature] University of Minnesota Press * Sayers, Sean. [[1998]]. ''Marxism and Human Nature.'' Londinii: Routledge. * Schleidgen, Sebastian, et Michael Jungert, eds. [[2011]]. ''Human Nature and Self-Design.'' Paderborn: Mentis. * Schuett, Robert. [[2010]]. ''Political Realism, Freud, and Human Nature in International Relations: The Resurrection of the Realist Man.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan. * Smith, David Livingstone. [[2007]]. ''The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. * Stephens, William O., ed. [[2006]]. ''The Person: Readings in Human Nature.'' Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson. * Stevenson, Leslie. [[1999]]. ''The Study of Human Nature.'' Ed. secunda. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Stevenson, Leslie, et David Haberman. [[2004]]. ''Ten Theories of Human Nature.'' Ed. quarta. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Unger, Roberto Mangabeira. [[1986]]. ''Passion: An Essay on Personality.'' Novi Eboraci: Free Press. * Wells, Robin Headlam, et Johnjoe McFadden, eds. [[2006]]. ''Human Nature: Fact and Fiction.'' London et Novi Eboraci: Continuum. * [[Edmundus O. Wilson|Wilson, Edmund O.]] [[2004]]. ''On Human Nature.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. [[Categoria:Anthropologia philosophica]] [[Categoria:Ethica]] [[Categoria:Homo sapiens]] [[Categoria:Iura humana]] [[Categoria:Mores humani]] [[Categoria:Psychologia evolutionaria]] [[Categoria:Vita]]<!--recte Personal life--> {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} djqq8qty9irvn9gdpv8cposs1dzmv2c 2 139073 3955283 1826765 2026-04-17T16:39:44Z Jacques Ballieu 34335 3955283 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="float:right;" |- |{{#babel:la-2|fr|fr-4|en-3|wa-3}} |} [[Fasciculus:2006-12 ostende 023.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Cum mea Maria, anno 2006, [[Ostenda]]e, magno cum vento]] [[Belgica]] - Cubiculum Manuscriptorum [[Bibliotheca Regia Belgica|Bibliothecae Regiae Belgicae]]. [[Fasciculus:Exemplum.jpg]] [[:fr:|Lien vers ''Wikipedia en français'']] <div style="float: left; border: solid #bbb 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #f6f6f6" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #fff; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: #fff" | [[Fasciculus:Commons-logo-en.svg|33px]] | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;" | Hic usor [[:commons:User:Jacques Ballieu|paginam]] in Vicimaedia Communia habet. |}</div> [[fr:Utilisateur:Jacques Ballieu]] [[en:User:Jacques Ballieu]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Jacques Ballieu]] [[de:Benutzer:Jacques Ballieu]] [[es:Usuario:Jacques Ballieu]] [[hu:Szerkesztő:Jacques Ballieu]] [[ru:Участник:Jacques Ballieu]] [[uk:Користувач:Jacques Ballieu]] cm77mb9zyhqbqi8f7yh1rh2r2xgfxnt 3955285 3955283 2026-04-17T16:41:44Z Jacques Ballieu 34335 3955285 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="float:right;" |- |{{#babel:la-2|fr|fr-4|en-3|wa-3}} |} [[Fasciculus:2006-12 ostende 023.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Cum mea Maria, anno 2006, [[Ostenda]]e, magno cum vento]] [[Belgica]] - Cubiculum Manuscriptorum [[Bibliotheca Regia Belgica|Bibliothecae Regiae Belgicae]]. [[Fasciculus:Exemplum.jpg]] {{Mundatio marginum | left}} [[:fr:|Lien vers ''Wikipedia en français'']] <div style="float: left; border: solid #bbb 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #f6f6f6" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #fff; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: #fff" | [[Fasciculus:Commons-logo-en.svg|33px]] | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;" | Hic usor [[:commons:User:Jacques Ballieu|paginam]] in Vicimaedia Communia habet. |}</div> [[fr:Utilisateur:Jacques Ballieu]] [[en:User:Jacques Ballieu]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Jacques Ballieu]] [[de:Benutzer:Jacques Ballieu]] [[es:Usuario:Jacques Ballieu]] [[hu:Szerkesztő:Jacques Ballieu]] [[ru:Участник:Jacques Ballieu]] [[uk:Користувач:Jacques Ballieu]] bvt21nbwl62z9u1tmid7jtzqfrnjww6 0 151411 3955215 3709147 2026-04-17T13:49:55Z Pippobuono 54500 capsa et imago 3955215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:VERGOIGNAN (3).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Vergoignan: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Germanus|Sancto Germano]] dicata.]] {{res|Vergoignan}} ([[Gasconice]] ''Vergonhan'') est [[commune]] 324 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e praefecturae [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vergoignan|Vergoignan}} {{INSEE commune|32460|de=Vergoignan}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141218151604/http://vergoignan.fr/ Vergoignan pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]] o7todwk5dj2sxsxionk64grxpdp5ula 0 151640 3955195 3428814 2026-04-17T12:24:38Z Pippobuono 54500 capsa et imago 3955195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus: ARBLADE LE BAS (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Arblade-le-Bas: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] Nativitati [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]] {{res|Arblade-le-Bas}} est [[commune]] 134 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Arblade-le-Bas|Arblade-le-Bas}} {{INSEE commune|32004|de=Arblade-le-Bas}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]] nuwmd31ycs6pszjlahru7qj37re4vj9 0 169601 3955191 3461038 2026-04-17T12:12:48Z JackyM59 202366 Photograph updated 3955191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jardins de Valloires - 5.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Argoules: [[abbatia]] et horti sui]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 80001.png|thumb|300px| Argoules: communis tabula]] ''' Argoules ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 339 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Samara (praefectura Franciae)|Samara]] in regione [[Picardia]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Samarae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Argoules | Argoules }} * {{INSEE commune|80025|de=Argoules}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Suminae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Suminae]] kt8d4z3tmtizxl6saheauottbwnlhum 0 170236 3955343 3799965 2026-04-18T05:25:20Z CommonsDelinker 1422 Imago G.Kh.Akhatov_(1951).jpg deleta est ex Communibus ab Krd. Ille hanc rationem dedit: No license since 10 April 2026 3955343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Gabdulhaj Churam filius Achatow''' ([[Russice]] Габдулхай Хурамович Ахатов, ''Gabdulchaj Churamovič Achatov''; [[Tatarice]] Габделхәй Хурам улы Əхәтов, ''Ğäbdelxäy Xuram ulı Äxätov''; [[8 Septembris]] [[1927]] - [[25 Novembris]] [[1986]]) fuit egregius scientificus, [[philologus]], turkologista, orientalista.<ref>Tatar Encyclopedia. Volume I, articulo: Gabdulhaj Achatow. - Kazan, 2002, P. 233 {{Ling|Russice}}</ref> Аuctor CC librorum et multarum rerum, scholas scientificas dialectologicam Tataricam ac phraseologicam Casanensem condidit. == Biographia == Natus in [[7 Septembris]] [[1927]] in pago nomine Ajman (Ajmanovo) Vetus in re publica sovietica socialistica autonoma [[Tatarstania|Tatarica]] [[RSFSR|RSFS Russicae]] [[URSS|Unionis Sovieticae]]. [[Gradus academicus|Gradum academicum]] primum (magna cum laude) anno 1951 ab Instituto Publico Paedagogico [[Casan]]ensi (quod nunc est Institutum philologiae et artium [[Universitas Casanensis|Universitatis Casanensis]]) obtinuit, ibidem anno [[1954]] etiam [[dissertatio]]nem pro gradu doctorali Sovietico "candidati scientiarum" defensit. Ab anno 1951 in Instituto Publico Paedagogico [[Tobolium|Toboliensi]] linguam ac litteras Tataricas (quorum cathedram in institulo illo condidit) docebat usque ad annum [[1958]], cum in [[Ufa]]m invitatus est, ubi in Universitate Publica Baschkirica cathedram linguae et litterarum Tataricarum condidit, anno [[1970]] [[professor]] factus. Anno [[1981]] in [[Lintres Ripariae|Lintres Riparias]] (fundationis instituti paedagogici ibi particeps esset) migravit, in qua urbe die [[25 Novembris]] [[1986]] obiit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200436/http://www.rt-online.ru/aticles/rubric-77/nauchnyj_podvig_lingvista/?web_optimizer_debug=1 Professor Gabdulchaj Achatow: LXXXV annis // "Tatarstania", 14 Septembris, 2012, №183 (27340), Kazan] {{Ling|Russice}}</ref> == Disciplina inquisitionis == Peritus fuit in [[linguae Turcicae|linguis Turcicis]], dialectis [[Lingua Tatarica|linguis Tataricis]]<ref>[http://www.mtss.ru/?page=ahatov Professor Gabdulchaj Achatow: vitae et operis —MTSS] {{Ling|Russice}}</ref> , et aliis linguis et plures opera et conlationes eosdem vulgavit.<ref>[http://akhatov.org/ Gabdulchaj Achatow: officialis site] {{Ling|Russice|Anglice}}</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Linguistica]] * [[Linguae Altaicae]] * [[Lingua Tatarica]] * [[Tatari]] * [[Tatarstania]] == Nota == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Gabdulkhay Akhatov}} * [http://akhatov.org/ Gabdulchaj Achatow: officialis site] {{Ling|Russice|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200436/http://www.rt-online.ru/aticles/rubric-77/nauchnyj_podvig_lingvista/?web_optimizer_debug=1 Professor Gabdulchaj Achatow: LXXXV annis // "Tatarstania", 14 Septembris, 2012, №183 (27340), Kazan] {{Ling|Russice}} * [http://www.mtss.ru/?page=ahatov Professor Gabdulchaj Achatow: vitae et operis —MTSS] {{Ling|Russice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218043009/https://ws.sharethis.com/button/async-buttons.js British Library : Works by Professor G. Kh. Akhatov] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78053584.html Library of Congress of United States of America : Works by Professor G. Kh. Akhatov] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Search/Home?checkspelling=true&inst=all&lookfor=Akhatov&type=all&submit=Find&showsearchonly=false&oft=false Work by Professor G. Аkhatov in University of Michigan (U.S.A.)] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://stabikat.de/CHARSET=ISO-8859-1/DB=1/FKT=1016/FRM=Achatow/IMPLAND=Y/LNG=DU/SID=5ae536e2-1/SRT=YOP/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&IKT=1016&SRT=YOP&TRM=Achatov Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin : Wissenschaftliche Arbeit von Professor G. Achatow] {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n78-53584 WorldCat / ''Works by Professor G. Kh. Akhatov''] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Achatov, Gabdulhaj}} [[Categoria:Nati 1927]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1986]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Unionis Sovieticae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Casani]] [[Categoria:Incolae Tatariae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Tobolii]] [[Categoria:Orientalistae]] [[Categoria:Turcologi]] [[Categoria:Philologi Russiae]] 1e8s3cq7k8f5m2bd8f7uk9rc2xoftrk 0 200254 3955229 3898391 2026-04-17T14:25:09Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Cresconius Corippus''' aut simpliciter '''Corippus''' (natus circa annum [[500]]; mortuus circa annum [[570]]) fuit [[poëta]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinus]] qui [[epos|carmina epica]] de rebus nuper gestis, titulis ''[[Iohannis]]'' et ''[[In laudem Iustini Minoris]]'', creavit. [[Vergilius|Vergilium]] imitatus est. == Opera == * ''[[Iohannis]]'' * ''[[In laudem Iustini Minoris]]'' == Bibliographia == * [[Averil Cameron]], ed., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 == Nexus externi == {{fontes biographici}} * [https://www.mqdq.it/indici/autori/tipo/chrono/lettera/A/idAuthors/247 Carmina Corippi] in ''Musisque Deoque'' {{PND|118522167}} {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 6|saeculo 6}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Epici]] d4363htq49u5ayluq2sl3ruad4wr1uy 3955308 3955229 2026-04-17T18:24:00Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Cresconius Corippus''' aut simpliciter '''Corippus''' (natus circa annum [[500]]; mortuus circa annum [[570]]) fuit [[poëta]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinus]] qui [[epos|carmina epica]] de rebus nuper gestis, titulis ''[[Iohannis]]'' et ''[[In laudem Iustini Minoris]]'', creavit. [[Vergilius|Vergilium]] imitatus est. == Opera == * ''[[Iohannis]]'' * ''[[In laudem Iustini Minoris]]'' == Bibliographia == * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 * Michael Dewar, "Corippus on the Wakefulness of Poets and Emperors" in ''Mnemosyne'' vol. 46 (1993) pp. 211-223 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4432245 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{fontes biographici}} * [https://www.mqdq.it/indici/autori/tipo/chrono/lettera/A/idAuthors/247 Carmina Corippi] in ''Musisque Deoque'' {{PND|118522167}} {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 6|saeculo 6}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Epici]] nxzr5ntzlpr64glodjcnnrngixrjd4s 3955309 3955308 2026-04-17T18:26:26Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Flavius Cresconius Corippus''' aut simpliciter '''Corippus''', qui medio saeculo VI floruit, fuit [[poëta]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinus]] qui [[epos|carmina epica]] de rebus nuper gestis, titulis ''[[Iohannis]]'' et ''[[In laudem Iustini Minoris]]'', creavit. [[Vergilius|Vergilium]] imitatus est. == Opera == * ''[[Iohannis]]'' * ''[[In laudem Iustini Minoris]]'' == Bibliographia == * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 * Michael Dewar, "Corippus on the Wakefulness of Poets and Emperors" in ''Mnemosyne'' vol. 46 (1993) pp. 211-223 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4432245 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{fontes biographici}} * [https://www.mqdq.it/indici/autori/tipo/chrono/lettera/A/idAuthors/247 Carmina Corippi] in ''Musisque Deoque'' {{PND|118522167}} {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 6|saeculo 6|Corippus, Flavius Cresconius}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Epici]] m07j1d6d5g5cz2bk0ubog8kn33ol2i3 0 210579 3955327 3582206 2026-04-17T21:57:33Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 Textum simpliciorem et clariorem feci. 3955327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Knee diagram.svg|thumb|Imago genus dextri hominis]] '''Ligamentum''' est [[fascia (anatomia)|fascia]], quae consistit e fibris tenacibus. Stabilitatem praebet [[corpus|corpori]] quiescenti necnon moventi et organis in situ. [[Fasciculus:Joint.svg|thumb|left|Exemplum articuli]] {{NexInt}} * [[Enthesis]] * [[Textus conectivus]] == Nexus externi == *http://www.britannica.com/science/ligament {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Textus conexivi]] [[Categoria:Systema musculosceletale]] [[Categoria:Ligamenta (anatomia)|!]] rrq89i3nnewi7l77sxme2kl0y4v6jjb 0 226269 3955292 3831259 2026-04-17T17:44:26Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Carmina minora */ 3955292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Appendix Vergiliana''' est collatio [[carmen|carminum]] [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] attributa, quorum qutem maxima pars sub nomine poetae ab ignotibus auctoribus conscripta est, e.g. ''Culex'' est [[pseudepigraphia|pseudepigraphum]]. Procedente tempore appendici nonnulla carmina adiuncta sunt cum iam [[saeculum 1|primo saeculo p.C.n.]] a [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|Lucano]], [[Publius Papinius Statius|Statio]] et [[Martialis|Martiali]] Culex operi Vergiliano adiudicarentur aque [[Quintilianus|Quintiliano]] etiam secundum epigramma ''Catalepton''. [[Aelius Donatus]] praeterea ''[[Priapea]]'', ''Diras'' et ''Cirin'' appendici attribuit, [[Servius]] tandem etiam ''Aetnan'' et ''Copam''. Temporibus medii aevi corpus protinus auctum est. Hodie quidem plurima carmina pro falsa fictaque habentur. == Catalepton == Nomen a proverbio Graeco κατὰ λεπτόν (deductum a λεπτότης, id est tenuitas) traxit. Quo nomine carmina recentiora more alexandrina a [[Neoterici|Neotericis]] confecta complectuntur. Collectio continet 18 carmina breviora, quae in tres [[Priapeum|Priapea]], 14 [[epigramma]]ta et carmen finale ([[Sphragis]]) dividi possunt. Quorum plurima sunt obscura, at e.g. in epigrammate X Catulli carmen IV alluditur. Hodie quidem epigramma tantum V ([[recusatio]] rhetoricae et acceptio in gregem [[Siro]]nis) et VIII (in villa rustica [[Siro]]nis) censentur. == Carmina minora == Praeter ''Catalepton'' appendix continet haec opuscula: * ''[[Aetna (carmen)|Aetna]]'' * ''[[Ciris (poëma)|Ciris]]'' * ''Culex'' * ''[[Copa (carmen)|Copa]]'' * ''Dirae'' * ''Elegiae in Maecenatem'' * ''[[Moretum (carmen)|Moretum]]'' * '' Quid hoc novi est?'' * ''De institutione viri boni'', ''De est et non'', ''De rosis nascentibus'', quae carmina commune [[Ausonius|Ausonio]] attribuuntur. == Plura legere si cupis == *E. Courtney, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646108 The textual transmission of the "Appendix Vergiliana"]", ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'', 1968ː 133-141 * Henri Goelzer, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1925_num_9_1_6360 Virgile et ses œuvres de jeunesse]", ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1925ː 27-44 * A. Haury, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1953_num_55_3_4910 Du nouveau sur l'Appendix Vergiliana]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 1953ː 404-405 *R. Henry, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1937_num_6_2_3060 Où en est l'énigme de l'Appendix Vergiliana ?]", ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1937ː 357-395 == Textus == [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/appverg.html Appendix Vergiliana] [[Categoria:Publius Vergilius Maro]] [[Categoria:Carminum collectanea]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae]] 1wecj9wju7zv58z0ifbtwkorxsime7i 0 258598 3955197 3955180 2026-04-17T12:34:21Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (10K) 3955197 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Mr Pipo Think 03.svg|thumb|Dubium.]] [[Fasciculus:Caravaggio incredulity.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Thomas Dubitans]].'' [[Pictura]] a [[Caravaggius|Caravaggio]] picta.]] '''Dubium''' est status ubi [[mens]] inter binas propositiones contradictorias suspensus manet, utro annuere nequiens.<ref>Sharpe, vol. 5.</ref> [[Animi motus]] dubitans inter [[fides|fidem]] et [[incredulitas|incredulitatem]] vacillat. Dubium [[dubitatio]]nem, [[diffidentia]]m, vel inopiam certi [[factum|facti]], [[actio]]nis, vel sententiae implicat, notionem [[realitas|realitatis]] [[perceptio|perceptae]] interrogat, et propter curam de erratis vel culpis vel [[convenientia]] actionem appositam demorari vel reicere conari potest. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * ''[[Cogito ergo sum]]'' * [[Dubium rationabilis]] * [[Fallacia]] * [[Fides]] * [[Ignorantia]] * [[In dubio pro reo]] * [[Logica]] * [[Paradoxum]] * [[Quaestio]] * [[Scepticismus]] * [[Scepticismus philosophicus]] * [[Scepticimus scientificus]] * [[Scientia (ratio)|Scientia]] * [[Thomas dubitans]] * [[Veritas]]<!-- *[[Fear, uncertainty and doubt]] *[[List of ethics topics]] *[[Methodic doubt]]--> {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Berger, Peter L., et Anton Zijderveld. [[2009]]. ''In Praise of Doubt: How to Have Convictions Without Becoming a Fanatic.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-177816-2. * Hecht, Jennifer Michael. [[2003]]. ''Doubt: a history: the great doubters and their legacy of innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson.'' Franciscopoli: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-009795-7. * Hein, David. [[2006]]. Faith and Doubt in Rose Macaulay's ''The Towers of Trebizond.'' ''Anglican Theological Review'' 88(1):47-68. ISSN 0003-3286. * Hönigswald, Richard. [[1914]], [[2008]]. ''Die Skepsis in Philosophie und Wissenschaft.'' Nova editio, ed. cum praefatione Christiani Benne et Thomae Schirren. Gottingae: Edition Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-7675-3056-0. * Marquard, Odo. [[1994]]. ''Skepsis und Zustimmung: Philosophische Studien.'' Stutgartiae: Reclam. * {{CathEnc|05141a|Doubt}} * Sommer, Andreas Urs. [[2007]]. ''Die Kunst des Zweifelns: Anleitung zum skeptischen Philosophieren.'' Ed. 2a. Monaci: C. H. Beck. * Walther, Elisabeth, ed. [[1985]] ''Die Festigung der Überzeugung und andere Schriften.'' Francofurti: Ullstein. ISBN 3-548-35230-8. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Doubt|dubium}} [[Categoria:Animi motus]] [[Categoria:Dubium| ]] [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Scepticismus]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} f58jis7tyvglezlenx91zkgbr4l5gq0 0 290802 3955199 3954637 2026-04-17T12:52:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Becquerel}} unitas [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]], signo '''Bq''', est [[mensura]] [[activitas (physica)|activitatis]] <math>A</math> quantitatis materiae radioactivae, quo secundi{{dubsig}} desintegratio singularis [[nucleus atomi|nuclei]] (1 Bq = s⁻¹) fit. Unitas haec igitur ''numerus'' desintegrationum materiae radioactivae, cum atomis ex nucleis instabilibus ([[Isotopus|isotopis]]) compositis, describit. Unitas Bq ergo indicium <u>neque</u> [[energia]]e <math>E</math> <u>neque</u> periculi organismi est. Unitas Bq anno 1976, una cum unitate [[Gray (unitas)|Gy]], in systemate [[SI]] inclusa est, usūs ergo commendata est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wyckoff H. O., Allisy A., Lidén K. |title=The new special names of SI units in the field of ionizing radiations |journal=Radiology |year=1976 |month=Ian |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=233-4 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1244665/}}</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Gray (unitas)]] * [[Sievert (unitas)]] {{physica-stipula}} {{Unitates SI}} [[Categoria:Unitates physicae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] {{Myrias|Physica}} i5nfuhy34vi830qyk7lib0rj2nfplq2 3955200 3955199 2026-04-17T12:54:22Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Becquerel}} unitas [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]], signo '''Bq''', est [[mensura]] [[activitas (physica)|activitatis]] <math>A</math> quantitatis materiae radiactivae, quo secundi{{dubsig}} desintegratio singularis [[nucleus atomi|nuclei]] (1 Bq = s⁻¹) fit. Unitas haec igitur ''numerus'' desintegrationum materiae radiactivae, cum atomis ex nucleis instabilibus ([[Isotopus|isotopis]]) compositis, describit. Unitas Bq ergo indicium <u>neque</u> [[energia]]e <math>E</math> <u>neque</u> periculi organismi est. Unitas Bq anno 1976, una cum unitate [[Gray (unitas)|Gy]], in systemate [[SI]] inclusa est, usūs ergo commendata est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wyckoff H. O., Allisy A., Lidén K. |title=The new special names of SI units in the field of ionizing radiations |journal=Radiology |year=1976 |month=Ian |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=233-4 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1244665/}}</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Gray (unitas)]] * [[Sievert (unitas)]] {{physica-stipula}} {{Unitates SI}} [[Categoria:Unitates physicae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 5rvf120ao73w2xxsavucsp9uctuu4cb 3955201 3955200 2026-04-17T12:56:08Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Becquerel}} unitas [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]], signo '''Bq''', est [[mensura]] [[activitas (physica)|activitatis]] <math>A</math> quantitatis materiae radiactivae, quo secundi{{dubsig}} desintegratio singularis [[nucleus atomi|nuclei]] (1 Bq = s⁻¹) fit. {{Latinitas dolet|Unitas haec igitur ''numerus'' desintegrationum materiae radiactivae, cum atomis ex nucleis instabilibus ([[Isotopus|isotopis]]) compositis, describit}}. Unitas Bq ergo indicium <u>neque</u> [[energia]]e <math>E</math> <u>neque</u> periculi organismi est. Unitas Bq anno 1976, una cum unitate [[Gray (unitas)|Gy]], in systemate [[SI]] inclusa est, usūs ergo commendata est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wyckoff H. O., Allisy A., Lidén K. |title=The new special names of SI units in the field of ionizing radiations |journal=Radiology |year=1976 |month=Ian |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=233-4 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1244665/}}</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Gray (unitas)]] * [[Sievert (unitas)]] {{physica-stipula}} {{Unitates SI}} [[Categoria:Unitates physicae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 7jnhdlyxh2z1kki7el2ymmm5j94sle6 3955202 3955201 2026-04-17T12:57:18Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{res|Becquerel}} unitas [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]], signo '''Bq''', est [[mensura]] [[activitas (physica)|activitatis]] <math>A</math> quantitatis materiae radiactivae, quo secundi{{dubsig}} desintegratio singularis [[nucleus atomi|nuclei]] (1 Bq = s⁻¹) fit. {{Latinitas dolet|Unitas haec igitur ''numerus'' desintegrationum materiae radiactivae, cum atomis ex nucleis instabilibus ([[Isotopus|isotopis]]) compositis, describit}}. Unitas Bq ergo indicium <u>neque</u> [[energia]]e <math>E</math> <u>neque</u> periculi organismi est. Unitas Bq anno 1976, una cum unitate [[Gray (unitas)|Gy]], in systemate [[SI]] inclusa est, usūs ergo commendata est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wyckoff H. O., Allisy A., Lidén K. |title=The new special names of SI units in the field of ionizing radiations |journal=Radiology |year=1976 |month=Ian |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=233-4 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1244665/}}</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Gray (unitas)]] * [[Sievert (unitas)]] {{physica-stipula}} {{Unitates SI}} [[Categoria:Unitates physicae]] [[Categoria:Radiactivitas]] {{Myrias|Physica}} ab293he330lazyyc3b4jf4ci3ppjp8e 0 303815 3955251 3737065 2026-04-17T15:16:27Z Iosephus Pius 207970 3955251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Iosephus Petrus Castillo''', vulgo plene ''José Pedro Castillo Terrones'' ([[Puña]] in oppido [[Regio Caxamarcensis|regionis Caxamarcensis]] die [[19 Octobris]] [[1969]] natus) est politicus [[Peruvia]]e. Filius rusticorum pauperum, puer cum patre ad latifundia [[coffeum|coffearia]] quotannis migrabat ut ibi laboraret. Iuvenis in militia campestri contra terroristas {{Creanda|es|Sendero Luminoso|Semita Luminosa|Semitae Luminosae}} vigilabat; alumnus academiae paedagogicae et [[universitas Caesaris Vallejo|universitatis Caesaris Vallejo]] [[Truxillum|Truxilli]] in urbe, praeceptoris operam dedit in oppido nativo. Anno [[2017]] [[operistitium]] praeceptorum Peruvianorum fovit atque mox ductor [[collegium opificum|collegii]] praeceptorum factus est. Officium praesidis pro factione [[Marxismus|Marxistica]] liberae Peruviae gregibusque consociatis anno [[2020]] postulare constituit, adnuente [[Vladimirus Cerrón|Vladimiro Cerrón]] illius factionis ductore. Die [[28 Iulii]] [[2021]] praeses Peruviae inauguratus, die [[7 Decembris]] [[2022]] ex officio eiectus est ut qui [[tyrannis|tyrannidem]] imposuisse conatus esset. Praeses vicaria [[Dina Boluarte]] statim ad praesidatum elevata est. == Bibliographia == * Dan Collyns, "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup Peru president removed from office and charged with ‘rebellion’ after alleged coup attempt]" in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (7 Decembris 2022) * Dan Collyns, "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/08/peru-pedro-castillo-court-rebellion-conspiracy-charges Peru’s ousted president appears in court to face rebellion and conspiracy charges]" in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (8 Decembris 2022) == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * {{CIDOB|https://www.cidob.org/en/biografias_lideres_politicos_only_in_spanish/america_del_sur/peru/pedro_castillo_terrones/(language)/esl-ES|Pedro Castillo Terrones}} * "[https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/11/roberto-sanchez-califico-de-arbitraria-detencion-de-pedro-castillo/ Roberto Sánchez aseguró que el expresidente Pedro Castillo es “un preso político”]" (11 Decembris 2022) apud ''InfoBAE'' {{Praesides Peruviae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Castillo, Petrus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1969]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Peruviae]] [[Categoria:Duces civitatum]] [[Categoria:Marxistae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Caesaris Vallejo]] [[Categoria:Praeceptores]] [[Categoria:Opificum duces]] a88q3j80j97o5zn6kscj95oylfvf1lv 0 312393 3955279 3829337 2026-04-17T16:18:42Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3955279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Lydus''' ([[Graece]] Ἰωάννης Λαυρέντιος ὁ Λυδός; Latine plenius "Ioannes Laurentius Lydus"; anno fere [[490]] natus, ante 561 mortuus)<ref>{{qc|id= Hooker (2017)}} pp. vi-xi</ref> fuit magistratus scriptorque [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]]. [[Philadelphia (Lydia)|Philadelphia]]e in [[Lydia]] natus, [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] operam dedit imperatoribus [[Anastasius I (imperator)|Anastasio]] et [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]]. Libros iam senex de rebus antiquis Graece conscripsit, videlicet: * ''De ostentis'' (Περὶ Διοσημείων) de origine et progressu artis divinatoriae * ''De magistratibus rei publicae Romanae'' (Περὶ ἀρχῶν τῆς Ῥωμαίων πολιτείας), opus anno fere 550 confectum de regimine Romano vel Byzantino * ''De mensibus'' (Περὶ τῶν μηνῶν) de diebus festis paganis == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editio operum omnium * 1837 : Immanuel Bekkerus, ed., ''Ioannes Lydus'' (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 27.) {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum27niebuoft Textus] ; Editio libri ''De ostentis'' * 1897 : C. Wachsmuth, ed., ''Ioannis Laurentii Lydi Liber de ostentis''. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}} [https://archive.org/details/ioannislaurentii00lydu/page/n3/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' ; Editiones ''De magistratibus'' * 1971 : Thomas Francis Carney, interpr., ''John the Lydian, De Magistratibus. On the Magistracies of the Roman Constitution.'' Coronado Press 1971 {{Ling|Anglice}} * 1983 : Anastasius C. Bandy, ed., ''Ioannes Lydus on powers, or: The magistracies of the Roman state.'' Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society, 1983 {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/bandy-1983-john-lydus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 2006 : Michel Dubuisson, Jacques Schamp, edd., ''Jean le Lydien: Des magistratures de l'état romain''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres, 2006 {{Ling|Graece|Francogallice}} ** Vol. 1 i: ''Introduction générale''. ISBN 2-251-00533-1 ** Vol. 1 ii: ''Introduction générale. Livre I''. ISBN 2-251-00533-1 ** Vol. 2: ''Livres II et III''. ISBN 2-251-00535-8. ; Editiones ''De mensibus'' * 1898 : R. Wünsch, ed., ''Ioannis Laurentii Lydi Liber de mensibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}} [https://archive.org/details/ioannislaurenti02wuengoog/page/n2/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 2013 : Anastasius C. Bandy et al., edd., ''Ioannes Lydus. On the Months: De mensibus''. Lewiston Cenomannicae: Edwin Mellen Press, 2013. ISBN 9780773445222; [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014.01.09 recensio huius editionis] * 2017 : {{ec|id= Hooker (2017)|c= Mischa Hooker, interpr., ''John Lydus: De mensibus''. 2a ed. {{Ling|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/JohnLydusOnTheMonthsTr.Hooker2ndEd.2017 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}; [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.09.05/ recensio huius versionis] ; Eruditio * [[Averil Cameron]], ''Procopius and the sixth century'' (Londinii: Routledge, 2005) pp. 244-250 * Sviatoslav Dmitriev, "John Lydus and His Contemporaries on Identities and Cultures of Sixth-Century Byzantium" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 64 (2010) pp. 27-42 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41480879 JSTOR] * M. Dubuisson, "Jean le Lydien et le latin: Les limites d'une compétence" in '' Serta Leodensia secunda'' (Leodii, 1992) * M. Dubuisson, "Jean le Lydien et les formes de pouvoir personnel à Rome" in ''Cahiers Gustave Glotz'' no. 2 (1991) pp. 55-72 * A. Kaldellis, "Republican Theory and Political Dissidence in Ioannes Lydos" in ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'' vol. 29 (2005) pp. 1-16 * C. Kelly, "John Lydus and the Eastern Pretorian Prefecture" in ''Byzantinische Zeitung'' vol. 98 (2005) * Michael Maas, ''John Lydus and the Roman Past: Antiquarianism and Politics in the Age of Justinian''. Londinii, 1992 * W. Treadgold, ''The Early Byzantine Historians'' (Novi Eboraci, 2007), pp. 258-261 == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} [[Categoria:Nati 490]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Magistratus Romani]] [[Categoria:Incolae Anatoliae mediaevalis]] rq6f8kooyyrpgxgbxwi4h0f1teouxa5 3955280 3955279 2026-04-17T16:22:15Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3955280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Lydus''' ([[Graece]] Ἰωάννης Λαυρέντιος ὁ Λυδός; Latine plenius "Ioannes Laurentius Lydus"; anno fere [[490]] natus, ante 561 mortuus)<ref>{{qc|id= Hooker (2017)}} pp. vi-xi</ref> fuit magistratus scriptorque [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]]. [[Philadelphia (Lydia)|Philadelphia]]e in [[Lydia]] natus, [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] operam dedit imperatoribus [[Anastasius I (imperator)|Anastasio]] et [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]]. Libros iam senex de rebus antiquis Graece conscripsit, videlicet: * ''De ostentis'' (Περὶ Διοσημείων) de origine et progressu artis divinatoriae * ''De magistratibus rei publicae Romanae'' (Περὶ ἀρχῶν τῆς Ῥωμαίων πολιτείας), opus anno fere 550 confectum de regimine Romano vel Byzantino * ''De mensibus'' (Περὶ τῶν μηνῶν) de diebus festis paganis == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editio operum omnium * 1837 : Immanuel Bekkerus, ed., ''Ioannes Lydus'' (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 27.) {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum27niebuoft Textus] ; Editio libri ''De ostentis'' * 1897 : C. Wachsmuth, ed., ''Ioannis Laurentii Lydi Liber de ostentis''. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}} [https://archive.org/details/ioannislaurentii00lydu/page/n3/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' ; Editiones ''De magistratibus'' * 1971 : Thomas Francis Carney, interpr., ''John the Lydian, De Magistratibus. On the Magistracies of the Roman Constitution.'' Coronado Press 1971 {{Ling|Anglice}} * 1983 : Anastasius C. Bandy, ed., ''Ioannes Lydus on powers, or: The magistracies of the Roman state.'' Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society, 1983 {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/bandy-1983-john-lydus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 2006 : Michel Dubuisson, Jacques Schamp, edd., ''Jean le Lydien: Des magistratures de l'état romain''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres, 2006 {{Ling|Graece|Francogallice}} ** Vol. 1 i: ''Introduction générale''. ISBN 2-251-00533-1 ** Vol. 1 ii: ''Introduction générale. Livre I''. ISBN 2-251-00533-1 ** Vol. 2: ''Livres II et III''. ISBN 2-251-00535-8. ; Editiones ''De mensibus'' * 1898 : R. Wünsch, ed., ''Ioannis Laurentii Lydi Liber de mensibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}} [https://archive.org/details/ioannislaurenti02wuengoog/page/n2/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 2013 : Anastasius C. Bandy et al., edd., ''Ioannes Lydus. On the Months: De mensibus''. Lewiston Cenomannicae: Edwin Mellen Press, 2013. ISBN 9780773445222; [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014.01.09 recensio huius editionis] * 2017 : {{ec|id= Hooker (2017)|c= Mischa Hooker, interpr., ''John Lydus: De mensibus''. 2a ed. {{Ling|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/JohnLydusOnTheMonthsTr.Hooker2ndEd.2017 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}; [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.09.05/ recensio huius versionis] ; Eruditio * [[Averil Cameron]], ''Procopius and the sixth century'' (Londinii: Routledge, 2005) pp. 244-250 * T. Carney, ''Bureaucracy in Traditional Society: Romano-Byzantine bureaucracies viewed from within''. Lawrence, Kansas, 1971 * Sviatoslav Dmitriev, "John Lydus and His Contemporaries on Identities and Cultures of Sixth-Century Byzantium" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 64 (2010) pp. 27-42 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41480879 JSTOR] * M. Dubuisson, "Jean le Lydien et le latin: Les limites d'une compétence" in '' Serta Leodensia secunda'' (Leodii, 1992) * M. Dubuisson, "Jean le Lydien et les formes de pouvoir personnel à Rome" in ''Cahiers Gustave Glotz'' no. 2 (1991) pp. 55-72 * A. Kaldellis, "Republican Theory and Political Dissidence in Ioannes Lydos" in ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'' vol. 29 (2005) pp. 1-16 * C. Kelly, "John Lydus and the Eastern Pretorian Prefecture" in ''Byzantinische Zeitung'' vol. 98 (2005) * Michael Maas, ''John Lydus and the Roman Past: Antiquarianism and Politics in the Age of Justinian''. Londinii, 1992 * W. Treadgold, ''The Early Byzantine Historians'' (Novi Eboraci, 2007), pp. 258-261 == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} [[Categoria:Nati 490]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Magistratus Romani]] [[Categoria:Incolae Anatoliae mediaevalis]] c3j4is3uwllkr15yyniuedq6bxs3wxj 3955282 3955280 2026-04-17T16:23:57Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3955282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Lydus''' ([[Graece]] Ἰωάννης Λαυρέντιος ὁ Λυδός; Latine plenius "Ioannes Laurentius Lydus"; anno fere [[490]] natus, ante 561 mortuus)<ref>{{qc|id= Hooker (2017)}} pp. vi-xi</ref> fuit magistratus scriptorque [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]]. [[Philadelphia (Lydia)|Philadelphia]]e in [[Lydia]] natus, [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] operam dedit imperatoribus [[Anastasius I (imperator)|Anastasio]] et [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]]. Libros iam senex de rebus antiquis Graece conscripsit, videlicet: * ''De ostentis'' (Περὶ Διοσημείων) de origine et progressu artis divinatoriae * ''De magistratibus rei publicae Romanae'' (Περὶ ἀρχῶν τῆς Ῥωμαίων πολιτείας), opus anno fere 550 confectum de regimine Romano vel Byzantino * ''De mensibus'' (Περὶ τῶν μηνῶν) de diebus festis paganis == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editio operum omnium * 1837 : Immanuel Bekkerus, ed., ''Ioannes Lydus'' (''[[Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae]]'', 27.) {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [http://www.archive.org/details/corpusscriptorum27niebuoft Textus] ; Editio libri ''De ostentis'' * 1897 : C. Wachsmuth, ed., ''Ioannis Laurentii Lydi Liber de ostentis''. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}} [https://archive.org/details/ioannislaurentii00lydu/page/n3/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' ; Editiones ''De magistratibus'' * 1971 : Thomas Francis Carney, interpr., ''John the Lydian, De Magistratibus. On the Magistracies of the Roman Constitution.'' Coronado Press 1971 {{Ling|Anglice}} * 1983 : Anastasius C. Bandy, ed., ''Ioannes Lydus on powers, or: The magistracies of the Roman state.'' Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society, 1983 {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/bandy-1983-john-lydus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 2006 : Michel Dubuisson, Jacques Schamp, edd., ''Jean le Lydien: Des magistratures de l'état romain''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres, 2006 {{Ling|Graece|Francogallice}} ** Vol. 1 i: ''Introduction générale''. ISBN 2-251-00533-1 ** Vol. 1 ii: ''Introduction générale. Livre I''. ISBN 2-251-00533-1 ** Vol. 2: ''Livres II et III''. ISBN 2-251-00535-8. ; Editiones ''De mensibus'' * 1898 : R. Wünsch, ed., ''Ioannis Laurentii Lydi Liber de mensibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner {{Ling|Graece}} [https://archive.org/details/ioannislaurenti02wuengoog/page/n2/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 2013 : Anastasius C. Bandy et al., edd., ''Ioannes Lydus. On the Months: De mensibus''. Lewiston Cenomannicae: Edwin Mellen Press, 2013. ISBN 9780773445222; [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014.01.09 recensio huius editionis] * 2017 : {{ec|id= Hooker (2017)|c= Mischa Hooker, interpr., ''John Lydus: De mensibus''. 2a ed. {{Ling|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/JohnLydusOnTheMonthsTr.Hooker2ndEd.2017 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}; [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.09.05/ recensio huius versionis] ; Eruditio * [[Averil Cameron]], ''Procopius and the sixth century'' (Londinii: Routledge, 2005) pp. 244-250 * Thomas Francis Carney, ''Bureaucracy in Traditional Society: Romano-Byzantine bureaucracies viewed from within''. Lawrence, Kansas, 1971 * Sviatoslav Dmitriev, "John Lydus and His Contemporaries on Identities and Cultures of Sixth-Century Byzantium" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 64 (2010) pp. 27-42 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41480879 JSTOR] * Michel Dubuisson, "Jean le Lydien et le latin: Les limites d'une compétence" in '' Serta Leodensia secunda'' (Leodii, 1992) * Michel Dubuisson, "Jean le Lydien et les formes de pouvoir personnel à Rome" in ''Cahiers Gustave Glotz'' no. 2 (1991) pp. 55-72 * Anthony Kaldellis, "Republican Theory and Political Dissidence in Ioannes Lydos" in ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'' vol. 29 (2005) pp. 1-16 * C. Kelly, "John Lydus and the Eastern Pretorian Prefecture" in ''Byzantinische Zeitung'' vol. 98 (2005) * Michael Maas, ''John Lydus and the Roman Past: Antiquarianism and Politics in the Age of Justinian''. Londinii, 1992 * W. Treadgold, ''The Early Byzantine Historians'' (Novi Eboraci, 2007), pp. 258-261 == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} [[Categoria:Nati 490]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Magistratus Romani]] [[Categoria:Incolae Anatoliae mediaevalis]] 6mde7tn6hxd1u1hx24my6voppsg02zt 0 314720 3955252 3948196 2026-04-17T15:17:14Z Iosephus Pius 207970 3955252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Disnomen}} {{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Hebraica et Graeca|significatio="Deo addito" atque "saxum"|imago=JoséPedroVarela.png|capitulum=[[Iosephus Petrus Varela]], sociologus uruguaianus}} '''Iosephus Petrus''' est [[Nomen proprium|nomen]] masculinum, quod e ''[[Ioannes (nomen)|Iosepho]]'' nomine [[Hebraice|Hebraico]] ac ''[[Petrus (nomen)|Petro]]'' nomine [[Graeco]] componitur. Usitassimum apud cultus [[Portugallice|lusophone]] et [[Hispania|hispanophone]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Lusitane]] ''José Pedro'').<ref>De nomine vide [https://venere.it/es/el-significado-y-la-historia-del-nombre-jose-pedro/].</ref> Alter forma, '''Petrus Iosephus''' late etiam in [[Italia|Italos]] ([[Italiane]] ''Piergiuseppe'') ac [[Francia|Francogallicos]] ([[Francice]] ''Pierre-Joseph'') adhibetur. == Homines == * [[Iosephus Petrus Galvão de Sousa]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Montero]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Pétrequin]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Ramirez]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Varela]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Vélez]] * [[Petrus Castillo|Iosephus Petrus Castillo]] {{notae}} [[Categoria:Nomina composita]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] jtoqll9vu6i4fgxwiqtlxccmdtfzhso 3955332 3955252 2026-04-17T22:42:35Z IacobusAmor 1163 3955332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Disnomen}} {{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Hebraica et Graeca|significatio="Deo addito" atque "saxum"|imago=JoséPedroVarela.png|capitulum=[[Iosephus Petrus Varela]], [[sociologus]] [[Uruguaia]]nus}} '''Iosephus Petrus''' est [[Nomen proprium|nomen]] masculinum, quod e ''[[Ioannes (nomen)|Iosepho]]'' nomine [[Hebraice|Hebraico]] ac ''[[Petrus (nomen)|Petro]]'' nomine [[Graeco]] componitur. Usitassimum apud cultus [[Portugallice|lusophone]] et [[Hispania|hispanophone]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Lusitane]] ''José Pedro'').<ref>De nomine vide [https://venere.it/es/el-significado-y-la-historia-del-nombre-jose-pedro/].</ref> Alter forma, '''Petrus Iosephus''' late etiam in [[Italia|Italos]] ([[Italiane]] ''Piergiuseppe'') ac [[Francia|Francicos]] ([[Francice]] ''Pierre-Joseph'') adhibetur. == Homines == * [[Iosephus Petrus Galvão de Sousa]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Montero]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Pétrequin]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Ramirez]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Varela]] * [[Iosephus Petrus Vélez]] * [[Petrus Castillo|Iosephus Petrus Castillo]] {{notae}} [[Categoria:Nomina composita]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] 1mcthl3gnp0ik3s8igbxwmbojjncyks 0 315904 3955286 3936590 2026-04-17T17:02:35Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3955286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Hippias maior beginning. Editio princeps.jpg|thumb|Initium dialogi in [[Editio princeps|editione principe]] (1513 Venetiis apud [[Aldus Manutius|Aldum Manutium]]).]] '''''Hippias maior''''' (Graece ''Ἱππίας Μείζων'') alias '''''Hippias I''''' est [[dialogus Socraticus]] a [[Plato]]ne [[philosophus|philosopho]] [[Athenae|Atheniensi]] anno incerto compositus: certe inter primos iuventutis dialogos vulgo numeratur. Duae tantum sunt personae, philosophus [[Socrates]] et [[Sophistae|sophista]] [[Hippias]] qui definitionem [[Pulchritudo|pulchritudini]] per se quaerunt nec inveniunt quoniam investigatio in aporiam evadit. Hippias persona gloriosa et ob inflatos spiritus verbaque satis ridicula; semper enim respondet nihil omnium facilius esse inventu nec tamen quicquam proficit. Maior appellatur ut ab ''[[Hippias minor|Hippia Minore]]'' alias ''secundo'' eundem sophistam irridente distinguatur fortasse ob nullam aliam causam nisi quod longior est. == De argumento == Socrates sophistae Hippiae qui Athenas ad opera recitanda venit forte occurrit. Eius ingenium multum laudat quod eo manifestius elucet quo maiores pecunias parentibus persuadeat ut sibi ad liberos educandos conferant. Cum autem pulchrum in sermone memoratur Socrates Hippiae auxilium rogat adversus acerbum contradictorem a quo saepe refutatur cum pulchras actiones laudare incipit. 'Quid sit enim pulchrum illud quod in actionibus laudes o Socrates primum dic mihi', rogare solet nec Socrates quod respondeat habet atque irridetur. Hippias homo gloriosus auxilium suum statim pollicetur, rem facilem esse iudicans nec dubitans quin adversarius statim vincatur. Definitiones proponit quae Socrati non satisfaciunt: pulchra puella, aurum, beata vita in qua quis parentes sepeliat atque rursus ipse a liberis sepeliatur. At quotiencumque quid invenisse sibi videtur argumenta ii obiciuntur quae Socrates in ore conlocutoris sui ponit: timet enim ne acerbe irrideatur si ita loquatur. Hippias negat cum tam agresti et rustico conlocutore sermonem habere voluisse. Nihilominus a Socrate mitigatur atque cum eo alias definitiones ab ipso Socrate suppositas inspicit: decus, commodum, utile, voluptates ex oculis et auribus venientes. Nulla tamen in fine recta esse invenitur. Postremo Hippias tales verborum cavillationes vituperat atque eis artem rhetoricam contionum iudiciorumque opponit. Socrates vero fatum suum (ironice) deplorat si ex una parte ab Hippia vituperari, ex altera ab anonymo contradictore irrideri debet nec quicquam profecturus nec auxilium usquam inventurus. Hodie hic dialogus lepore [[Comoedia|comoediae]] magis placet quam [[Dialectica|dialecticis]] argutiis quae nobis frigidae videntur. == Editiones == *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: Platon, ''[https://archive.org/details/oeuvrescomplte01platuoft/page/n7/mode/2up Oeuvres complètes. Tome II, Hippias majeur, Charmide, Lachès, Lysis]'', texte établi et traduit par Alfred Croiset, Les Belles Lettres, 1921 *Bruno Vancamp, ''Platon. Hippias maior - Hippias minor. Textkritisch herausgegeben'', Fr. Steiner, 1996 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1997_num_66_1_1292_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1998_num_76_1_7367_t1_0229_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] *[http://www.opera-platonis.de/Hippias_I.pdf versio Theodisca] - fecit Schleiermacher 1861 == Plura legere si cupis == *Bruno Haas, ''[https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/94957 Le beau et ses traductions. Les quatre définitions du beau dans le Hippias majeur de Platon]'', Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2021 * Ernst Heitsch, ''Grenzen philologischer Echtheitskritik : Bemerkungen zum "Grossen Hippias"'', Franz Steiner, 1999 * Ernestus Horneffer, ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11537577?page=4,5 De Hippia maiore qui fertur Platonis]'', Gottingae, 1895 *Maria Teresa Liminta, ''Il problema della bellezza in Platone : analisi e interpretazioni dell'"Ippia maggiore"'', Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1998 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1976_num_78_1_4022_t1_0263_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1977_num_46_1_1861_t1_0233_0000_1 Altera recensio critica] *Ivor Ludlam, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20240723153429/https://www.academia.edu/33097871/Plato_on_the_Good_Hippias_Minor_and_Hippias_Major Plato on the Good: Hippias Minor and Hippias Major]", in ''For a skeptical peripatetic : Festschrift in honour of John Glucker'', Academia Verlag, 2017 ** ''Hippias Major: an interpretation'', F. Steiner, 1991. [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1992/1992.05.11/ Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1993_num_62_1_1176_t1_0378_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] *Joseph Moreau, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1941_num_54_254_2905 Le platonisme de l'Hippias Majeur]", ''Revue des Études Grecques'', 1941: 19-42 *Halsten Olson, «[https://www.academia.edu/6593504/Socrates_talks_to_himself_in_Platos_Hippias_Major Socrates Talks to Himself in Plato’s Hippias Major] », ''Ancient Philosophy'', 2000: 265–287 *Marion Soreth, ''Der Platonische Dialog Hippias Maior'', CH Beck, 1953 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1954_num_23_2_3248_t1_0472_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1955_num_68_319_3414_t2_0374_0000_3 Altera recensio critica] *E. de Strycker, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1941_num_10_1_3116 De irrationalen in den Hippias Maior]", ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1941: 25-36 *Bruno Vancamp, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rht_0373-6075_1995_num_25_1995_1421 La tradition manuscrite de l'Hippias majeur de Platon]", ''Revue d'Histoire des Textes'', 1995: 1-60 **"[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2001_num_79_1_4505 Réflexions éditoriales à propos des manuscrits des Hippias de Platon]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2001: 31-37 == Nexus externi == *[https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BD Textus] apud Vicifontem * [https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=hippias+majeur&mid=A55B5B0D700963721DC4A55B5B0D700963721DC4&FORM=VIRE Commentarius Francogallice audiendus] [[Categoria:Dialogi Socratici]] [[Categoria:Opera Platonis]] syfgsie76zbb3z09wlxdhpxrlr74fae 0 322545 3955335 3946678 2026-04-18T00:39:52Z LilyKitty 18316 de notionibus studii et categoriam addo 3955335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa scholae Vicidatorum}} {{res|Universitas Cantii}}{{FD ref}} (Anglice ''University of Kent'') est [[universitas publica]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniae]], anno [[1965]] condita, cui sedes principalis est [[Cantium|Cantiae]] prope urbem [[Cantuaria|Cantuariam]] sita. Quae [[universitas]] nota est ob indolem internationalem, studia humanitatis, et scientiarum socialium, atque ob nexūs academicos cum [[Europa]] continentali. == Historia == Universitas Cantii, sive Cantiacensis, condita est annis sexagesimis saeculi XX, tempore quo regimen Britannicum studia superiora ampliare statuit. Litteris regiis anno [[1965]] acceptis, universitas primos discipulos anno [[1967]] recepit. Architectura campi academici Cantuariensis, a [[Kenneth Stevens]] et aliis designata, more modernistico exstructa est. Ab initio universitas studia interdisciplinaria fovere conata est atque rationes collegiales introduxit, quibus discipuli et magistri in communitatibus academicis minore ambitu coniungerentur. == Campus et structura == Sedes principalis universitatis est campus Cantuariensis in colle posita, qui plura collegia academica continet, inter quae sunt Collegium Darwin, Collegium Keynes, Collegium Eliot et Collegium Rutherford. Universitas praeterea sedes habet [[Cantabrigia|Cantabrigiae]], Medway, et [[Lutetia|Lutetiae Parisiorum]]. Universitas in facultates distributa est, quae studia [[artes humaniores|artium humaniorum]], iuris, [[scientiae sociales|scientiarum socialium]], scientiarum naturalium et medicinae complectuntur. == Studia et investigatio == Universitas Cantii gradus academicos praebet a baccalaureatu usque ad doctoratum. Praecipue clara est in studiis iuris, relationum internationalium, historiae, linguae Anglicae, [[psychologia]]e atque [[scientia politica|scientiarum politicarum]]. Investigatio academica magni momenti est in universitate, quae pluribus institutis et centris investigationis sustentatur, saepe in cooperatione internationali. == Vita academica == Universitas discipulos ex plurimis nationibus accipit, unde indoles [[multiculturalismus|multiculturalis]] ortam est. Discipuli sodalitates, consociationes culturales et athleticas frequentare possunt. Bibliothecae, theatra et spatia communia vitam academicam fovent. == Alumni praeclari == Inter alumnorum numerum inveniuntur [[politicus|politici]], iurisperiti, [[scriptor]]es et academici, qui in Britannia et alibi muneribus publicis vel culturalibus praestiterunt. ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == * [https://www.kent.ac.uk Situs publicus] [[Categoria:Cantium]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1965]] [[Categoria:Universitas Cantiensis]] [[Categoria:Universitates Britanniae]] mls89zrq874vq8koo5darwi2a813f2m 0 323740 3955233 3954672 2026-04-17T14:34:26Z ~2026-23728-94 208123 3955233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-5}} [[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]] '''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]</ref> == Cursus belli == [[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]] Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]</ref> Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant. Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html "Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms."]</ref> Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].</ref> Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 "Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised."]</ref> Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].</ref> et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call "UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation."]</ref> Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.<ref>[https://www.https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump "A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war."]</ref> Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says "'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says."]</ref> Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian "Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian."].</ref> Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo "Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?"]</ref> Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], <!--unus???--> auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no "War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel."]</ref> Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o "US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing."]</ref> Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]</ref> Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro "Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?"]</ref> Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]</ref> [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.<ref>Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. </ref> Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].</ref> Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].</ref> Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad "[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]" mittere potest.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]</ref> Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]</ref> Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']</ref> Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a "veto" [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]</ref> Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.<ref>[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]</ref> Die [[10 Aprilis]] 2026, Delegatio Iraniae ad [[Islamabada]]m [[Pakistania]]e iit for talks with US pro negotio indutiae formalis die [[11 Aprilis]] 2026 cum Civitatum Foederatarum.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/10/iran-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-threaten-us-iran-ceasefire-talks Iran war updates: Iranian dekegation arrives in Pakistan]</ref> Die [[12 Aprilis]] 2026, Colloqium negotii inter [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobum David Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum et delegation Iraniae [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudi Pezeshkian]] per auxulium [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pakistania]]e fuit, sed in vana quod rectio Iraniae creationem armae nuclearis non abrogare posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7k4y0veyo Iran talks ware major test for JD Vance. How did he do?]</ref> Die [[13 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia occidentalis|Oriente Medii]] (CENTCOM) a directione Donaldi Trump [[Fretum Ormusense]] claudendum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the strait of Hormuz and how many ware attacked?]</ref> Die [[17 Aprilis]] 2026 Abbas Araqchi, rerum externarum minister [[Irania|Iraniae]] [[Fretum Ormusense]] omnibus navibus mercatoriis aperire, durantibus indutiis, dixit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/]</ref> [[Donaldus Trump]] se autem eundem fretum vi certa Iranicis navibus clausum tenturum esse affirmavit, quoad negotia sua cum Irania omnino conficeret.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-blockade-iran-in-full-force-until-deal-is-reached-2026-04-17/]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]] [[Categoria:2026]] c3z3v4bay65iqccd4zfiaytd28d8mhd 3955234 3955233 2026-04-17T14:34:56Z ~2026-23728-94 208123 3955234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-5}} [[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]] '''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]</ref> == Cursus belli == [[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]] Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]</ref> Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant. Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html "Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms."]</ref> Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].</ref> Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 "Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised."]</ref> Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].</ref> et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call "UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation."]</ref> Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.<ref>[https://www.https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump "A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war."]</ref> Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says "'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says."]</ref> Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian "Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian."].</ref> Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo "Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?"]</ref> Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], <!--unus???--> auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no "War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel."]</ref> Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o "US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing."]</ref> Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]</ref> Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro "Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?"]</ref> Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]</ref> [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.<ref>Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. </ref> Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].</ref> Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].</ref> Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad "[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]" mittere potest.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]</ref> Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]</ref> Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']</ref> Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a "veto" [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]</ref> Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.<ref>[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]</ref> Die [[10 Aprilis]] 2026, Delegatio Iraniae ad [[Islamabada]]m [[Pakistania]]e iit for talks with US pro negotio indutiae formalis die [[11 Aprilis]] 2026 cum Civitatum Foederatarum.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/10/iran-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-threaten-us-iran-ceasefire-talks Iran war updates: Iranian dekegation arrives in Pakistan]</ref> Die [[12 Aprilis]] 2026, Colloqium negotii inter [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobum David Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum et delegation Iraniae [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudi Pezeshkian]] per auxulium [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pakistania]]e fuit, sed in vana quod rectio Iraniae creationem armae nuclearis non abrogare posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7k4y0veyo Iran talks ware major test for JD Vance. How did he do?]</ref> Die [[13 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia occidentalis|Oriente Medii]] (CENTCOM) a directione Donaldi Trump [[Fretum Ormusense]] claudendum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the strait of Hormuz and how many ware attacked?]</ref> Die [[17 Aprilis]] 2026 Abbas Araqchi, rerum externarum minister [[Irania|Iraniae]] [[Fretum Ormusense]] omnibus navibus mercatoriis aperiri, durantibus indutiis, dixit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/]</ref> [[Donaldus Trump]] se autem eundem fretum vi certa Iranicis navibus clausum tenturum esse affirmavit, quoad negotia sua cum Irania omnino conficeret.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-blockade-iran-in-full-force-until-deal-is-reached-2026-04-17/]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]] [[Categoria:2026]] p3nfp9yez87o060zamhhamr3hvusuq0 3955235 3955234 2026-04-17T14:37:18Z ~2026-23728-94 208123 3955235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-5}} [[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]] '''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]</ref> == Cursus belli == [[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]] Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]</ref> Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant. Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html "Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms."]</ref> Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].</ref> Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 "Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised."]</ref> Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].</ref> et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call "UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation."]</ref> Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.<ref>[https://www.https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump "A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war."]</ref> Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says "'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says."]</ref> Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian "Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian."].</ref> Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo "Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?"]</ref> Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], <!--unus???--> auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no "War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel."]</ref> Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o "US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing."]</ref> Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]</ref> Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro "Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?"]</ref> Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]</ref> [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.<ref>Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. </ref> Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].</ref> Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].</ref> Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad "[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]" mittere potest.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]</ref> Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]</ref> Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']</ref> Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a "veto" [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]</ref> Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.<ref>[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]</ref> Die [[10 Aprilis]] 2026, Delegatio Iraniae ad [[Islamabada]]m [[Pakistania]]e iit for talks with US pro negotio indutiae formalis die [[11 Aprilis]] 2026 cum Civitatum Foederatarum.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/10/iran-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-threaten-us-iran-ceasefire-talks Iran war updates: Iranian dekegation arrives in Pakistan]</ref> Die [[12 Aprilis]] 2026, Colloqium negotii inter [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobum David Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum et delegation Iraniae [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudi Pezeshkian]] per auxulium [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pakistania]]e fuit, sed in vana quod rectio Iraniae creationem armae nuclearis non abrogare posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7k4y0veyo Iran talks ware major test for JD Vance. How did he do?]</ref> Die [[13 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia occidentalis|Oriente Medii]] (CENTCOM) a directione Donaldi Trump [[Fretum Ormusense]] claudendum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the strait of Hormuz and how many ware attacked?]</ref> Die [[17 Aprilis]] 2026 Abbas Araqchi, rerum externarum minister [[Irania|Iraniae]] [[Fretum Ormusense]] omnibus navibus mercatoriis aperiri, durantibus indutiis, dixit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/ Iran's foreign minister says passage of vessels via Hormuz Strait is open during ceasefire]</ref> [[Donaldus Trump]] se autem eundem fretum vi certa Iranicis navibus clausum tenturum esse affirmavit, quoad negotia sua cum Irania omnino conficeret.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-blockade-iran-in-full-force-until-deal-is-reached-2026-04-17/ Trump says blockade on Iran 'in full force' until deal is reached]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]] [[Categoria:2026]] 9mafz3wxq0nzj3kr1h24zrvr6kks4zp 3955333 3955235 2026-04-17T23:08:25Z LilyKitty 18316 de Abbas Araghchi, rerum externarum ministro Iraniae 3955333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-5}} [[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]] '''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]</ref> == Cursus belli == [[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]] Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]</ref> Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant. Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html "Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms."]</ref> Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].</ref> Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 "Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised."]</ref> Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].</ref> et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call "UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation."]</ref> Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.<ref>[https://www.https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump "A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war."]</ref> Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says "'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says."]</ref> Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian "Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian."].</ref> Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo "Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?"]</ref> Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], <!--unus???--> auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no "War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel."]</ref> Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o "US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing."]</ref> Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]</ref> Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro "Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?"]</ref> Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]</ref> [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.<ref>Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. </ref> Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].</ref> Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].</ref> Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad "[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]" mittere potest.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]</ref> Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]</ref> Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']</ref> Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a "veto" [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]</ref> Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.<ref>[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]</ref> Die [[10 Aprilis]] 2026, Delegatio Iraniae ad [[Islamabada]]m [[Pakistania]]e iit for talks with US pro negotio indutiae formalis die [[11 Aprilis]] 2026 cum Civitatum Foederatarum.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/10/iran-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-threaten-us-iran-ceasefire-talks Iran war updates: Iranian dekegation arrives in Pakistan]</ref> Die [[12 Aprilis]] 2026, Colloqium negotii inter [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobum David Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum et delegation Iraniae [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudi Pezeshkian]] per auxulium [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pakistania]]e fuit, sed in vana quod rectio Iraniae creationem armae nuclearis non abrogare posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7k4y0veyo Iran talks ware major test for JD Vance. How did he do?]</ref> Die [[13 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia occidentalis|Oriente Medii]] (CENTCOM) a directione Donaldi Trump [[Fretum Ormusense]] claudendum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the strait of Hormuz and how many ware attacked?]</ref> Die [[17 Aprilis]] 2026 [[Abbas Araghchi]], rerum externarum minister [[Irania|Iraniae]] [[Fretum Ormusense]] omnibus navibus mercatoriis aperiri, durantibus [[indutiae|indutiis]] et [[Libanus|Libani]], dixit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/ Iran's foreign minister says passage of vessels via Hormuz Strait is open during ceasefire]</ref> [[Donaldus Trump]] se autem eundem fretum vi certa Iranicis navibus clausum tenturum esse affirmavit, quoad negotia sua cum Irania omnino conficeret.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-blockade-iran-in-full-force-until-deal-is-reached-2026-04-17/ Trump says blockade on Iran 'in full force' until deal is reached]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]] [[Categoria:2026]] jwhlgu6h2vqwjcir215r6ezd52cxhe5 0 324062 3955291 3952467 2026-04-17T17:12:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De scientia et operibus */ 3955291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Publius Nigidius Figulus''' (natus paulo ante 98 a.C.n.<ref>Quod ex anno praeturae ([[58 a.C.n.]]) colligitur.</ref>, mortuus circa 45 a.C.n.<ref>[[Hieronymus]], ''Chron'', Olymp. 183.4.</ref>), [[plebs|plebeio]] loco natus, fuit eruditus Romanus antiquus qui tam rerum naturae quam [[Grammatica Latina|grammaticae]] operam dedit. [[Pythagoras|Pythagorismum]] profitebatur et [[Astrologia|astrologiam]] contra detrectatores defendebat. Discipulus [[Posidonius Apameus|Posidonii]] et amicus [[Cicero|Ciceronis]] erat qui eum in ''[[Timaeus (Cicero)|Timaeo]]'' suo conlocutorem induxit et his verbis laudavit: ''acer investigator et diligens earum rerum quae a natura involutae videntur''<ref>''Timaeus'' I.1.2.</ref>. Quamquam enim eius opera hodie deperdita sunt, saepe a grammaticis et eruditis posterioribus citatur et cum [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varrone]] comparatur<ref>[[Servius grammaticus|Servius]], ''Ad Aenidem'' X.175. [[Aulus Gellius]] XIX.14.</ref>. [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor in [[Bellum Civile (49-45 a.C.n.)|bello civili]] [[exsilium|exsul]] obiit ante [[Idus|Idus Martias]]. == De cursu honorum == Anno [[63 a.C.n.]] iam senator erat et iam magna auctoritate in republica fruebatur: ita in [[Catilinae coniuratio|Catilinae coniuratione]] consulis Ciceronis consiliorum particeps fuisse dicebatur<ref>Cicero, ''[[Pro Sulla]]'' 42. [[Epistulae ad familiares|Ad familiares]] IV.13.2. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Ciceronis'' 20. ''An seni sit gerenda respublica'' 27.</ref>. Anno [[60 a.C.n.|60]] in [[Gaius Antonius Hybrida|Gai Antonii]] causa dicitur ''minari in contione se iudicem qui non adfuerit compellaturum''<ref>''[[Ad Atticum]]'' II.2.3.</ref>, unde variae coniecturae ortae sunt: fortasse [[tribunus plebis]] eo anno fuit, aut iudex quaestionis. Anno [[58 a.C.n.|58]] [[praetor]] creatus est<ref>''[[Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem|Ad Quintum fratrem]]'' I.2.16.</ref>. Anno 51 e legatione Asiatica redibat et [[Ephesus|Ephesi]] forte in Ciceronem iter facientem in [[Cilicia|provinciam Ciliciam]] incidit<ref>''Timaeus'' I.1.</ref>. Anno [[49 a.C.n.|49]] pro Pompeio in Italia pugnavit<ref>''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' VII.24.</ref> bello civili ineunte et si poetae [[Lucanus|Lucano]]<ref>''[[Pharsalia]]'' I.639-672.</ref> credimus astrologiae scientia fretus Romanis taetram luem praedixit. Utrum anno [[48 a.C.n.|48]] in castris Pompeianis apud [[Pharsalus|Pharsalum]] fuerit necne incertum est. Certe anno 46 Cicero in epistula ad Nigidium missa eum exsulem consolari conabatur<ref>''[[Epistulae ad familiares|Ad familiares]]'' IV.13.</ref>. == De scientia et operibus == Astrologi figura in multorum hominum mentibus praevaluit. Ita apud [[Suetonius|Suetonium]] [[Horoscopium|horoscopo]] [[Octavianus|Octavi]] nuper nati cognito Nigidius "dominum terrarum orbi natum" nuntiat<ref>''Divus Augustus'' 94. [[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' XLV.1. A.-M. Lewis, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651735 Augustus and his horoscope reconsidered]", ''Phoenix'', 2008: 308-337.</ref>. Item quinto libro ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] cum [[fatum]] [[Astrologia|astrale]] refutare contendit post [[Posidonius Apameus|Posidonium]] etiam Nigidio Figulo capitulum dedicat in quo narrat quomodo ille, dum in adversariorum argumentis ex [[Gemini|gemellis]] redarguendis imaginem [[Figulus|figuli]] [[Rota figularis|rotae]] adhibet, sibi [[cognomen]] Figuli meruerit<ref>''De civitate Dei'' V.3.</ref>. Ostendebat enim duas atramenti maculas in figuli rota, dum rota celerrime movetur, in uno eodemque loco esse videri, postquam vero motus constitit longe distantes inveniri. Ita rationem reddere putabat cur gemelli nascentes infimo temporis momento separati tamen fata diversa accipere possint ob rapacitatem caelestium motuum. Poeta [[Lucanus]] quoque nobis Nigidium depingit e constitutione stellarum aerumnas futuras populi Romani conicientem et eis suadentem ut quam diutissime bellum trahant quia pax nisi cum [[Tyrannis|tyranno]] non veniet. Ipsum civile bellum solam libertatem reliquam esse<ref>''[[Pharsalia]]'' I.639-672. R. J. Getty, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/637186 The Astrology of P. Nigidius Figulus (Lucan I, 649-65)]", ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1941: 17-22</ref>. Unde magiam quoque et carmina adhibuisse dicebatur et ad res amissas recuperandas consulebatur<ref>[[Lucius Apuleius|Apuleius]], ''Apologia'' 42. Dio Cassius XLV.1.</ref> In summa multam operam scientiis dedit quas hodie [[Occulta|occultas]] appellamus sed tunc temporis 'divinae' rectius dicerentur, omnibus [[Divinatio|divinationis]] generibus atque etiam [[Etrusca disciplina|Etruscae disciplinae]]. Nam [[calendarium]] [[Tonitrus|tonitruum]] e [[Lingua Etrusca|Tusco]] in Latinam linguam vertit, quam versionem nobis Graece servavit [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes Lydus]] in suo libro ''de Ostentis.''<ref>MacIntosh Turfa, Jean (2007) "[https://www.academia.edu/34223265/The_Etruscan_Brontoscopic_Calendar_and_Modern_Archaeological_Discoveries The Etruscan Brontoscopic Calendar and Modern Archaeological Discoveries]", ''Etruscan Studies'' 10: 13. [[Andreas Piganiol]], « Sur le calendrier brontoscopique de Nigidius Figulus », In ''Studies in Roman economic and social history'', Princeton University Press, 1951: 79-87.</ref> Ad divinationem inter titulos operum quos novimus pertinent: ''De extis''<ref>''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' VI.12. ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' VI.9.5</ref>, ''De augurio privato''<ref> [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' VII.6.10.</ref>, ''De somniis''<ref>Iohannes Lydius, ''De Ostentis'' 45.</ref>, ''Sphaerae'' duae, Graecanica et Barbarica (ad astrologiam) et saltem partim ''De Dis''<ref>[[Servius grammaticus|Servius]], Ad ''Bucolicas'' IV.10. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.9.6-8 et III.4.6 ubi undevicesimum librum memorat, verisimiliter viginti libri in opere fuerunt.</ref>. Alia opera latius ad quaestiones naturales spectabant: ''De hominum natura'', ''De animalibus''<ref>Aulus Gellius VI.9. ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' III.16.7</ref>, ''De vento''<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]] II.22.31.</ref> quamquam in istis omnibus quae ad divinationem utilia erant non omittebat<ref>Sic enim Servius, Vergilii commentator ''Ad Aenidem'' X.175: ...''nam et deorum interpretator, et hominum, quibus divinas indicat mentes, interpres vocatur. et notandum quod ait Nigidius Figulus, has artes ita inter sese esse coniunctas, ut alterum sine altero esse non possit''.</ref>. Grammaticos imprimis delectaverunt triginta libri ''Commentariorum grammaticorum'' quos libenter citabant [[Aulus Gellius]]<ref>''Noctes Atticae'' II.26.19, III.10 et 12, IV.9 et 16, VIII.14, IX.12.6, X.4-5, X.11, XII.14, XIII.26, XV.3, XVII.7, XVIII.4.11, XIX.14.</ref>, [[Nonius Marcellus]], [[Macrobius]]<ref>''Saturnalia'' VI.8.7-9.</ref>... Pleraque fragmenta Nigidii servata ex Aulo Gellio et Nonio Marcello excerpta sunt. Inter alia docebat nomina naturalem, non ex convento vim habere de qua quaestione diu inter philosophos disputatum est<ref>Iam in ''[[Cratylus|Cratylo]]'' Platonis.</ref>. De [[rhetorica]] quoque nonnulla scripsit quoniam scriptum de gestu memorat [[Quintilianus]]<ref>''Institutio oratoria'' XI.3.143.</ref>. Ita, ut aequalis suus Varro, Nigidius eruditus [[Encyclopaedia|encyclopaedicus]] fuit<ref>Aulus Gellius IV.9: ''Nigidius Figulus, homo, ut ego arbitror, iuxta M. Varronem doctissimus''.</ref>. Secundum Aulum Gellium Nigidius pauciores lectores quam Varro habuit ob obscuritatem et subtilitatem eius operum<ref>XIX.14.3.</ref>. == De Pythagorismo == De pythagorismo Nigidii fontes antiqui consentiunt a Cicerone usque ad [[Hieronymus|Hieronymum]]. E modernis tamen sunt qui nihil aut parum Pythagorei in doctrina nobis tradita inveniant<ref>E.g. Peter Schmidt in ''[[Der Neue Pauly]]''.</ref>. Fortasse igitur ad doctrinam esotericam et coetus secretos et omnino genus vitae illa appellatio spectabat. Fons alioqui et ipse dubius hanc interpretationem confirmare videtur, ''Invectiva in Sallustium'' falso Ciceroni attributa, ubi haec verba leguntur: "abiit in [[Sodalitas|sodalicium]] sacrilegi Nigidiani"<ref>Vide etiam [[Scholia Bobiensia|scholia Bobiensia]]: In Vatinium 14. [https://www.attalus.org/latin/bobiensia1.html]</ref>. Unde [[Hieronymus Carcopino]] coniecit Nigidium parvam ut ita dicam ecclesiam condidisse ubi magiae et arcanae religioni sodales sese dicabant<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/labasiliquepytha0000carc/page/n9/mode/2up La Basilique Pythagoricienne de la Porte Majeure]'', L'artisan du livre, 1926. Cf Marcel Le Glay, «[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1976_ant_27_1_2009 Magie et sorcellerie à Rome au dernier siècle de la République] », in ''Mélanges J. Heurgon,'' Rome, 1976: 525- 550. Leonardo Ferrero, ''Storia del pitagorismo nel mondo romano : dalle origini alla fine della repubblica'', Victrix, 1955 et 2008.</ref>. Alii hypothesi Hieronymi Carcopino obiecerunt<ref>Imprimis Danuta Musial (2001).</ref> hanc invectivam multo posteriorem velut exercitationem rhetoricam e schola quadam provenisse videri; sed imprimis in exercitatione auctorem ad rem alioqui ignotam aut parum notam alludere verisimile non est; econtra rem late volgatam et omnibus notam adlegare debet etiamsi si in peius aut in maius eam plerumque interpretatur. Revera tamen Carcopino longius progessus est quam fontes prudenter usurpati permittebant. == Praecipui fontes antiqui == *[[Augustinus Hipponensis]] ''de civitate Dei'' V.1. *[[Cicero]], ''Timaeus'' et ''[[Epistulae ad familiares|Ad Familiares]]'' IV.13. *[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' XLV.1 *[[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' *[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]'' I.639-672 ==Notae== <references/> == Editio == *Antonius Swoboda, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=SSdKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false P. Nigidii Figuli operum reliquiae, collegit emendavit enarravit quaestiones Nigidianas praemisit...]'', [[Amstelodamum|Amstaelodami]], Hakkert, 1964 (editio anni 1889 instaurata). == Plura legere si cupis == * Klaus Bottler, ''Die Bedeutung der altrömischen Grammatiker P. Nigidius Figulus und M. Terentius Varro für die Bildungsidee des Aulus Gellius'', Aachen, 2015 *Alfredus Breysig, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=53w9AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De P. Nigidii Figuli fragmentis apud scholiasten Germanici servatis : dissertatio inauguralis]'', Berolini, 1854 '''LATINE''' * Nuccio D'Anna, ''Publio Nigidio Figulo : un pitagorico a Roma nel 1° secolo a. C.'', Mediolani, Arche, 2008 ** "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41547963 Le dottrine astrali di Publio Nigidio Figulo]", ''Latomus'', 2010: 685-701 *Adriana Della Casa, ''Nigidio Figulo'', Romae, 1962 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0492_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Alessandro Garcea, "[https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02160874v1/file/Garcea2019_NIgidius.pdf Nigidius Figulus’ Naturalism: Between Grammar and Philosophy]", in ''Language and Nature in the Classical Roman World'', Cambridge University Press, 2019: 79-102 * Josephus Klein, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6Hw9AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Nigidianae : dissertatio]'', Bonnae, 1861 '''LATINE''' * Dora Liuzzi (cur.), ''Nigidio Figulo, "astrologo e mago" : testimonianze e frammenti'', Lecce, 1983 *Danuta Musial, "« [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_2001_num_218_3_994 Sodalicium Nigidiani » Les pythagoriciens à Rome à la fin de la République]", ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'', 2001: 339-367 *Armin Roehrig, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=MVjMPLRKbGoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De P. Nigidio Figulo. Capita duo]'', Coburgi, 1887 '''LATINE''' * Pierre Vesperini, "Entre disciplina, sodalicium et magia : Nigidius Figulus et le mythe du « néopythagorisme romain » in C. Macris (cur.), ''From the Pseudopythagorica to the Neopythagoreans: Further Studies on the Texts Attributed to Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans'', Academia Verlag, 2025: 653-698 [https://hal.science/hal-03928857/document Textus ante publicationem vulgatus] * Katharina Volk, ''Nigidius Figulus : Roman polymath'', Brill, 2024 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ItL7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2024/2024.08.39/ Recensio critica] {{Lifetime|saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Nigidius Figulus, Publius}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praetores]] [[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Pythagorei]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Italiae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Philologi Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Astrologi]] miun4wxqftr29xw937jbxj2znehbf27 0 324083 3955319 3954411 2026-04-17T20:12:34Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3955319 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities (Ortsgemeinden) in Rhineland-Palatinate.svg|thumb|Communia Rhenaniae et Palatinatus usque ad gradum ordinationis communis localis (Theodisce ''Ortsgemeinde'').]] '''Index urbium et communium [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]''' [[urbs|urbes]] et [[commune|communia]] in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra foederali]] [[Germania|Germanica]] Rhenania et Palatinatu sita continet. Sunt 2&nbsp;300 communibus politice independentibus (e Kalendis Ianuariis anni 2025). Haec ita distribuuntur: * 130 urbes, inter quas ** 12 [[circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''Kreisfreie Stadt''), ** 8 urbes magnae circulo subiectae (Theodisce ''kreisangehörige Städte''), ** 13 urbes sine consociatione communium (Theodisce ''verbandsfreie Städte''), ** 97 urbes consociationi communium adscriptae (Theodisce ''verbandsangehörige Städte''); * 2170 alia communia, inter quae ** 8 communia sine consociatione (Theodisce ''verbandsfreie Gemeinden''), ** 2162 communia localia -consociationi adscripta- (Theodisce ''Ortsgemeinden''). Illae 97 urbes et 2162 communia localia ad 129 consociationes communium pertinent, quae administrationem pro communibus sibi subiectis gerunt. == Circuli urbani == {{div col|3}} # [[Augusta Treverorum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Trier''; [[Luxemburgice]] ''Tréier'')</small> # [[Bipontium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zweibrücken''; [[Palatinice]] ''Zweebrigge'')</small> # [[Caesarea Lutra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaiserslautern''; [[Palatinice]] ''Lautre'')</small> # [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Koblenz''; dialectaliter ''Kowelenz'')</small> # [[Francodalia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenthal'')</small> # [[Landavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landau in der Pfalz''; [[Palatinice]] ''Landaach'')</small> # [[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]]<ref name="Bezzel 1845">Bezzel, H. M. (1845). ''Historia Rei Literariae Norimbergensis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ludwigshafen am Rhein'')</small> # [[Moguntiacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainz'')</small> # [[Neapolis Palatinorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Weinstraße''; [[Palatinice]] ''Neischdadt'')</small> # [[Sancti Pirminii Sedes]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pirmasens''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bärmesens'')</small> # [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Speyer'')</small> # [[Wormatia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/groo001brie14_01/groo001brie14_01_0023.php ''Briefwisseling van Hugo Grotius''], ubi dicitur "Dux Carolus a Wormatia militem mittit tuendo Ascafenburgo."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Worms'')</small> {{div col end}} == Urbes magnae circulo subiectae == {{div col|3}} * [[Angulisamum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ingelheim am Rhein'')</small> * [[Antunnacum]]<ref>[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]: ''Antunnaco''.</ref><ref>Venantius Fortunatus: ''Antonnacensis castelli …'' Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi, 4.4. Fortunati carminum liber X (de navigatione Childeberti regis).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Andernach''; dialectaliter ''Annenach'' seu ''Annernach'')</small> * [[Bingium]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bingen am Rhein'')</small> * [[Cruciniacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Kreuznach'')</small> * [[Idara-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834">Steininger, J. (1834). ''Codex diplomaticus Trevirensis e-archivio et libris manuscriptis'' (Vol. 1). In Commission der Fr. Lintz’schen Buchhandlung.</ref><ref name="Beyer 1860">Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher; et : Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Idar-Oberstein'')</small> * [[Lahnstenium]]<ref>[http://www.dilibri.de/rlb/content/thumbview/63151 ''37 - (46) - Lahnstenium (ubi Loganum Rhenus suscipit) Confluentia venienti || Lhaanstein, komende van Koblenz - +â+ôbersicht - Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz'' apud www.dilibri.de] "Lahnstenium ubi [[Loganus|Loganum]] [[Rhenus]] suscipit."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lahnstein'')</small> * [[Magniacum (Germania)|Magniacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mayen'')</small> * [[Neoweda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuwied'')</small> {{div col end}} == Urbes sine consociatione communium == {{div col|3}} * [[Alceia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alzey'')</small> * [[Bendorffium]]<ref name="Merian 1646">Merian, M. (1646). ''Topographia Palatinatus Rheni et Vicinarum Regionum: Das ist Beschreibung und Eigentliche Abbildung der Vornehmsten Stätte Plätze der Untern Pfalz am Rhein''. Matthäus Merian.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bendorf'')</small> * [[Babardia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boppard''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bobert'')</small> * [[Bedense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bitburg''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Bebuersch'' seu ''Beburig''; [[Luxemburgice]] ''Béibreg'')</small> * [[Insula Rheni]]<ref name="Mone 1848">Mone, F. J. (1848). ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'' (Vol. 1). G. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth am Rhein'')</small> * [[Iulius Vicus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Germersheim'' seu ''Germersheim am Rhein'')</small> * [[Novae Aquae-Arvilare]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler'')</small> * [[Rigomagus (Germania)|Rigomagus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Remagen'')</small> * [[Sentiaca]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sinzig'')</small> * [[Turingum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Dürkheim'')</small> * [[Villa Nautica]]<ref name="Remling 1852">Remling, F. X. (1852). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer'' (Vol. 1). Kirchheim und Schott.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schifferstadt'')</small> * [[Viridopolis]]<ref name="Irenicus 1518">Irenicus, F. (1518). ''Germaniae exegeseos volumina duodecim''. Impensis Urbani Regii.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Grünstadt'')</small> * [[Vitelliacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittlich'')</small> {{div col end}} == Urbes consociationi communium adscriptae == {{div col|3}} * [[Adenova]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adenau'')</small> * [[Algesheimium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Algesheim'')</small> * [[Angulus Lutrae]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauterecken'')</small> * [[Anvilara]]<ref name="Böhmer 1849">Böhmer, J. F. (1849). ''Regesta Imperii: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern'' (Vol. 1). Verlag der J.G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Annweiler am Trifels'')</small> * [[Aquae Brisiacenses]]<ref name="Peutinger 1888">Peutinger, C. (1888). ''Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324'' (K. Miller, Ed.). Otto Maier Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Breisig'')</small> * [[Aquae Mariaemontanae]]<ref name="Schannat II 1824">Schannat, J. F. (1824). ''Eiflia illustrata, oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (Vol. 2). Johann Peter Bachem.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Marienberg''; dialectaliter ''Marmerich'')</small> * [[Aquae Sobernheimenses]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Sobernheim'')</small> * [[Bacaracum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bacharach'' seu ''Bacharach am Rhein'')</small> * [[Bemondula]]<ref name="Stadt Baumholder">Stadt Baumholder. (s. f.). [https://www.baumholder.de/en/our-city/history/ ''History''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baumholder'')</small> * [[Bernicastellum-Cusa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Marx 1905">Marx, J. (1905). ''Geschichte des Armen-Hospitals zum h. Nicolaus zu Cues'' (Vol. 1). Kommissions-Verlag der Paulinus-Druckerei.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernkastel-Kues'')</small> * [[Betzdorfium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844">Bärsch, G. (1844). ''Eiflia illustrata, oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (Vol. 2).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Betzdorf'')</small> * [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofelda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenfeld'')</small> * [[Bollenheimum ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rheinböllen'')</small> * [[Brubacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Braubach'')</small> * [[Caesariacum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaisersesch'')</small> * [[Candela (Palatinatus)|Candela]]<ref name="Remling 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kandel'')</small> * [[Castrum Kyllae]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kyllburg'')</small> * [[Cattimelibocum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Katzenelnbogen'')</small> * [[Cella ad Mosellam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell'')</small> * [[Cochemium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Cochem'')</small> * [[Contionacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Konz'')</small> * [[Cosla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kusel'')</small> * [[Cuba (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Cuba]] <small>(Theodisce ''Kaub'')</small> * [[Dada (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dada]]<ref name="Gensicke II 1999">Gensicke, H. (1999). ''Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes'' (II ed.). Historische Kommission für Nassau.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Daaden'')</small> * [[Dana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dana]]<ref name="Görz II 1879">Görz, A. (1879). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten oder chronologische Zusammenstellung des Quellenmaterials für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier'' (Vol. II). Denkert & Groos.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dahn'')</small> * [[Decia (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Decia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diez'')</small> * [[Didesheimium]]<ref name="Remling 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deidesheim'')</small> * [[Dierdorfium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dierdorf'')</small> * [[Domus Bousonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Busenhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Sancti Goaris]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Goarshausen'')</small> * [[Dumno]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Daun'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae ad Segam]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiopolium Bolandicum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheimbolanden''; [[Palatinice]] ''Kerschem'')</small> * [[Ediginhovum]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933">Glöckner, K. (1933). ''Codex Laureshamensis'' (Vol. 3). Historischer Verein für Hessen; et; Glöckner, K. (1933). ''Codex Laureshamensis: Bd. 3 Kopialbuch, II. Teil. Die übrigen Gau- und Marken-Verzeichnisse''. [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]]: Buchhandlung des Hessischen Staatsverlags.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Edenkoben''; [[Palatinice]] ''Edekowe'')</small> * [[Embasis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Ems'')</small> * [[Emmelshusium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmelshausen'')</small> * [[Freinsheimium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freinsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Fränsem'')</small> * [[Gamundium (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Gamundium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hornbach'')</small> * [[Gerolstenium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolstein'')</small> * [[Hachenburgum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hachenburg'')</small> * [[Herdorfium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herdorf'')</small> * [[Hermenskeila]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hermeskeil'')</small> * [[Hillesheimium (Eiflia)|Hillesheimium]] <small>(Theodisce ''Hillesheim'')</small> * [[Hoinga]]<ref name="Becker, Mayer, Prinz & Halpern 2021">Becker, W., Mayer, M. G., Prinz, S. T., & Halpern, J. P. (2021). ''Hoinga: A large and nearby ROSAT-detected supernova remnant''. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 648, A30. doi.org</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Hönningen'')</small> * [[Horium-Grancineshausa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Gensicke II 1999"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höhr-Grenzhausen'')</small> * [[Hunnorum Castellum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kastellaun'')</small> * [[Indago ad Rivum]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hagenbach'')</small> * [[Kyrina (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Kyrina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirn'')</small> * [[Landstulia]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landstuhl'')</small> * [[Lincia ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Linz am Rhein'')</small> * [[Lupi Petra (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Lupi Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfstein'')</small> * [[Manderscheidum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Manderscheid'')</small> * [[Meisenheimium (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Meisenheimium]]<ref name="Latomus 1562">Latomus, B. (1562). ''Genealogia d. d. baronum in Meisenheimium et Oberstein''. (Reimpressio a I. Friderico edita, anno 1870, Reuther).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Meisenheim'')</small> * [[Mendigum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mendig'')</small> * [[Molendinopolis-Kerlecha]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mülheim-Kärlich'')</small> * [[Monasterium Meinfeldiae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münstermaifeld''; dialectaliter ''Meenster'')</small> * [[Mons Ecclesiae (Tergum Caninum)|Mons Ecclesiae]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ferreus (Palatinatus)|Mons Ferreus]]<ref name="Meisner 1623">Meisner, D. (1623). ''Thesaurus Philo-Politicus: Hoc est: Emblemata sive Moralia Politica'' (Vol. 1). Eberhard Kieser seu Enno Koenig.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Tabor (Germania)|Mons Tabor]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Montabaur'')</small> * [[Mons Torrentis (Tergum Caninum)|Mons Torrentis]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stromberg'')</small> * [[Moschela Superior]]<ref name="Schannat II 1824"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermoschel'')</small> * [[Nassovia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nassau'')</small> * [[Nastadium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nastätten'')</small> * [[Neristeinum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nierstein'')</small> * [[Novum Castellum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Novum Castellum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuerburg''; dialectaliter [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Neierbuersch'')</small> * [[Occidentale Castrum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Occidentale Castrum]]<ref name="Gensicke II 1999"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westerburg'')</small> * [[Oppenheimium]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oppenheim'')</small> * [[Ostowa]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Osthofen'')</small> * [[Otterburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otterberg'')</small> * [[Policha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Polch'')</small> * [[Pruma (urbs)|Pruma]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prüm'')</small> * [[Ramsteinium-Mesenbacum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Görz II 1879"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ramstein-Miesenbach'')</small> * [[Ransbacum-Babenbacum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Görz II 1879"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ransbach-Baumbach'')</small> * [[Renneroda]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rennerod'')</small> * [[Rensa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rhens'')</small> * [[Rocconis Domus]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rockenhausen'')</small> * [[Rodalba]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rodalben'')</small> * [[Saltrissa in Silva Occidentali]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Selters''; dialectaliter ''Seldersch'')</small> * [[Sancti Goaris Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Goar'')</small> * [[Sanctus Lambertus (Palatinatus)|Sanctus Lambertus]]<ref name="Remling 1836">Remling, F. X. (1836). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der ehemaligen Abteien und Klöster im jetzigen Rheinbayern'' (Vol. 1). Ensslin; et: Remling, F. X. (1836). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer''. Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lambrecht'')</small> * [[Saravicastrum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Saarburg'')</small> * [[Simmera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simmern/Hunsrück'')</small> * [[Soiacum]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schweich'')</small> * [[Spicarium (Eiflia)|Spicarium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Speicher'')</small> * [[Tabernae Montanae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bergzabern''; [[Palatinice]] ''Berchzawwre'')</small> * [[Trabena-Trarbachium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Traben-Trarbach'')</small> * [[Turris Alba (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Turris Alba]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenthurm''; dialectaliter ''Thur'')</small> * [[Ulmena]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ulmen'')</small> * [[Ulmena Inferior]]<ref name="Greule 2021">Greule, A. (2021). ''Die Ortsnamen der Verbandsgemeinde Nieder-Olm''. Regionalgeschichte.net</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nieder-Olm'')</small> * [[Unchela]]<ref name="Lacomblet 1840">Lacomblet, T. J. (1840). ''Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins oder des Erzstifts Cöln'' (Vol. 1). Wolf'sche Buchdruckerei.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unkel'')</small> * [[Valendra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vallendar'')</small> * [[Vesalia Superior]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberwesel'')</small> * [[Vetus Ecclesia (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vetus Ecclesia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenkirchen'')</small> * [[Villa Moraha]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldmohr'')</small> * [[Wachenheimium ad Viam Vinariam]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wachenheim an der Weinstraße'' seu ''Wachenheim an der Haardt'')</small> * [[Weristadium]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörrstadt'')</small> * [[Wiridicha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wirges'')</small> * [[Wissena ad Segam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wissen'' seu ''Wissen/Sieg'')</small> {{div col end}} == Communia sine consociatione == {{div col|3}} * [[Bobenhemium-Roxhemium]]<ref name="Remling Geschichte 1852">Remling, F. X., (1852); ''Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer''. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]]: Kirchheim & Schott.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bobenheim-Roxheim'')</small> * [[Bohila et Ugelhemium]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böhl-Iggelheim'')</small> * [[Budenhemium]]<ref name="Binterim III 1839">Binterim, A. J. (1839). ''Pragmatische Geschichte der deutschen Concilien: vom vierten bis zum Ende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts'' (Vol. 3). Moguntiaci: Verlag von Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Budenheim'')</small> * [[Comitatus (Rhenania)|Comitatus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723">Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive memorabilis et geographica historicaque dominorum eifliae illustrium''. Typis Ioannis Baptistae; et: Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive geographica et historica descriptionis comitatus Eifliae''. Typis J.A. Köthen.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafschaft'')</small> * [[Curia Limburgensis]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Limburgerhof'')</small> * [[Hasela (Palatinatus)|Hasela]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haßloch'')</small> * [[Morbachium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Morbach'')</small> * [[Mutterstadium]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mutterstadt'')</small> {{div col end}} == Communia localia == === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abbatis Villa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Abbatis Villa]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Abtweiler'')</small> * [[Abentheuerium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831">Binterim, A. J., & Mooren, J. H. (1831). ''Die alte und neue Erzdiözese Köln in ihrer ehemaligen Ausdehnung'' (Vol. 2). Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Abentheuer'')</small> * [[Acta (Eiflia)|Acta]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Acht'')</small> * [[Adinbachium]]<ref name="Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinae II 1770">Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinae. (1770). ''Historia et commentationes Academiae Electoralis Scientiarum et Elegantiorum Litterarum Theodoro-Palatinae'' (Vol. 2). Typis Academicis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adenbach'')</small> * [[Afflaria]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Affler'')</small> * [[Agathonis Casae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Echtershausen'')</small> * [[Ager Fraxineus]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschfeld'')</small> * [[Agitelsbacum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Achtelsbach'')</small> * [[Agiwaltivilla]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elzweiler'')</small> * [[Agonis Villare]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehweiler'')</small> * [[Ailertchenium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ailertchen'')</small> * [[Albersweilerium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albersweiler'')</small> * [[Albessenum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albessen'')</small> * [[Albia (Occidentalis Silva)|Albia]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elben'')</small> * [[Albis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Albis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alf'')</small> * [[Albucha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albig'')</small> * [[Albulfi Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albisheim'')</small> * [[Alflona]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alflen'')</small> * [[Alcana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Alcana]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alken'')</small> * [[Alchorodum]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elkenroth'')</small> * [[Alchovilla (Nava)|Alchovilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(ad [[Nava (flumen)|Navam]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellweiler'')</small> * [[Alchovilla (Tergum Caninum)|Alchovilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Elchweiler'')</small> * [[Alisontia (Palatinatus)|Alisontia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsenz'')</small> * [[Allenbachum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allenbach'')</small> * [[Allendorfium (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Allendorfium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allendorf'')</small> * [[Allenfeldium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allenfeld'')</small> * [[Almersbacum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Almersbach'')</small> * [[Alnetobacum prope Candelam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Remling 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach bei Kandel'')</small> * [[Alnetobacum prope Danam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Görz II 1879"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach bei Dahn'')</small> * [[Alnetum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Alnetum]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellerstadt'')</small> * [[Alnetum Eifliense]]<ref name="Schannat 1852">Schannat, J. F. (1852). ''Eiflia Illustrata: Oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (G. Bärsch, Ed.). Lintz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellscheid'')</small> * [[Alni Divisa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehlscheid'')</small> * [[Alpenrodium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alpenrod'')</small> * [[Alsbacum (Occidentalis Silva)|Alsbacum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsbach'')</small> * [[Alsdorfium (Eiflia)|Alsdorfium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsdorf'')</small> * [[Alsdorfium (Occidentalis Silva)|Alsdorfium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsdorf'')</small> * [[Alshemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsheim'')</small> * [[Alta Regia (Rhenania)|Alta Regia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altrich'')</small> * [[Alta Ripa (Palatinatus)|Alta Ripa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altrip'')</small> * [[Alterkulzium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alterkülz''; [[Hunnice]] ''Allerkilz'')</small> * [[Alua]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bleialf'')</small> * [[Ameslabrunno]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Esselborn'')</small> * [[Ammeldinga ad Novum Castrum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammeldingen bei Neuerburg'')</small> * [[Ammeldinga ad Ouram]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammeldingen an der Our'')</small> * [[Angelostadium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Engelstadt'')</small> * [[Angulocampus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckfeld'')</small> * [[Angulus Franconum]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankeneck'')</small> * [[Anhusium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Anhausen''; dialectaliter ''Onese'')</small> * [[Anschavia]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Anschau'')</small> * [[Ansiacum Mosellanum]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ensch'')</small> * [[Antiqua Dizuna]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altendiez'')</small> * [[Antiqua Laya]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altlay'')</small> * [[Antiqua Scheida]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altscheid'')</small> * [[Antiqua Villa (Palatinatus)|Antiqua Villa]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altdorf'')</small> * [[Antiquum Boimburgum]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743">Gudenus, V. F. (1743). ''Codex diplomaticus: exhibens anecdota Moguntiaca, iura, provincias, et adiacentes regiones'' (Vol. 1). Typis Ioannis Baptistae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenbamberg'')</small> * [[Antiquum Strimmigium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altstrimmig'')</small> * [[Antiquum Widelbachium]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altweidelbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Aldweirelbach'')</small> * [[Antweilerium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Antweiler'')</small> * [[Appenhemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Appenheim'')</small> * [[Aqua (prope Augustam Treverorum)|Aqua]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aach'')</small> * [[Aquae Ferreae (Eiflia)|Aquae Ferreae]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670">Browerus, C., & Masenius, J. (1670). ''Antiquitatum et annalium Trevirensium libri XXV''. Henricus Dehmen.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenach'')</small> * [[Ara (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Ara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenahr'')</small> * [[Arbachium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arbach'')</small> * [[Arbor Amelonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmelbaum'')</small> * [[Aremontium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aremberg'')</small> * [[Arenrathium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arenrath'')</small> * [[Arftium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arft'')</small> * [[Argenthalium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Argenthal''; [[Hunnice]] ''Ajedahl'')</small> * [[Ariswancum]]<ref name="Dotzauer 2001">Dotzauer, W. (2001). ''Geschichte des Nahe-Hunsrück-Raumes: Von den Anfängen bis zur Französischen Revolution''. Franz Steiner Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Argenschwang'')</small> * [[Armshemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Armsheim'')</small> * [[Arzbacum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arzbach'')</small> * [[Ardesfelda]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arzfeld'')</small> * [[Ardinicum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erden'')</small> * [[Arenza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ernzen'')</small> * [[Aridum Nemus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürrholz'')</small> * [[Asbachium (Occidentalis Silva)|Asbachium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Asbach'')</small> * [[Aspishemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aspisheim'')</small> * [[Astertium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Astert'')</small> * [[Attenhusa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Attenhausen'')</small> * [[Atzelgiftium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Atzelgift'')</small> * [[Auderathium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auderath'')</small> * [[Audonis Domus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Edesheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Esem'')</small> * [[Auelium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auel'')</small>. * [[Augia (Tergum Caninum)|Augia]]<ref name="Trithemius 1601">Trithemius, I. (1601). ''Chronicon Coenobii Sponheimensis''. Typis Ioannis Albini; et: Trithemius, I. (1601). Chronicon Sponheimense, ca. 1495-1509. (Ed. Carl Velten, 1969). [[Cruciniacum|Cruciniaci]]: Eigenverlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Auen'')</small> * [[Augia ad Kyllam]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auw an der Kyll'')</small> * [[Augia ad Prumiam]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auw bei Prüm'')</small> * [[Augia Dusonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dausenau'')</small> * [[Aullium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aull'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Bachenbergium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bachenberg'')</small> * [[Bacunnum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bekond'')</small> * [[Bademium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Badem'')</small> * [[Badenhardia]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Badenhard''; [[Hunnice]] ''Banert'')</small> * [[Badenhemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Badenheim'')</small> * [[Baldringum]]<ref name="Gnodalius 1570">Gnodalius, P. (1570). ''Seditio repentina vulgi, praecipue rusticorum, anno M.D.XXV. per universam fere Germaniam exorta''. Henricus Petri</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baldringen'')</small> * [[Bannum (Palatinatus)|Bannum]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857">Lehmann, J. G. (1857). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der Pfalz''. Verlag der Joh. Chr. Hermann'sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bann'')</small> * [[Bannberscheidum]]<ref name="Steub 1846">Steub, L. (1846). ''Die oberdeutschen Familiennamen''. Verlag von George Joseph Manz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bannberscheid'')</small> * [[Barae (Eiflia)|Barae]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baar'')</small> * [[Baudobrica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büdlich'')</small> * [[Baulerum (Circulus terrae Arvilarensis)|Baulerum]]<ref name="Schannat 1855">Schannat, J. F. (1855). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive geographica et historica comitatus Eifliae descriptio''. Jacobus Antonius Mayer.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Arvilarensis|Circulo Arvilarensi]]<ref name="Circulus terrae">Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit</ref><ref>Nomen Latinum completum "Circulus terrae Arvilarensis"</ref><ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bauler'')</small> * [[Baustertum]]<ref name="Schannat 1855"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baustert'')</small> * [[Bechelum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836">Steininger, J. (1836). ''Codex principis et metropolis Trevirensis: res Trevericas a saeculo X. usque ad nostra tempora illustrans''. Friederich Lintz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Becheln'')</small> * [[Bechtrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechtheim'')</small> * [[Beindersheimium]]<ref name="Widder 1788"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beindersheim'')</small> * [[Belgica (Germania)|Belgica]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Belg''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bellisch'')</small> * [[Belinga (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Belinga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]<ref name="CEBEP"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Beilingen'')</small> * [[Belinga (Occidentalis Silva)|Belinga]]<ref name="Görz 1886">Görz, A. (1886). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten: oder chronologische Zusammenstellung der Quellenbriefe für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier''. Verlag von F. Hölscher.</ref> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bellingen'')</small> * [[Bellum (Tergum Caninum)|Bellum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bell'')</small> * [[Bellum (prope Mendigum)|Bellum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(prope [[Mendigum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bell'')</small> * [[Beltema]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beltheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Belldem'')</small> * [[Bercilingua]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berlingen'')</small> * [[Bermola]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bermel'')</small> * [[Bertriacum]]<ref name="Gilles 1988">Gilles, K.-J. (1988). ''Die Entersburg bei Bad Bertrich. Ein "Troja" der Eifel''. Apud ''Jahrbuch für den Kreis Cochem-Zell''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bertrich'')</small> * [[Bettilonis Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Betteldorf'')</small> * [[Bettinga (Eiflia)|Bettinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bettingen'')</small> * [[Betularia-Honigsessenium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Königliches Statistisches Bureau XII 1885">Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Ed.) (1885). ''Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen: Provinz Rheinland'' (Vol. 12). Berolini: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus; et: Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Ed.) (1885). ''Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen: Auf Grund der Materialien der Volkszählung vom 1. Dezember 1885'' (Vol. 12). Berolini: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Birken-Honigsessen'')</small> * [[Betularum Domus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berkhem'')</small> * [[Bibaraha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebern''; [[Hunnice]] ''Biewere'')</small> * [[Bibericum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebrich'')</small> * [[Bickenbacum (Tergum Caninum)|Bickenbacum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bickenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Beggebach'')</small> * [[Bidasium]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841">Lehmann, J. G. (1841). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der ehemaligen Pfalz am Rheine''. Kaiserslautern: Tascher. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biedesheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Birressem'')</small> * [[Bifangum Ulonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eulenbis'')</small> * [[Bilestinum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beilstein'')</small> * [[Binninga (Eiflia)|Binninga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Binningen'')</small> * [[Binsfelda (Eiflia)|Binsfelda]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Binsfeld'')</small> * [[Birgelium]]<ref name="Wackenroder 1928">Wackenroder, E. (1928). ''Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Daun'' (P. Clemen, Ed.; Vol. 12/III). Dusseldorpii: L. Schwann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Birgel'')</small> * [[Birgesbura]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birresborn'')</small> * [[Birtinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birtlingen'')</small> * [[Bitzenum]]<ref name="Königliches Statistisches Bureau XII 1885"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bitzen'')</small> * [[Bochinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böchingen'')</small> * [[Bolandia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bolanden''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bolanne'')</small> * [[Bollanevilla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bollendorf'')</small> * [[Borlerium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898">Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Erläuterungen zum geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz: Die Karte von 1789'' (Vol. 1 & 2). Bonnae: Hermann Behrendt.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Borler'')</small> * [[Bovina (Nava)|Bovina]] <small>(ad [[Nava (flumen)|Navam]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Boos'')</small> * [[Braunshornium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Braunshorn''; [[Hunnice]] ''Brousert'')</small> * [[Bredallum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Briedel'')</small> * [[Breidena]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Briedern'')</small> * [[Bremba]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bremm'')</small> * [[Bretzenheimum ad Navam]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bretzenheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Brätzenem'')</small> * [[Briedina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brieden'')</small> * [[Briminga]]<ref name="Linden 1852">Linden, I. (1852). ''Hierarchia Trevirensis: Catalogus omnium ecclesiarum et cleri dioecesis Trevirensis''. Ex Officina Typographica B. Herder.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brimingen'')</small> * [[Brinichum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brenk'')</small> * [[Brocscheidum]]<ref name="Schannat 1829">Schannat, I. F. (1829). ''Eiflia illustrata oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (G. Bärsch, Tranl.). Mayer. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brockscheid'')</small> * [[Brodenbacum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brodenbach'')</small> * [[Brohla-Luezilinga]]<ref name="Brommer 2003">Brommer, P. (2003). ''Die Kanzlei der Erzbischöfe von Trier im 12. Jahrhundert''. Gesellschaft für Mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brohl-Lützing'')</small> * [[Bruchamulbacum-Misavia]]<ref name="Lehmann 1867"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchmühlbach-Miesau'')</small> * [[Bruchertseifia]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchertseifen'')</small> * [[Bruchwilarius-Berenbacum]]<ref name="Lehmann 1867"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchweiler-Bärenbach'')</small> * [[Brucusa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchhausen'')</small> * [[Brula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brohl'')</small> * [[Brunswillarium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brauweiler'')</small> * [[Bruo]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brey'')</small> * [[Bruscheida]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruschied'')</small> * [[Bruttigum-Fancale]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruttig-Fankel'')</small> * [[Bubacum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bobach'')</small> * [[Bubenheimium (Hassia Rhenana)|Bubenheimium]]<ref name="">Brilmayer, K. I. (1905). ''Rheinhessen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart''. [[Giessa]]e: Roth.</ref> <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubenheim'')</small> * [[Bubonum Villa (Palatinatus)|Bubonum Villa]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubenheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Buwerum'')</small> * [[Bubura]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buborn'')</small> * [[Budonis Villa]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büdesheim'')</small> * [[Buidonivilla]]<ref name="Remling 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bobenheim am Berg'')</small> * [[Bulenberga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buhlenberg'')</small> * [[Bulichum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beulich'')</small> * [[Bulleia]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bullay'')</small> * [[Bunglum (Mosella)|Bunglum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bengel'')</small> * [[Burgus (Mosella)|Burgus]] <small>(ad [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosellam]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burg'')</small> * [[Burgus (Mosella Inferior)|Burgus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(ad [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosellam Inferiorem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgen'')</small> * [[Burgus (Eiflia)|Burgus]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burg'')</small> * [[Burgus (prope Bernicastellum-Cusam)|Burgus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(prope [[Bernicastellum-Cusam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Marx 1905"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgen'')</small> * [[Burovillare]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burrweiler'')</small> * [[Burtscheidium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burtscheid'')</small> * [[Buveza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Boos'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Caminus Picis (Palatinatus)|Caminus Picis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechhofen'')</small> * [[Campus Animalium]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dierfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Baierorum et Steckweilerum]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/><ref name="Widder 1788">Widder, J. G. (1788). ''Versuch einer vollständigen Geographisch-Historischen Beschreibung der Kurfürstlichen Pfalz am Rheine''. Francofurti et Lipsiae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerfeld-Steckweiler'')</small> * [[Campus Balesii]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750">Hontheim, N. (1750). ''Historia Trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica''. Apud viduam et filium Joannis Gulielmi Huisch.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Balesfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Bettonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bettenfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Bonini]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bonefeld'')</small> * [[Campus Caprarum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Dedinis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deudesfeld''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Deisseld'')</small> * [[Campus Eritii]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ersfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Flammingi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flammersfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Friscanis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freckenfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Pineus]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Vallis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Campus Vallis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dellfeld'')</small> * [[Cana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Cana]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Caan'')</small> * [[Carolomontium (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Carolomontium]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Charlottenberg'')</small> * [[Carolomontium (Circulus terrae Turingensis)|Carolomontium]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Turingensis|Circulo terrae Turingensi]]<ref name="CTTuringensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Turingensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Dürkheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Turingensis-e" ad [[Turingum]] refertur.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Carlsberg'')</small> * [[Casa Bubonum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Börfink'')</small> * [[Casae ad Montem (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Casae ad Montem]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berghausen'')</small> * [[Casae Beionis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beinhausen'')</small> * [[Casae Bennonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bennhausen''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bennese'')</small> * [[Casae Bergonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergenhausen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bärjehouse'')</small> * [[Casae Berizonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berzhausen'')</small> * [[Casae Bidari]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biedershausen'')</small> * [[Casae Faginae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büchenbeuren''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bischebäjere'')</small> * [[Castrum Brule]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgbrohl'')</small> * [[Castrum Gaudii]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freudenburg'')</small> * [[Castrum Larae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burglahr'')</small> * [[Clausa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Clausa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Clausen'')</small> * [[Collis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Collis]]<ref name="Wasserzieher 1927">Wasserzieher, E. (1927). ''Hans und Grete: Eine Einführung in die Studium der deutschen Personennamen''. Ferdinand Dümmler Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Büchel'')</small> * [[Collis Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenbeul'')</small> * [[Condate Vicus]]<ref name="Condate Vicus">Vide [https://www.gemeinde-contwig.de/index.php/ortsgeschichte ''Gemeinde Contwig''], ubi dicitur "(...) Namen „condate vicus“ (oder ähnlich) erhielt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Contwig'')</small> * [[Curia Dominicalis]]<ref name="Simmern-Rheinböllen 2024">Verbandsgemeinde Simmern-Rheinböllen (2024). ''Ortsgemeinde Fronhofen''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fronhofen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Fronhuwe'')</small> * [[Curia Vulpis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuchshofen'')</small> * [[Curiae Arnonis]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnshöfen'')</small> * [[Curtes Dissonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dessighofen''; dialectaliter ''Dessje'')</small> * [[Curtes Endlichonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Endlichhofen'')</small> * [[Curtis Ferrea]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisighofen'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dackenheimium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dackenheim'')</small> * [[Dackscheidium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dackscheid'')</small> * [[Daleidium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Daleiden'')</small> * [[Dancano]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dahnen'')</small> * [[Datinberga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dattenberg'')</small> * [[Decima (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Decima]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Detzem'')</small> * [[Deesenum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deesen'')</small> * [[Deinspure]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Densborn'')</small> * [[Dernavia]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dernau'')</small> * [[Derschenum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Derschen'')</small> * [[Deslochium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Desloch'')</small> * [[Dieblichum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dieblich'')</small> * [[Difficilis Scissus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bisterschied'')</small> * [[Dilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dimbach'')</small> * [[Didonevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dingdorf'')</small> * [[Discrimen Amplum (Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis)|Discrimen Amplum]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis|Circulo terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensi]]<ref name="Circulus terrae"/><ref>Nomen Latinum completum "Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis".</ref><ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitscheidt'')</small> * [[Discrimen Amplum (Occidentalis Silva)|Discrimen Amplum]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Amplum (Tergum Caninum)|Discrimen Amplum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Aquarum]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Euscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Dammae]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Damscheid''; [[Hunnice]] ''Domschiehd'')</small> * [[Discrimen Darsonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Darscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Exustum (Eiflia)|Discrimen Exustum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Brandscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Exustum (Occidentalis Silva)|Discrimen Exustum]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Brandscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Ignis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feuerscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Spissum]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dickenschied''; [[Hunnice]] ''Diggeschiehd'')</small> * [[Divortium (Tergum Caninum)|Divortium]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bescheid''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Baäschd'')</small> * [[Divortium Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berscheid'')</small> * [[Docconis Villare]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dockweiler'')</small> * [[Docconisvilla]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dockendorf'')</small> * [[Dommari Casae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dommershausen''; dialectaliter [[Hunnice]] ''Dommasch'')</small> * [[Domus Agilonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellenhausen''; dialectaliter ''Ellehouse'')</small> * [[Domus Ansonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ensheim'')</small> * [[Domus Argis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ergeshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Arzonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erzenhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Azonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Essenheim'')</small> * [[Domus Candida (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Domus Candida]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bleckhausen''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Blääkes'')</small> * [[Domus Davilonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dauwelshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Ebichonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ewighausen''; dialectaliter ''Iwichhouse'')</small> * [[Domus Emmerici]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmerzhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Eppilonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppelsheim'')</small> * [[Domus Erpfolvi]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erpolzheim'')</small> * [[Domus Etichonis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Domus Etichonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettinghausen'')</small> * [[Domus Tabulata]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bretthausen'')</small> * [[Dossinhusa]]<ref name="Moos & Kober 2009">Moos, P. S., & Kober, K. (2009). ''Die Geschichte von Dachsenhausen''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dachsenhausen'')</small> * [[Dreisa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dreisa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Drees'')</small> * [[Dudonis Castrum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dodenburg'')</small> * [[Dudonis Curtes]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dudenhofen'')</small> * [[Dudonis Novale]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Duchroth'')</small> * [[Dulgisvilla]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dolgesheim'')</small> * [[Dunechinga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Düngenheim'')</small> * [[Dunonis Villare]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dunzweiler'')</small> * [[Duodelonis Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dudeldorf'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Eberhardi Casae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebertshausen'')</small> * [[Eberolfidomus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebertsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Ewwertsem'' seu ''Ewwertzum'')</small> * [[Egihari Villare]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckersweiler'')</small> * [[Egili Divisa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eilscheid'')</small> * [[Egla (Germania)|Egla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ayl'')</small> * [[Eichana]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eich'')</small> * [[Eichelhardia]]<ref name="Fabricius I 1898">Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Die Herrschaften des unteren Nahegebietes: Der Nahegau und seine Umgebung''. [[Bonna]]e: Behrendt.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichelhardt'')</small> * [[Ekkilonis Domus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckelsheim'')</small> * [[Elbinga (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Elbinga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elbingen'')</small> * [[Elira (Tergum Caninum)|Elira]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellern''; [[Hunnice]] ''Ellere'')</small> * [[Elisapha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elsoff'')</small> * [[Ellentia-Poltervilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellenz-Poltersdorf'')</small> * [[Enchiriacus Vicus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enkirch''; [[Hunnice]] ''Engerisch'')</small> * [[Enkenbacum-Alisontia Fons]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enkenbach-Alsenborn'')</small> * [[Enselinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eßlingen'')</small> * [[Enspila]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enspel'')</small> * [[Enzena (Eiflia)|Enzena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enzen'')</small> * [[Episcopi Domus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Episcopi Domus]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bischem'')</small> * [[Episcopi Mons (Nava)|Episcopi Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frauenberg'')</small> * [[Epponis Fons]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppenbrunn'')</small> * [[Era (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Era]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehr'')</small> * [[Erbes-Budesheimium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erbes-Büdesheim'')</small> * [[Ericetum Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenheide'')</small> * [[Erneza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ernst'')</small> * [[Erphowilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erfweiler'')</small> * [[Estor]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Esthal''; [[Palatinice]] ''Eschdl'')</small> * [[Ethigira et Alara]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ediger-Eller'')</small> * [[Etichovilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etteldorf'')</small> * [[Ettringium (Eiflia)|Ettringium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettringen'')</small> * [[Eulgemium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eulgem'')</small> * [[Exstirpatio Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berndroth'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fachbachium]]<ref name="BÄr 1891">Bär, M. (1891). ''Die Behördenverfassung der Rheinprovinz seit 1815''. [[Bonna]]e, in Germania: Max Cohen & Sohn.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fachbach'')</small> * [[Fagetum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Fagetum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchet'')</small> * [[Fagus (Taunus)|Fagus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch'')</small> * [[Fagus (Tergum Caninum)|Fagus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch''; [[Hunnice]] ''Booch'')</small> * [[Faidia]]<ref name="Statistisches Landesamt 2024">Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. (2024). ''Bevölkerungsstand von Land, Landkreisen, Gemeinden und Verbandsgemeinden''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Faid'')</small> * [[Falconis Petra (Palatinatus)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenstein''; [[Palatinice]] ''Falgestää'')</small> * [[Fela et Villa Ritizonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fehl-Ritzhausen''; dialectaliter ''Feel-R’tshause'')</small> * [[Ferrifodina (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Ferrifodina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenschmitt'')</small> * [[Filsena]]<ref name="BÄr 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Filsen'')</small> * [[Flexus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Flexus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bogel'')</small> * [[Flisima]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fließem'')</small> * [[Fluderscha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fluterschen'')</small> * [[Fluxus Dammae]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Damflos'')</small> * [[Fons Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bereborn'')</small> * [[Fons Boeri]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Börsborn'')</small> * [[Fons Fluvius]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flomborn'')</small> * [[Fons Tumuli]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böllenborn'')</small> * [[Forstium (Eiflia)|Forstium]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Trier Speyer 2024">Bistumsarchiv Trier. (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Castor (Binningen/Forst)''. [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Trier; et: Bistumsarchiv Trier. (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Castor (Mörsdorf/Forst)''. [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Trier. (</ref> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst'')</small> * [[Forstium (Tergum Caninum)|Forstium]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Trier Speyer 2024"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst''; [[Hunnice]] ''Forschd'')</small> * [[Forstium (prope Wissenam ad Segam)|Forstium]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Trier 2026">Bistumsarchiv Trier. (2026). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Sebastian (Wissen/Forst)''. [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Trier.</ref> <small>(prope [[Wissena ad Segam|Wissenam ad Segam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst'')</small> * [[Forstium ad Viam Vinariam]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Speyer 2024">Bistumsarchiv Speyer. (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Margaretha (Forst)''. [[Spira (urbs)|Spirae]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Speyer.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst an der Weinstraße'')</small> * [[Fraxinetum ad Salmam]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(prope [[Vitelliacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Esch'')</small> * [[Fraxinetum Eifliense]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(prope [[Gerolstenium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Esch'')</small> * [[Fraxinibachium (Palatinatus Occidentalis)|Fraxinibachium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentali]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschbach'')</small> * [[Fraxinibachium (Tergum Caninum)|Fraxinibachium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Asbach'')</small> * [[Fraxinorivus (prope Nastadium)|Fraxinorivus]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(prope [[Nastadium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschbach'')</small> * [[Fraxinorivus Palatinus]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschbach'')</small> * [[Frohnhofenium]]<ref name="BÄr 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frohnhofen'')</small> * [[Fructus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Fructus]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frücht'')</small> * [[Fundus (Occidentalis Silva)|Fundus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boden'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Gammina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gamlen'')</small> * [[Gapinacha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gappenach'')</small> * [[Gefellium (Eiflia)|Gefellium]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Trier Gefell (2024)">Bistumsarchiv Trier (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Hubertus (Gefell)''. [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Trier.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gefell'')</small> * [[Geichlinga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geichlingen'')</small> * [[Geisigium]]<ref name="Bistum Limburg 2024">Bistum Limburg (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis des Diözesanarchivs Limburg''. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam|Limburgi ad Lahnam]], in Germania: Diözesanarchiv.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisig'')</small> * [[Gembrica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemmerich'')</small> * [[Gemundia (Oura)|Gemundia]]<ref name="Longnon 1915">Longnon, A. (1915). ''Pouillés de la province de Trèves''. Imprimerie Nationale.</ref> <small>(ad [[Oura (Sura)|Ouram]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünd'')</small> * [[Gemundia (Occidentalis Silva)|Gemundia]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünden'')</small> * [[Gemundia (Tergum Caninum)|Gemundia]]<ref name="Zwiebelberg 1970">Zwiebelberg, W. (1970). ''Das alte Gemünden''. Harald Boldt Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünden''; [[Hunnice]] ''Geminne'')</small> * [[Gensina]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gensingen'')</small> * [[Geraha (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Geraha]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Gerisch'')</small> * [[Gerardi Fons]]<ref name="Fabricius 1891">Fabricius, W. (1891). ''Die Herrschaften des unteren Nahegebietes: Der Nahegau und seine Umgebung''. [[Bonna]]e: Behrend & Co.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerhardsbrunn'')</small> * [[Gerbacum]]<ref name="Widder 1788"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerbach'')</small> * [[Geringa]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gering'')</small> * [[Gerolsheimia]]<ref name="Widder 1788"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolsheim'')</small> * [[Gevenichum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gevenich'')</small> * [[Gichelinga]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860">Beyer, H., Eltester, L., & Goerz, A. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Treves bildenden Mittelrheinischen Territorien''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gentingen'')</small> * [[Gieleroth]] * [[Gielert]] * [[Gierschnach]] * [[Giershausen]] * [[Giesdorf]] * [[Giesenhausen]] * [[Gillenbeuren]] * [[Gillenfeld]] * [[Gilzem]] * [[Gimbsheim]] * [[Gimbweiler]] * [[Gindorf]] * [[Ginsweiler]] * [[Gipperath]] * [[Girkenroth]] * [[Girod]] * [[Gladbach (Eiflia)|Gladbach]] * [[Glan-Münchweiler]] * [[Glanbrücken]] * [[Glanna]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenglan'')</small> * [[Glees]] * [[Gleisweiler]] * [[Gleiszellen-Gleishorbach]] * [[Göcklingen]] * [[Goddert]] * [[Gödenroth]] * [[Gollenberg (prope Bircofeldam)|Gollenberg]] * [[Göllheim]] * [[Gommersheim]] * [[Gonbach]] * [[Gondenbrett]] * [[Gondershausen]] * [[Gondorf]] * [[Gönnersdorf (bei Bad Breisig)|Gönnersdorf]] <small>(bei Bad Breisig)</small> * [[Gönnersdorf (Eiflia)|Gönnersdorf]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Gönnheim]] * [[Görgeshausen]] * [[Gornhausen]] * [[Gösenroth]] * [[Gossersweiler-Stein]] * [[Graach an der Mosel]] * [[Gräfendhron]] * [[Gransdorf]] * [[Greimerath (bei Trier)|Greimerath]] <small>(bei Trier)</small> * [[Greimerath (Eiflia)|Greimerath]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Greimersburg]] * [[Grenderich]] * [[Griebelschied]] * [[Gries (Pfalz)|Gries]] * [[Grimburg]] * [[Grolsheim]] * [[Großbundenbach]] * [[Großfischlingen]] * [[Großholbach]] * [[Großkampenberg]] * [[Großkarlbach]] * [[Großlangenfeld]] * [[Großlittgen]] * [[Großmaischeid]] * [[Großniedesheim]] * [[Großseifen]] * [[Großsteinhausen]] * [[Grumbach (Landkreis Kusel)|Grumbach]] * [[Grünebach]] * [[Guckheim]] * [[Gückingen]] * [[Guldental]] * [[Güllesheim]] * [[Gumbsheim]] * [[Gunderath]] * [[Gundersheim]] * [[Gundersweiler]] * [[Gundheim]] * [[Guntersblum]] * [[Gurgitis Campus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dümpelfeld'')</small> * [[Gusenburg]] * [[Gusterath]] * [[Gutenacker]] * [[Gutenberg/Nahe|Gutenberg]] * [[Gutweiler]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Habscheid]] * [[Hackenheim]] * [[Hahn am See]] * [[Hahn bei Marienberg]] * [[Hahn (Tergum Caninum)|Hahn]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Hahnenbach]] * [[Hahnheim]] * [[Hahnstätten]] * [[Hahnweiler]] * [[Hainau]] * [[Hainfeld (Pfalz)|Hainfeld]] * [[Halbs]] * [[Hallgarten (Pfalz)|Hallgarten]] * [[Hallschlag]] * [[Halsdorf]] * [[Halsenbach]] * [[Hambach (bei Diez)|Hambach]] * [[Hambuch]] * [[Hamm am Rhein]] * [[Hamm (Eiflia)|Hamm]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Hamm (Sieg)]] * [[Hammerstein (am Rhein)|Hammerstein]] * [[Hangen-Weisheim]] * [[Hanhofen]] * [[Hanroth]] * [[Harbach (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Harbach]] * [[Hardert]] * [[Hardt (Occidentalis Silva)|Hardt]] * [[Hargarten (Eiflia)|Hargarten]] * [[Hargesheim]] * [[Harschbach]] * [[Harscheid (bei Adenau)|Harscheid]] * [[Harspelt]] * [[Hartenfels]] * [[Harthausen]] * [[Härtlingen]] * [[Harxheim]] * [[Hasborn (Eiflia)|Hasborn]] * [[Haschbach am Remigiusberg]] * [[Haserich]] * [[Hasselbach (Tergum Caninum)|Hasselbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Hasselbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Hasselbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Hattert]] * [[Hattgenstein]] * [[Hatzenbühl]] * [[Hatzenport]] * [[Hauenstein (Pfalz)|Hauenstein]] * [[Hauptstuhl]] * [[Hauroth]] * [[Hausbay]] * [[Hausen (Tergum Caninum)|Hausen]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Hausen (Wied)]] * [[Hausten]] * [[Hausweiler]] * [[Hecken (Tergum Caninum)|Hecken]] * [[Heckenbach]] * [[Heckenmünster]] * [[Heckhuscheid]] * [[Heddert]] * [[Hefersweiler]] * [[Heidenburg]] * [[Heidweiler]] * [[Heilbach]] * [[Heilberscheid]] * [[Heilenbach]] * [[Heiligenmoschel]] * [[Heiligenroth]] * [[Heimbach (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Heimbach]] * [[Heimborn]] * [[Heimweiler]] * [[Heinzenbach]] * [[Heinzenberg (bei Kirn)|Heinzenberg]] * [[Heinzenhausen]] * [[Heisdorf]] * [[Heistenbach]] * [[Helferskirchen]] * [[Hellenhahn-Schellenberg]] * [[Hellertshausen]] * [[Helmenzen]] * [[Helmeroth]] * [[Helonze]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehlenz'')</small> * [[Heltersberg]] * [[Hemmelzen]] * [[Henau (Tergum Caninum)|Henau]] * [[Hennweiler]] * [[Henschtal]] * [[Hentern]] * [[Herborn (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Herborn]] * [[Herbstmühle]] * [[Herchweiler]] * [[Herforst]] * [[Hergenfeld]] * [[Hergenroth]] * [[Hergersweiler]] * [[Herl]] * [[Hermersberg]] * [[Herold (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Herold]] * [[Herpla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erpel'')</small> * [[Herren-Sulzbach]] * [[Herresbach]] * [[Herrstein]] * [[Herschbach]] * [[Herschbach (Oberwesterwald)]] * [[Herschberg]] * [[Herschbroich]] * [[Herschweiler-Pettersheim]] * [[Hersdorf]] * [[Herxheim am Berg]] * [[Herxheim bei Landau/Pfalz]] * [[Herxheimweyher]] * [[Herzfeld (Eiflia)|Herzfeld]] * [[Heßheim]] * [[Hesweiler]] * [[Hettenhausen (Pfalz)|Hettenhausen]] * [[Hettenleidelheim]] * [[Hettenrodt]] * [[Hetzerath (Eiflia)|Hetzerath]] * [[Heuchelheim bei Frankenthal]] * [[Heuchelheim-Klingen]] * [[Heupelzen]] * [[Heuzert]] * [[Hilgenroth]] * [[Hilgert]] * [[Hillesheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Hillesheim]] * [[Hillscheid]] * [[Hilscheid]] * [[Hilst]] * [[Himmighofen]] * [[Hintertiefenbach]] * [[Hinterweidenthal]] * [[Hinterweiler]] * [[Hinzenburg]] * [[Hinzert-Pölert]] * [[Hinzweiler]] * [[Hirschberg (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Hirschberg]] * [[Hirschfeld (Tergum Caninum)]] * [[Hirschhorn/Pfalz]] * [[Hirschthal (Pfalz)|Hirschthal]] * [[Hirten]] * [[Hirz-Maulsbach]] * [[Hochborn]] * [[Hochdorf-Assenheim]] * [[Hochscheid]] * [[Hochspeyer]] * [[Hochstadt (Pfalz)]] * [[Hochstätten]] * [[Höchstberg]] * [[Höchstenbach]] * [[Hochstetten-Dhaun]] * [[Hockweiler]] * [[Hof (Occidentalis Silva)|Hof]] * [[Hoffeld (Eiflia)|Hoffeld]] * [[Höheinöd]] * [[Höheischweiler]] * [[Hohenfels-Essingen]] * [[Hohenleimbach]] * [[Hohenöllen]] * [[Hohen-Sülzen]] * [[Höhfröschen]] * [[Höhn]] * [[Holler (Occidentalis Silva)|Holler]] * [[Hollnich]] * [[Holsthum]] * [[Holzappel]] * [[Holzbach]] * [[Holzerath]] * [[Holzhausen an der Haide]] * [[Holzheim (Aar)|Holzheim]] * [[Homberg (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Homberg]] <small>(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/>)</small> * [[Homberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Homberg]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Hömberg]] * [[Hommerdingen]] * [[Honerath]] * [[Hönningen]] * [[Hontheim]] * [[Hoppstädten]] * [[Hoppstädten-Weiersbach]] * [[Horath]] * [[Horbach (bei Simmertal)|Horbach]] <small>(bei Simmertal)</small> * [[Horbach (Pfalz)|Horbach]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Horbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Horbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Horbruch]] * [[Hördt]] * [[Horhausen (Nassau)|Horhausen]] <small>(Nassau)</small> * [[Horhausen (Occidentalis Silva)]] * [[Höringen]] * [[Horn (Tergum Caninum)|Horn]] * [[Hornbacum Antiquum]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Althornbach'')</small> * [[Horperath]] * [[Horrweiler]] * [[Horschbach]] * [[Hörscheid]] * [[Hörschhausen]] * [[Hortus Apium in Campo]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feilbingert'')</small> * [[Hortus Arborum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bongard'')</small> * [[Hosten]] * [[Hottenbach]] * [[Hövels]] * [[Hübingen]] * [[Hüblingen]] * [[Hüffelsheim]] * [[Hüffler]] * [[Hümmel]] * [[Hümmerich]] * [[Hundsangen]] * [[Hundsbach]] * [[Hundsdorf (Occidentalis Silva)|Hundsdorf]] * [[Hungenroth]] * [[Hunzel]] * [[Hupperath]] * [[Hütschenhausen]] * [[Hütten (Eiflia)|Hütten]] * [[Hütterscheid]] * [[Hüttingen an der Kyll]] * [[Hüttingen bei Lahr]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Idelberg]] * [[Idenheim]] * [[Idesheim]] * [[Igel (Mosel)|Igel]] * [[Ilbesheim (Donnersbergkreis)|Ilbesheim]] <small>(Donnersbergkreis)</small> * [[Ilbesheim bei Landau in der Pfalz]] * [[Illerich]] * [[Immerath]] * [[Immert]] * [[Immesheim]] * [[Impflingen]] * [[Imsbach]] * [[Imsweiler]] * [[Indago ad Montem]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berzhahn'')</small> * [[Indago Apri]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebernhahn'')</small> * [[Indago Frisonum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friesenhagen'')</small> * [[Indago Gebhardi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gebhardshain'')</small> * [[Ingelbach]] * [[Ingendorf]] * [[Insheim]] * [[Insul]] * [[Ippenschied]] * [[Irmenach]] * [[Irmtraut]] * [[Irrel]] * [[Irrhausen]] * [[Irsch (bei Saarburg)|Irsch]] * [[Isenburg (Occidentalis Silva)|Isenburg]] * [[Isert]] * [[Isselbach]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jakobsweiler]] * [[Jeckenbach]] * [[Jettenbach (Pfalz)|Jettenbach]] * [[Jockgrim]] * [[Jucken (Gemeinde)|Jucken]] * [[Jugenheim in Rheinhessen]] * [[Jünkerath]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kaden]] * [[Kadenbach]] * [[Kaifenheim]] * [[Kail]] * [[Kalenborn (bei Altenahr)|Kalenborn]] <small>(bei Altenahr)</small> * [[Kalenborn (bei Kaisersesch)|Kalenborn]] <small>(bei Kaisersesch)</small> * [[Kalenborn-Scheuern]] * [[Kalkofen (Pfalz)|Kalkofen]] * [[Kallstadt]] * [[Kalt]] * [[Kaltenborn]] * [[Kaltenengers]] * [[Kaltenholzhausen]] * [[Kammerforst (Occidentalis Silva)|Kammerforst]] * [[Kamp-Bornhofen]] * [[Kanzem]] * [[Kapellen-Drusweiler]] * [[Kaperich]] * [[Kappel (Tergum Caninum)|Kappel]] * [[Kappeln (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Kappeln]] * [[Kapsweyer]] * [[Karbach (Tergum Caninum)|Karbach]] * [[Karl (Eiflia)|Karl]] * [[Karlshausen]] * [[Kasbach-Ohlenberg]] * [[Kaschenbach]] * [[Kasdorf]] * [[Kasel (bei Trier)|Kasel]] * [[Käshofen]] * [[Kastel-Staadt]] * [[Katzenbach (Donnersbergkreis)|Katzenbach]] * [[Katzweiler]] * [[Katzwinkel (Eiflia)|Katzwinkel]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Katzwinkel (Sieg)]] * [[Kausen]] * [[Kehlbach (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Kehlbach]] * [[Kehrig]] * [[Keidelheim]] * [[Kelberg]] * [[Kell am See]] * [[Kellenbach]] * [[Kemmenau]] * [[Kempenich]] * [[Kempfeld]] * [[Kenn]] * [[Keppeshausen]] * [[Kerben]] * [[Kerpen (Eiflia)]] * [[Kerschenbach (Eiflia)|Kerschenbach]] * [[Kerzenheim]] * [[Kescheid]] * [[Kesfeld]] * [[Kesseling]] * [[Kesten]] * [[Kestert]] * [[Kettenhausen]] * [[Kettenheim]] * [[Kettig]] * [[Kickeshausen]] * [[Kindenheim]] * [[Kinderbeuern]] * [[Kindsbach]] * [[Kinheim]] * [[Kinzenburg]] * [[Kirburg]] * [[Kircheib]] * [[Kirchheim an der Weinstraße]] * [[Kirchsahr]] * [[Kirchwald]] * [[Kirchweiler]] * [[Kirf]] * [[Kirrweiler (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Kirrweiler]] <small>(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/>)</small> * [[Kirrweiler (Pfalz)]] * [[Kirsbach]] * [[Kirschroth]] * [[Kirschweiler]] * [[Kisselbach]] * [[Klausen (Eiflia)|Klausen]] * [[Kleinbundenbach]] * [[Kleinfischlingen]] * [[Kleinich]] * [[Kleinkarlbach]] * [[Kleinlangenfeld]] * [[Kleinmaischeid]] * [[Kleinniedesheim]] * [[Kleinsteinhausen]] * [[Klein-Winternheim]] * [[Kliding]] * [[Klingelbach]] * [[Klingenmünster]] * [[Klosterkumbd]] * [[Klotten]] * [[Kludenbach]] * [[Klüsserath]] * [[Knittelsheim]] * [[Knopp-Labach]] * [[Knöringen]] * [[Kobern-Gondorf]] * [[Kölbingen]] * [[Kollig]] * [[Kollweiler]] * [[Kolverath]] * [[Kommen]] * [[Köngernheim]] * [[Königsau]] * [[Königsfeld (Eiflia)|Königsfeld]] * [[Konken]] * [[Kopp (Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae)|Kopp]] * [[Körborn]] * [[Kordel (Eiflia)|Kordel]] * [[Kördorf]] * [[Korlingen]] * [[Körperich]] * [[Korweiler]] * [[Kottenborn]] * [[Kottenheim]] * [[Kötterichen]] * [[Kottweiler-Schwanden]] * [[Köwerich]] * [[Koxhausen]] * [[Kraam]] * [[Kradenbach]] * [[Krähenberg]] * [[Kratzenburg]] * [[Krautscheid]] * [[Kreimbach-Kaulbach]] * [[Kretz]] * [[Krickenbach]] * [[Kriegsfeld]] * [[Kronweiler]] * [[Kroppach]] * [[Kröppen]] * [[Krottelbach]] * [[Kröv]] * [[Kruchten]] * [[Kruft]] * [[Krümmel (Occidentalis Silva)|Krümmel]] * [[Krummenau (Tergum Caninum)|Krummenau]] * [[Krunkel]] * [[Kuhardt]] * [[Kuhnhöfen]] * [[Külz (Tergum Caninum)]] * [[Kümbdchen]] * [[Kundert]] * [[Kurtscheid]] * [[Kyllburgweiler]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Lahr (Eiflia)|Lahr]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Lahr (Tergum Caninum)|Lahr]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Lambertsberg]] * [[Lambsborn]] * [[Lambsheim]] * [[Lampaden]] * [[Landkern]] * [[Landscheid]] * [[Langenbach bei Kirburg]] * [[Langenbach (Pfalz)|Langenbach]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Langenfeld (Eiflia)|Langenfeld]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Langenhahn]] * [[Langenlonsheim]] * [[Langenscheid]] * [[Langenthal (Tergum Caninum)|Langenthal]] * [[Langscheid (bei Mayen)|Langscheid]] * [[Langsur]] * [[Langweiler (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Langweiler]] <small>(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> * [[Langweiler (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Langweiler]] <small>(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/>)</small> * [[Langwieden]] * [[Lascheid (Eiflia)|Lascheid]] * [[Lasel]] * [[Latitudo (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Latitudo]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breit'')</small> * [[Laubach (Eiflia)|Laubach]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Laubach (Tergum Caninum)|Laubach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Laubenheim]] * [[Laudert]] * [[Laufeld]] * [[Laufersweiler]] * [[Laumersheim]] * [[Lauperath]] * [[Laurenburg]] * [[Lauschied]] * [[Lautersheim]] * [[Lautert]] * [[Lautzenbrücken]] * [[Lautzenhausen]] * [[Lehmen]] * [[Leidenborn]] * [[Leienkaul]] * [[Leimbach (bei Adenau)|Leimbach]] <small>(bei Adenau)</small> * [[Leimbach (bei Neuerburg)|Leimbach]] <small>(bei Neuerburg)</small> * [[Leimen (Pfalz)|Leimen]] * [[Leimersheim]] * [[Leiningen (Tergum Caninum)|Leiningen]] * [[Leinsweiler]] * [[Leisel]] * [[Leitzweiler]] * [[Leiwen]] * [[Lemberg (Pfalz)|Lemberg]] * [[Lettweiler]] * [[Leubsdorf (am Rhein)|Leubsdorf]] * [[Leuterod]] * [[Leutesdorf]] * [[Lichtenborn]] * [[Liebenscheid]] * [[Liebshausen]] * [[Lieg]] * [[Lierfeld]] * [[Lierschied]] * [[Liesenich]] * [[Lieser (Gemeinde)|Lieser]] * [[Ließem (Eiflia)|Ließem]] * [[Limbach (bei Kirn)|Limbach]] <small>(bei Kirn)</small> * [[Limbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Limbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Lind (bei Altenahr)|Lind]] <small>(bei Altenahr)</small> * [[Lind (bei Mayen)|Lind]] <small>(bei Mayen)</small> * [[Linden (Pfalz)|Linden]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Linden (Occidentalis Silva)|Linden]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Lindenberg (Pfalz)|Lindenberg]] * [[Lindenschied]] * [[Lingenfeld]] * [[Lingerhahn]] * [[Linkenbach]] * [[Lipporn]] * [[Lirstal]] * [[Lissendorf]] * [[Lochum]] * [[Locus Paludis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Börrstadt''; [[Palatanice]] ''Berrschdadd'')</small> * [[Löf]] * [[Lohnsfeld]] * [[Lohnweiler]] * [[Lohrheim]] * [[Löllbach]] * [[Lollschied]] * [[Longen]] * [[Longkamp]] * [[Longuich]] * [[Lonnig]] * [[Lonsheim]] * [[Lorscheid]] * [[Lörzweiler]] * [[Lösnich]] * [[Lötzbeuren]] * [[Luckenbach]] * [[Lückenburg]] * [[Ludwigshöhe]] * [[Ludwigswinkel]] * [[Lug (Pfalz)|Lug]] * [[Lünebach]] * [[Lustadt]] * [[Lütz]] * [[Lutzerath]] * [[Lützkampen]] * [[Luxem]] * [[Lykershausen]] {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Macken]] * [[Mackenbach]] * [[Mackenrodt]] * [[Mähren (Occidentalis Silva)|Mähren]] * [[Maikammer]] * [[Maisborn]] * [[Maitzborn]] * [[Malberg (Eiflia)|Malberg]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Malberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Malberg]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Malbergweich]] * [[Malborn]] * [[Mammelzen]] * [[Mandel (Gemeinde)|Mandel]] * [[Mandern]] * [[Manderscheid (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Manderscheid]] <small>(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]<ref name="CEBEP"/>)</small> * [[Mannebach (bei Saarburg)|Mannebach]] <small>(bei Saarburg)</small> * [[Mannebach (Eiflia)|Mannebach]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Mannweiler-Cölln]] * [[Manubach]] * [[Marienfels]] * [[Marienhausen]] * [[Marienrachdorf]] * [[Maring-Noviand]] * [[Marnheim]] * [[Maroth]] * [[Martinshöhe]] * [[Martinstein]] * [[Marzhausen (Westerwaldkreis)|Marzhausen]] * [[Masburg]] * [[Maßweiler]] * [[Mastershausen]] * [[Masthorn]] * [[Matzenbach]] * [[Matzerath]] * [[Mauchenheim]] * [[Mauden]] * [[Mauel]] * [[Mauschbach]] * [[Maxdorf]] * [[Maxsain]] * [[Mayschoß]] * [[Meckel]] * [[Meckenbach (prope Bircofeldam)|Meckenbach]] <small>(prope [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> * [[Meckenbach (bei Kirn)|Meckenbach]] <small>(bei Kirn)</small> * [[Meckenheim (Pfalz)|Meckenheim]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Medard (Glan)|Medard]] * [[Meddersheim]] * [[Meerfeld]] * [[Mehlbach]] * [[Mehlingen]] * [[Mehren (Eiflia)|Mehren]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Mehren (Occidentalis Silva)|Mehren]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Mehring (Mosel)|Mehring]] * [[Meinborn]] * [[Meisburg]] * [[Melsbach]] * [[Mengerschied]] * [[Menningen (an der Prüm)|Menningen]] * [[Merkelbach]] * [[Merlscheid (bei Pronsfeld)|Merlscheid]] * [[Mermuth]] * [[Merschbach]] * [[Mertesdorf]] * [[Mertesheim]] * [[Mertloch]] * [[Merxheim (Nahe)|Merxheim]] * [[Merzalben]] * [[Merzkirchen]] * [[Merzweiler]] * [[Mesenich]] * [[Messerich]] * [[Mettendorf (Eiflia)|Mettendorf]] * [[Mettenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Mettenheim]] * [[Metterich]] * [[Mettweiler]] * [[Metzenhausen]] * [[Meudt]] * [[Meuspath]] * [[Michelbach (Tergum Caninum)|Michelbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Michelbach (Occidentalis Silva)]] * [[Miehlen]] * [[Miellen]] * [[Minden (Sauer)|Minden]] * [[Minderlittgen]] * [[Minfeld]] * [[Minheim]] * [[Misselberg]] * [[Mittelbrunn]] * [[Mittelfischbach]] * [[Mittelhof]] * [[Mittelreidenbach]] * [[Mittelstrimmig]] * [[Mogendorf]] * [[Molsberg]] * [[Mölsheim]] * [[Molzhain]] * [[Mommenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Mommenheim]] * [[Monreal]] * [[Mons (Palatinatus)|Mons]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Mons (Taunus)|Mons]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Mons (prope Arvilare)|Mons]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(prope [[Arvilare]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Mons Alachonis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Alachonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Basii]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Basberg'')</small> * [[Mons Battonis (Palatinatus)|Mons Battonis]] <small>(Theodisce ''Battenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Bilonis]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999">Gensicke, H. (1999). Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes (3ª ed.). [[Aquae Mattiacae|Aquis Mattiacis]]: Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Nassau.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bölsberg''; dialectaliter ''Bilsbisch'' seu ''Bölsberisch'')</small> * [[Mons Busonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Busenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Coronae (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Mons Coronae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Cronenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Crampii]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Cramberg'')</small> * [[Mons Dasonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dasburg'')</small> * [[Mons Didonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deimberg'')</small> * [[Mons Epponis (Eiflia)|Mons Epponis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ezzonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etschberg'')</small> * [[Mons Fockilonis]]<ref name="Dolch & Greule 1991">Dolch, M., & Greule, A. (1991). ''Historisches Siedlungsnamenbuch der Pfalz''. [[Spira (urbs)|Spirae]], in Germania: Verlag der Pfälzischen Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Föckelberg'')</small> * [[Mons Fuscus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Fuscus]]<ref name="Karp-Schreiber 1664">Karp-Schreiber, W. (1664). ''Chronica Braunebergensis: De vineis et uvis in Iuffer sitis''. Monte Fusco: Officina Domestica.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brauneberg'')</small> * [[Mons Gallonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Galenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Gelenis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gelenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Gisilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiselberg'')</small> * [[Mons Hirci (Eiflia)|Mons Hirci]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boxberg'')</small> * [[Mons Lucidus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Lucidus]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berglicht'')</small> * [[Mons Ruborum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Ruborum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bremberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ululorum (Occidentalis Silva)|Mons Ululorum]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eulenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Vallis (prope Cruciniacum)|Mons Vallis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dalberg'')</small> * [[Monsheim]] * [[Möntenich]] * [[Montes (prope Kyrinam)|Montes]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berje'')</small> * [[Monzelfeld]] * [[Monzernheim]] * [[Monzingen]] * [[Moritzheim]] * [[Mörlen]] * [[Mörsbach]] * [[Mörschbach]] * [[Morscheid]] * [[Morschheim]] * [[Mörschied]] * [[Mörsdorf (Tergum Caninum)|Mörsdorf]] * [[Mörsfeld]] * [[Morshausen]] * [[Mörstadt]] * [[Mosbruch]] * [[Moschheim]] * [[Moselkern]] * [[Mückeln]] * [[Müden (Mosel)]] * [[Mudenbach]] * [[Mudersbach]] * [[Mudershausen]] * [[Mühlpfad]] * [[Mülbach]] * [[Mülheim an der Mosel]] * [[Müllenbach (bei Adenau)|Müllenbach]] <small>(bei Adenau)</small> * [[Müllenbach (bei Mayen)|Müllenbach]] <small>(bei Mayen)</small> * [[Münchwald]] * [[Münchweiler am Klingbach]] * [[Münchweiler an der Alsenz]] * [[Münchweiler an der Rodalb]] * [[Mündersbach]] * [[Münk]] * [[Münsterappel]] * [[Münster-Sarmsheim]] * [[Mürlenbach]] * [[Müsch]] * [[Müschenbach]] * [[Musweiler]] * [[Mutterschied]] * [[Mützenich (bei Prüm)|Mützenich]] * [[Muxerath]] {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nachtsheim]] * [[Nack]] * [[Nackenheim]] * [[Nannhausen]] * [[Nanzdietschweiler]] * [[Nasingen]] * [[Nattenheim]] * [[Naunheim]] * [[Nauort]] * [[Nauroth]] * [[Naurath (Eiflia)]] * [[Naurath (Wald)]] * [[Neef]] * [[Nehren (Mosel)|Nehren]] * [[Neichen]] * [[Neidenbach]] * [[Neidenfels]] * [[Neitersen]] * [[Nentershausen (Occidentalis Silva)|Nentershausen]] * [[Nerdlen]] * [[Neroth]] * [[Nerzweiler]] * [[Netzbach]] * [[Neu-Bamberg]] * [[Neuburg am Rhein]] * [[Neuendorf (Eiflia)|Neuendorf]] * [[Neuerkirch]] * [[Neuhäusel]] * [[Neuheilenbach]] * [[Neuhemsbach]] * [[Neuhofen (Pfalz)|Neuhofen]] * [[Neuhütten (Silva Alta)|Neuhütten]] * [[Neuleiningen]] * [[Neumagen-Dhron]] * [[Neunkhausen]] * [[Neunkirchen am Potzberg]] * [[Neunkirchen (Tergum Caninum)|Neunkirchen]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Neunkirchen (Occidentalis Silva)|Neunkirchen]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Neupotz]] * [[Neustadt/Westerwald]] * [[Neustadt (Wied)]] * [[Newel]] * [[Ney (Tergum Caninum)|Ney]] * [[Nickenich]] * [[Niederahr]] * [[Niederalben]] * [[Niederbachheim]] * [[Niederbreitbach]] * [[Niederbrombach]] * [[Niederburg]] * [[Niederdreisbach]] * [[Niederdürenbach]] * [[Niederelbert]] * [[Niedererbach]] * [[Niederfell]] * [[Niederfischbach]] * [[Niederhambach]] * [[Niederhausen (Nahe)|Niederhausen]] <small>(Nahe)</small> * [[Niederhausen an der Appel]] * [[Niederheimbach]] * [[Nieder-Hilbersheim]] * [[Niederhofen]] * [[Niederhorbach]] * [[Niederhosenbach]] * [[Niederirsen]] * [[Niederkirchen (Westpfalz)|Niederkirchen]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Niederkirchen bei Deidesheim]] * [[Nieder Kostenz]] * [[Niederkumbd]] * [[Niederlauch]] * [[Niedermohr]] * [[Niedermoschel]] * [[Niederneisen]] * [[Niederöfflingen]] * [[Niederotterbach]] * [[Niederpierscheid]] * [[Niederraden]] * [[Niederroßbach]] * [[Niedersayn]] * [[Niederscheidweiler]] * [[Niederschlettenbach]] * [[Niedersohren]] * [[Niederstadtfeld]] * [[Niederstaufenbach]] * [[Niederstedem]] * [[Niedersteinebach]] * [[Niedert]] * [[Niedertiefenbach]] * [[Niederwallmenach]] * [[Niederwambach]] * [[Niederweiler (Eiflia)|Niederweiler]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Niederweiler (Tergum Caninum)|Niederweiler]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Niederweis]] * [[Niederwerth]] * [[Nieder-Wiesen]] * [[Niederwörresbach]] * [[Niederzissen]] * [[Niehl]] * [[Niersbach]] * [[Nievern]] * [[Nimshuscheid]] * [[Nimsreuland]] * [[Nister (Gemeinde)|Nister]] * [[Nisterau]] * [[Nisterberg]] * [[Nister-Möhrendorf]] * [[Nistertal]] * [[Nittel]] * [[Nitz]] * [[Nochern]] * [[Nohen]] * [[Nohn]] * [[Nomborn]] * [[Norath]] * [[Nordhofen]] * [[Norheim]] * [[Norken]] * [[Nörtershausen]] * [[Nothweiler]] * [[Novale Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berkoth'')</small> * [[Novale Beronis ad Vallemerodam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berod bei Wallmerod'')</small> * [[Novale Beronis prope Hachenburgum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berod bei Hachenburg'')</small> * [[Novale Bonii]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Borod'')</small> * [[Novale Bononis]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bonerath''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Bönert'')</small> * [[Novale Candidum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blankenrath''; [[Hunnice]] ''Blanggad'')</small> * [[Novale Daconis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Datzeroth'')</small> * [[Novale Danckradi]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dankerath'')</small> * [[Novale Diemundi]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Demerath'')</small> * [[Novale Epponis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppenrod'')</small> * [[Novale Gebhardi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gebroth'')</small> * [[Novale Geilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gehlert'')</small> * [[Nünschweiler]] * [[Nürburg (Gemeinde)|Nürburg]] * [[Nusbaum]] * [[Nußbach (Pfalz)|Nußbach]] * [[Nußbaum]] {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberahr]] * [[Oberalben]] * [[Oberarnbach]] * [[Oberbachheim]] * [[Oberbettingen]] * [[Oberbillig]] * [[Oberbrombach]] * [[Oberdiebach]] * [[Oberdreis]] * [[Oberdürenbach]] * [[Oberehe-Stroheich]] * [[Oberelbert]] * [[Oberelz]] * [[Obererbach (bei Montabaur)|Obererbach]] <small>(bei Montabaur)</small> * [[Obererbach (Occidentalis Silva)]] * [[Oberfell]] * [[Oberfischbach]] * [[Ober-Flörsheim]] * [[Obergeckler]] * [[Oberhaid (Occidentalis Silva)|Oberhaid]] * [[Oberhambach]] * [[Oberhausen (bei Bad Bergzabern)|Oberhausen]] <small>(bei Bad Bergzabern)</small> * [[Oberhausen an der Appel]] * [[Oberhausen an der Nahe]] * [[Oberhausen bei Kirn]] * [[Oberheimbach]] * [[Ober-Hilbersheim]] * [[Oberhonnefeld-Gierend]] * [[Oberhosenbach]] * [[Oberirsen]] * [[Oberkail]] * [[Oberkirn]] * [[Ober Kostenz]] * [[Oberlahr]] * [[Oberlascheid]] * [[Oberlauch]] * [[Oberndorf (Pfalz)|Oberndorf]] * [[Oberneisen]] * [[Obernheim-Kirchenarnbach]] * [[Obernhof]] * [[Oberöfflingen]] * [[Ober-Olm]] * [[Oberotterbach]] * [[Oberpierscheid]] * [[Oberraden]] * [[Oberreidenbach]] * [[Oberrod]] * [[Oberroßbach]] * [[Oberscheidweiler]] * [[Oberschlettenbach]] * [[Obersimten]] * [[Oberstadtfeld]] * [[Oberstaufenbach]] * [[Oberstedem]] * [[Obersteinebach]] * [[Oberstreit]] * [[Obersülzen]] * [[Obertiefenbach (Taunus)|Obertiefenbach]] * [[Oberwallmenach]] * [[Oberwambach]] * [[Oberweiler (Eiflia)|Oberweiler]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Oberweiler im Tal]] * [[Oberweiler-Tiefenbach]] * [[Oberweis]] * [[Oberwies]] * [[Oberwiesen]] * [[Oberwörresbach]] * [[Oberzissen]] * [[Obrigheim (Pfalz)]] * [[Ochtendung]] * [[Ockenfels]] * [[Ockenheim]] * [[Ockfen]] * [[Odenbach]] * [[Odernheim am Glan]] * [[Oelsberg]] * [[Offenbach an der Queich]] * [[Offenbach-Hundheim]] * [[Offenheim]] * [[Offstein]] * [[Ogilonis Novale]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckenroth'')</small> * [[Ohlenhard]] * [[Ohlweiler]] * [[Ohmbach]] * [[Ollmuth]] * [[Olmscheid]] * [[Olsbrücken]] * [[Olsdorf (Eiflia)|Olsdorf]] * [[Ölsen]] * [[Olzheim]] * [[Onsdorf]] * [[Oppertshausen]] * [[Orbis]] * [[Orenhofen]] * [[Orfgen]] * [[Orlenbach]] * [[Ormont]] * [[Orsfeld]] * [[Osann-Monzel]] * [[Osburg]] * [[Ossinga (Palatinatus)|Ossinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Essingen'')</small> * [[Osterspai]] * [[Othinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etgert'')</small> * [[Otterbach (Westpfalz)|Otterbach]] * [[Ottersheim]] * [[Ottersheim bei Landau]] * [[Otterstadt]] * [[Ötzingen]] * [[Otzweiler]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Palus (Circulus terrae Cochemiensis et Cellensis)|Palus]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887">Forcellini, Aeg. (1864-1887). ''Totius latinitatis lexicon''. Prati: Typis Aldinianis. </ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Cochemiensis et Cellensis|Circulo terrae Cochemiensi et Cellensi]]<ref name="CTCEC">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Cochemiensis et Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cochem-Zell'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latinis toponymis "[[Cochemium]]" et "Cella" -ad quae gentilicia "Cochemiensis-e" et "Cellensis-e" respective referuntur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Filz'')</small> * [[Palus (Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci)|Palus]]<ref name="Wampach 1935">Wampach, C. (1935). ''Urkunden- und Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der altluxemburgischen Territorien bis zur burgundischen Zeit''. St. Paulus-Druckerei.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci|Circulo terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci]]<ref name="CTTMCEV"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruch'')</small> * [[Palzem]] * [[Pantenburg]] * [[Panzweiler]] * [[Partenheim]] * [[Paschel]] * [[Pascua Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenhördt'')</small> * [[Patersberg]] * [[Peffingen]] * [[Pellingen]] * [[Pelm]] * [[Perscheid]] * [[Petersberg (Pfalz)|Petersberg]] * [[Peterslahr]] * [[Peterswald-Löffelscheid]] * [[Petra Darstonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Darstein'')</small> * [[Petra Franconum (Palatinatus)|Petra Franconum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenstein'')</small> * [[Pfaffen-Schwabenheim]] * [[Pfalzfeld]] * [[Pfeffelbach]] * [[Philippsheim]] * [[Pickließem]] * [[Piesport]] * [[Pillig]] * [[Pintesfeld]] * [[Pinus et Tilia]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fohren-Linden'')</small> * [[Piscis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Piscis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fisch'')</small> * [[Pittenbach]] * [[Plaidt]] * [[Planities (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Planities]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flacht'')</small> * [[Plascheid]] * [[Platten (bei Wittlich)|Platten]] * [[Pleckhausen]] * [[Plein]] * [[Pleisweiler-Oberhofen]] * [[Pleitersheim]] * [[Pleizenhausen]] * [[Plütscheid]] * [[Pluwig]] * [[Pohl (Nassau)|Pohl]] * [[Pölich]] * [[Pommern (Mosel)|Pommern]] * [[Pomster]] * [[Pons (Palatinatus)|Pons]]<ref name="Lehmann 1867"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Brücken'')</small> * [[Pons (prope Birconfeldam)|Pons]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(prope [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Brücken'')</small> * [[Pons Alaphotis]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ahrbrück'')</small> * [[Pons Epternacensis]]<ref name="Camillus 1889">Camillus, W. (1889). ''Annales Epternacenses. In Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (SS 13). [[Hannovera]]e: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Echternacherbrück'')</small> * [[Porta (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Porta]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dohr'')</small> * [[Pottum]] * [[Pracht]] * [[Prath]] * [[Pratum Amplum (Occidentalis Silva)|Pratum Amplum]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenau'')</small> * [[Pratum Fagineum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bockenau'')</small> * [[Pratum Geilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geilnau'')</small> * [[Preischeid]] * [[Preist]] * [[Pronsfeld]] * [[Prümzurlay]] * [[Puderbach]] * [[Pünderich]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Queidersbach]] * [[Quercetum (Occidentalis Silva)|Quercetum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichen'')</small> * [[Quercirivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichenbach'')</small> * [[Quiddelbach]] * [[Quirnbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Quirnbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Quirnbach/Pfalz]] * [[Quirnheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Racksen]] * [[Ralingen]] * [[Ramberg (Pfalz)|Ramberg]] * [[Rammelsbach]] * [[Ramsen (Pfalz)|Ramsen]] * [[Ranschbach]] * [[Ransweiler]] * [[Rascheid]] * [[Rathskirchen]] * [[Rathsweiler]] * [[Ratzert]] * [[Raubach]] * [[Raumbach]] * [[Ravengiersburg]] * [[Raversbeuren]] * [[Rayerschied]] * [[Rech]] * [[Reckenroth]] * [[Reckershausen]] * [[Rehbach (bei Sobernheim)|Rehbach]] * [[Rehborn]] * [[Rehe (Occidentalis Silva)|Rehe]] * [[Rehweiler]] * [[Reich (Tergum Caninum)|Reich]] * [[Reichenbach (bei Baumholder)|Reichenbach]] * [[Reichenbach-Steegen]] * [[Reichenberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Reichenberg]] * [[Reichsthal]] * [[Reichweiler]] * [[Reidenhausen]] * [[Reifenberg]] * [[Reiferscheid]] * [[Reiff]] * [[Reiffelbach]] * [[Reifferscheid]] * [[Reil]] * [[Reimerath]] * [[Reinsfeld]] * [[Reipeldingen]] * [[Reipoltskirchen]] * [[Reitzenhain (Taunus)|Reitzenhain]] * [[Relsberg]] * [[Rengsdorf]] * [[Retterath]] * [[Rettersen]] * [[Rettershain]] * [[Rettert]] * [[Reudelsterz]] * [[Reuth (Eiflia)|Reuth]] * [[Rhaunen]] * [[Rheinbreitbach]] * [[Rheinbrohl]] * [[Rheinzabern]] * [[Rhodt unter Rietburg]] * [[Riedelberg]] * [[Rieden (Eiflia)|Rieden]] * [[Riegenroth]] * [[Rieschweiler-Mühlbach]] * [[Riesweiler]] * [[Rimsberg]] * [[Rinnthal]] * [[Rinzenberg]] * [[Riol]] * [[Rittersdorf (Eiflia)|Rittersdorf]] * [[Rittersheim]] * [[Rivenich]] * [[Riveris]] * [[Rivulus Becheri (Palatinatus)|Rivulus Becheri]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Becherbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Bedonis]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bedesbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berenbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Feronis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fiersbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Fluens]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flußbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Franconis]]<ref name="Dolch & Greule 1991"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankelbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Fringillarum et Villare Gerhardi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Finkenbach-Gersweiler'')</small> * [[Rivulus Gackonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gackenbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Liberorum]]<ref name="Nietzschmann 2013">Nietzschmann, E. (2013). ''Die Freien auf dem Lande: Ehemalige deutsche Reichsdörfer und ihre Wappen''. [[Guelpherbytum|Guelpherbyti]]: Melchior.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freisbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Piscium (prope Caesaream Lutram)|Rivulus Piscium]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(prope [[Caesarea Lutra|Caesaream Lutram]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Piscium (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Rivulus Piscium]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Piscium et Novale Superius]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbach-Oberraden'')</small> * [[Rivulus Piscium prope Danam]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/><ref name="Görz II 1879"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbach bei Dahn'')</small> * [[Rivus Amplus (Palatinatus)|Rivus Amplus]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Atzonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etzbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Becheri prope Kyrinam]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Becherbach bei Kirn'')</small> * [[Rivus Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birlenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Bisonis]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bosenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Bottonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bottenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Budonis (Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini)|Rivus Budonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref name="CRETC">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini" -Theodisce ''Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis "[[Rhenus]]" et "[[Tergum Caninum]]", vide {{Graesse}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Rin-Hunsrück'' et ''Arrondissement de Rhin-Hunsrück'' et ''Distrito do Reno-Hunsrück'' et ''Circondario del Reno-Hunsrück'' et ''Zemský okres Rýn-Hunsrück'' et Рейн-Хунсрюк.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Budenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Burebach'')</small> * [[Rivus Budonis (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Rivus Budonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis|Circulo terrae Birkenfeldensi]]<ref name="Circulus terrae"/><ref>Nomen Latinum completum "Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis".</ref><ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bundenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bundebach'')</small> * [[Rivus Caeruleus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blaubach'')</small> * [[Rivus Calidus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Rivus Calidus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Callbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Columbae (Occidentalis Silva)|Rivus Columbae]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Daubach'')</small> * [[Rivus Columbae (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Columbae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Daubach'')</small> * [[Rivus Dammarum (prope Bircofeldam)|Rivus Dammarum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dambach'')</small> * [[Rivus Dedonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dedenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Deronis (ad Tabernas Montanas)|Rivus Deronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (ad [[Tabernae Montanae|Tabernas Montanas]]<ref name="Graesse"/>) <small>(Theodisce ''Dierbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Deronis (Circulus terrae Neowidensis)|Rivus Deronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Neowidensis|Circulo terrae Neowidensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Neowidensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neuwied'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Neowidensis-e" Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuwied'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/maximilian-alexander-philipp-prinz-zu-wied-neuwied-/DE-2086/lido/57c92ef68392a6.35258846 ], ubi dicitur "(...) Sein Ma­nu­skript „Fau­na Neo­wi­den­sis“, 1847 voll­endet, ist die ers­te Re­gio­nal­fau­na für den Mit­tel­rhein. Die Ver­öf­fent­li­chung ein­zel­ner Er­kennt­nis­se über­ließ er je­doch an­de­ren, vor al­lem dem Neu­wie­der Apo­the­ker Franz Pe­ter Brahts (...)". Quo de Latino toponymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z'']</ref></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Deronis (Occidentalis Silva)|Rivus Deronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Deronis (Palatinatus)|Rivus Deronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Dictilonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dichtelbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Dieschdelbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Dusonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deuselbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Eridonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erdesbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Fundi]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Fuscus (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Fuscus]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Hirundinis]] <small>(Theodisce ''Burgschwalbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Longus in Monte]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berglangenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Novalis]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brachbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Oneris]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bürdenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Pirorum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birnbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Profundus (prope Vitelliacum)|Rivus Profundus]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diefenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Purgans (Eiflia)|Rivus Purgans]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Siccus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Rivus Siccus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörrenbach''; [[Palatinice]] ''Derrebach'')</small> * [[Rivus Spissus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dickesbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Tumuli]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bollenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Ursorum (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Ursorum]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärenbach'')</small> * [[Rockeskyll]] * [[Rodder]] * [[Rödelhausen]] * [[Rodenbach (Westpfalz)|Rodenbach]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentali]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Rodenbach bei Puderbach]] * [[Rödern (Tergum Caninum)|Rödern]] * [[Rodershausen]] * [[Rödersheim-Gronau]] * [[Roes]] * [[Röhl]] * [[Rohrbach (bei Baumholder)|Rohrbach]] <small>(bei Baumholder)</small> * [[Rohrbach (Tergum Caninum)|Rohrbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Rohrbach (Pfalz)|Rohrbach]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Römerberg (Pfalz)|Römerberg]] * [[Rommersheim]] * [[Rorodt]] * [[Roschbach]] * [[Roscheid]] * [[Rosenheim (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Rosenheim]] * [[Rosenkopf]] * [[Roßbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Roßbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Roßbach (Wied)|Roßbach]] <small>(Wied)</small> * [[Rota Barwardi]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Barbelroth'')</small> * [[Rotenhain]] * [[Roth (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Roth]] <small>(Landkreis Altenkirchen)</small> * [[Roth (bei Stromberg)|Roth]] <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis|Circulo terrae Cruciniacensi]]<ref name="CTCru"/>)</small> * [[Roth (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Roth]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref name="CRETC"/>)</small> * [[Roth (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Roth]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> * [[Roth an der Our]] * [[Roth bei Prüm]] * [[Rothenbach]] * [[Rothselberg]] * [[Rötsweiler-Nockenthal]] * [[Rott (Occidentalis Silva)|Rott]] * [[Roxheim]] * [[Rüber]] * [[Rückeroth]] * [[Rückweiler]] * [[Rüdesheim (Nahe)|Rüdesheim]] * [[Rülzheim]] * [[Rumbach]] * [[Rümmelsheim]] * [[Rupes Abietum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dannenfels'')</small> * [[Ruppach-Goldhausen]] * [[Ruppertsecken]] * [[Ruppertsberg]] * [[Ruppertshofen (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Ruppertshofen]] * [[Ruppertsweiler]] * [[Ruschberg]] * [[Rüscheid]] * [[Rüssingen]] * [[Ruthweiler]] * [[Rutsweiler am Glan]] * [[Rutsweiler an der Lauter]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Saalstadt]] * [[Saffig]] * [[Salm (Eiflia)|Salm]] * [[Salmtal]] * [[Salz (Occidentalis Silva)|Salz]] * [[Salzburg (Occidentalis Silva)|Salzburg]] * [[Sankt Alban (Pfalz)|Sankt Alban]] * [[Sankt Aldegund]] * [[Sankt Johann (bei Mayen)|Sankt Johann]] <small>(bei Mayen)</small> * [[Sankt Johann (Hassia Rhenana)|Sankt Johann]] <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana"/>)</small> * [[Sankt Julian]] * [[Sankt Katharinen (prope Cruciniacum)|Sankt Katharinen]] <small>(prope [[Cruciniacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Sankt Katharinen (Landkreis Neuwied)]] * [[Sankt Martin (Pfalz)|Sankt Martin]] * [[Sankt Sebastian (am Rhein)|Sankt Sebastian]] * [[Sankt Thomas (Eiflia)|Sankt Thomas]] * [[Sargenroth]] * [[Sarmersbach]] * [[Sassen (Eiflia)|Sassen]] * [[Sauerthal]] * [[Saulheim]] * [[Saxler]] * [[Saxum Balduini]]<ref name="Böhmer 1839">Böhmer, J. F. (1839). ''Regesta chronologico-diplomatica metropolitae Moguntinae: inde a primo archiepiscopo usque ad seculi decimi sexti finem''. F. Varrentrapp.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Balduinstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Ulmeum]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elmstein'')</small> * [[Schalkenbach]] * [[Schalkenmehren]] * [[Schallodenbach]] * [[Schankweiler]] * [[Scharfbillig]] * [[Schauerberg]] * [[Schauren (bei Blankenrath)|Schauren]] <small>(bei Blankenrath)</small> * [[Schauren (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Schauren]] <small>(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> * [[Scheibenhardt]] * [[Scheid (Eiflia)|Scheid]] * [[Scheidt (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Scheidt]] * [[Scheitenkorb]] * [[Schellweiler]] * [[Schenkelberg]] * [[Scheuerfeld]] * [[Scheuern]] * [[Schiersfeld]] * [[Schiesheim]] * [[Schillingen]] * [[Schindhard]] * [[Schladt]] * [[Schleich]] * [[Schleid (prope Bedense Castrum)|Schleid]] * [[Schlierschied]] * [[Schloßböckelheim]] * [[Schmalenberg]] * [[Schmidthachenbach]] * [[Schmißberg]] * [[Schmitshausen]] * [[Schmitt (Eiflia)|Schmitt]] * [[Schmittweiler]] * [[Schneckenhausen]] * [[Schneppenbach]] * [[Schnorbach]] * [[Schoden]] * [[Schömerich]] * [[Schönau (Pfalz)]] * [[Schönbach (Eiflia)|Schönbach]] * [[Schönberg (bei Thalfang)|Schönberg]] * [[Schönborn (Tergum Caninum)|Schönborn]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Schönborn (Pfalz)|Schönborn]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Schönborn (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Schönborn]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> * [[Schöndorf (an der Ruwer)|Schöndorf]] * [[Schöneberg (Tergum Caninum)|Schöneberg]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Schöneberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Schöneberg]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Schönecken]] * [[Schönenberg-Kübelberg]] * [[Schopp]] * [[Schornsheim]] * [[Schuld (Ahr)|Schuld]] * [[Schüller]] * [[Schürdt]] * [[Schutz (Eiflia)|Schutz]] * [[Schutzbach]] * [[Schwabenheim an der Selz]] * [[Schwall (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Schwall]] * [[Schwanheim (Pfalz)|Schwanheim]] * [[Schwarzen]] * [[Schwarzenborn (Eiflia)|Schwarzenborn]] * [[Schwarzerden]] * [[Schwedelbach]] * [[Schwegenheim]] * [[Schweigen-Rechtenbach]] * [[Schweighausen]] * [[Schweighofen]] * [[Schweinschied]] * [[Schweisweiler]] * [[Schweix]] * [[Schweppenhausen]] * [[Schwerbach]] * [[Schwirzheim]] * [[Schwollen]] * [[Seck]] * [[Seelbach (Nassau)|Seelbach]] <small>(Nassau)</small> * [[Seelbach bei Hamm (Sieg)]] * [[Seelbach (Occidentalis Silva)]] * [[Seelen]] * [[Seesbach]] * [[Seffern]] * [[Sefferweich]] * [[Sehlem (Eiflia)|Sehlem]] * [[Seibersbach]] * [[Seifen (Occidentalis Silva)|Seifen]] * [[Seinsfeld]] * [[Seiwerath]] * [[Selbach (Sieg)]] * [[Selchenbach]] * [[Sellerich]] * [[Selzen]] * [[Sembach]] * [[Sengerich]] * [[Senheim]] * [[Senscheid]] * [[Sensweiler]] * [[Serrig]] * [[Sessenbach]] * [[Sessenhausen]] * [[Sevenig bei Neuerburg]] * [[Sevenig (Our)]] * [[Sicca Muschella]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörrmoschel'')</small> * [[Siebeldingen]] * [[Siebenbach]] * [[Siefersheim]] * [[Sien]] * [[Sienhachenbach]] * [[Sierscheid]] * [[Siershahn]] * [[Siesbach]] * [[Silva ad Paludem]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forstmehren'')</small> * [[Silva Fagina (Occidentalis Silva)|Silva Fagina]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchholz'')</small> * [[Silva Pacis (Occidentalis Silva)|Silva Pacis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedewald'')</small> * [[Silz (Pfalz)|Silz]] * [[Simmern (Occidentalis Silva)|Simmern]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Simmertal]] * [[Singhofen]] * [[Sinspelt]] * [[Sippersfeld]] * [[Sitters]] * [[Sohren]] * [[Sohrschied]] * [[Sommerau (an der Ruwer)|Sommerau]] * [[Sommerloch (prope Cruciniacum)|Sommerloch]] * [[Sonnenberg-Winnenberg]] * [[Sonnschied]] * [[Sörgenloch]] * [[Sörth]] * [[Sosberg]] * [[Spabrücken]] * [[Spall]] * [[Spangdahlem]] * [[Spanhemium]]<ref name="Trithemius 1601"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgsponheim'')</small> * [[Spay]] * [[Spesenroth]] * [[Spessart (Brohltal)|Spessart]] * [[Spiesheim]] * [[Spinifex Mons]] <small>(Theodisce ''Dörnberg'')</small> * [[Spinifex Theodericidomus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorn-Dürkheim'')</small> * [[Spinosi Nemoris Casae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dornholzhausen'')</small> * [[Spirkelbach]] * [[Sponheim]] * [[Sprendlingen]] * [[Stadecken-Elsheim]] * [[Stadtkyll]] * [[Stahlberg]] * [[Stahlhofen (Occidentalis Silva)|Stahlhofen]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Stahlhofen am Wiesensee]] * [[Standenbühl]] * [[Starkenburg (Mosel)|Starkenburg]] * [[Statio Danonis-Domus Scauerni]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dannstadt-Schauernheim'')</small> * [[Staudernheim]] * [[Staudt]] * [[Stebach]] * [[Steffeln]] * [[Steimel]] * [[Steinalben]] * [[Steinbach (Tergum Caninum)|Steinbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Steinbach am Donnersberg]] * [[Steinbach am Glan]] * [[Stein-Bockenheim]] * [[Steinborn]] * [[Steinebach an der Wied]] * [[Steinebach/Sieg]] * [[Steineberg]] * [[Steinefrenz]] * [[Steinen (Occidentalis Silva)|Steinen]] * [[Steineroth]] * [[Steinfeld (Pfalz)|Steinfeld]] * [[Steiningen]] * [[Stein-Neukirch]] * [[Steinsberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Steinsberg]] * [[Steinweiler]] * [[Steinwenden]] * [[Stein-Wingert]] * [[Stelzenberg]] * [[Stetten (Pfalz)|Stetten]] * [[Stipshausen]] * [[Stockem (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Stockem]] * [[Stockhausen-Illfurth]] * [[Stockum-Püschen]] * [[Straßenhaus]] * [[Streithausen]] * [[Strickscheid]] * [[Strohn]] * [[Strotzbüsch]] * [[Strüth]] * [[Stürzelbach]] * [[Sülm]] * [[Sulzbach (Tergum Caninum)|Sulzbach]] <small>(bei Idar-Oberstein)</small> * [[Sulzbach (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Sulzbach]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> * [[Sulzheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Sulzheim]] {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Taben-Rodt]] * [[Talling]] * [[Tawern]] * [[Tellig]] * [[Temmels]] * [[Teschenmoschel]] * [[Thaleischweiler-Fröschen]] * [[Thalfang]] * [[Thalhausen]] * [[Thallichtenberg]] * [[Theisbergstegen]] * [[Theodericenovale]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörth'')</small> * [[Theoderici Separatio]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886">Lamprecht, K. (1886). ''Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der materiellen Kultur des platten Landes auf Grund der Quellen zunächst des Mosellandes'' (Vol. 1). Alphons Dürr.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dierscheid'')</small> * [[Theodericicella]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorsel'')</small> * [[Theodericidivisa |Theodericidivisa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörscheid'')</small> * [[Theodericidivisa (Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis)|Theodericidivisa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis|Circulo terrae Magniacensi et Confluentensi]]<ref name="CTMEC">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Magniacensis-e" et "Confluentensis-e" ad urbes [[Magniacum (Germania)|Magniacum]] et [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]] referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ditscheid'')</small> * [[Theodericidomium]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dintesheim'')</small> * [[Theodericidomus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorsheim'')</small> * [[Theodericidomus et Coryletum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dittelsheim-Heßloch'')</small> * [[Theodericifons (Circulus Montis Iovis)|Theodericifons]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Montis Iovis|Circulo Montis Iovis]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreisen''; [[Palatinice]] ''Drase'')</small> * [[Theodericifons (Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci)|Theodericifons]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci|Circulo terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci]]<ref name="CTTMCEV">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis "[[Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa|Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa]]" et "[[Vitelliacum]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreis'')</small> * [[Theodericifons et Pons]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreis-Brück'')</small> * [[Theodericifusum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dünfus''; dialectaliter Duenfusensice<ref name="Duenfusensice">Adverbium in gentilicio "Duenfusensis-e" fundatur. Quo de gentilicio, vide: Görz, A. (1874). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten: oder chronologische Zusammenstellung der Quellenbriefe für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: Denkert & Groos.</ref> ''Dimmes'')</small> * [[Theodericinga]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietrichingen'')</small> * [[Theodericirivus (Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis)|Theodericirivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis|Circulo terrae Cruciniacensi]]<ref name="CTCru">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Kreuznach'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cruciniacum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cruciniacensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörrebach'')</small> * [[Theodericirivus (Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae)|Theodericirivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae|Circulo terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae]]<ref name="CTEV">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae" -Theodisce ''Vulkaneifel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum toponymum "[[Eifla]]" Theodiscum lexema ''-eifel'' et Latinum adiectivum "[[Mons ignifer|vulcanicus-a-um]]" Theodiscum praefixum ''Vulkan-'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Duppach'')</small> * [[Theodericirivus (Occidentalis Silva)|Theodericirivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreisbach''; dialectaliter ''Draasbich'')</small> * [[Theodericisedes]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Donsieders''; [[Palatanice]] ''Dunsiters'')</small> * [[Theodericistreia]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dirmstein'')</small> * [[Theodericivilla (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Theodericivilla]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörsdorf'')</small> * [[Theodericivilla (Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini)|Theodericivilla]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref name="CRETC"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dillendorf''; [[Hunnice]] ''Dilledoref'')</small> * [[Theodericocampus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Döttesfeld'')</small> * [[Theodericohardus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diethardt'')</small> * [[Theodericorivus (Palatinatus)|Theodericorivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dimbach'')</small> * [[Theodericovilla]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dittweiler'')</small> * [[Thomae et Lamberti Villa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dohm-Lammersdorf'')</small> * [[Thomm]] * [[Thörlingen]] * [[Thörnich]] * [[Thulinkircha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dielkirchen'')</small> * [[Thür]] * [[Tiefenbach (Tergum Caninum)|Tiefenbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Tiefenthal (Pfalz)|Tiefenthal]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Tiefenthal (Hassia Rhenana)|Tiefenthal]] <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana"/>)</small> * [[Todenroth]] * [[Torrens Ursorum (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Torrens Ursorum]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärenbach'')</small> * [[Traisen (Nahe)|Traisen]] * [[Trassem]] * [[Trechtingshausen]] * [[Treis-Karden]] * [[Tricampia]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce 'Dreifelden''')</small> * [[Tricclesiae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreikirchen'')</small> * [[Trierscheid]] * [[Trierweiler]] * [[Trimbs]] * [[Trimport]] * [[Trippstadt]] * [[Trittenheim]] * [[Troneccum]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dhronecken'')</small> * [[Trulben]] {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Übereisenbach]] * [[Udenheim]] * [[Üdersdorf]] * [[Udilonis Fons]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989">Pokorny, J. (1959). ''Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch''. Francke Verlag; et: Pokorny, J. (1989). ''Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch''. Francke Verlag. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eitelborn'')</small> * [[Udler]] * [[Uelversheim]] * [[Uersfeld]] * [[Ueß]] * [[Uhler]] * [[Ulmet]] * [[Uminis Domus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eimsheim'')</small> * [[Undenheim]] * [[Uniclivium]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Einöllen'')</small> * [[Unicum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Unicum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Einig'')</small> * [[Unkenbach]] * [[Unnau]] * [[Unterjeckenbach]] * [[Untershausen]] * [[Unzenberg]] * [[Uppershausen]] * [[Urbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Urbach]] * [[Urbar (bei Koblenz)|Urbar]] <small>(bei Koblenz)</small> * [[Urbar (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Urbar]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref name="CRETC"/>)</small> * [[Urmersbach]] * [[Urmitz]] * [[Urschmitt]] * [[Ürzig]] * [[Usch (Eiflia)|Usch]] * [[Uterina Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eußerthal'')</small> * [[Utscheid]] * [[Üttfeld]] * [[Utzenhain]] * [[Utzerath]] * [[Üxheim]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vadum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vadum]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürthen'')</small> * [[Vallemeroda]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallmerod'')</small> * [[Vallis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fell''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Faähl'')</small> * [[Vallis Ampla (Tergum Caninum)|Vallis Ampla]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenthal''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bränel'' seu ''Brään'l'')</small> * [[Vallis Bodonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bobenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Domus (Hassia Rhenana)|Vallis Domus]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dalheim'')</small> * [[Vallis Domus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vallis Domus]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dahlheim'')</small> * [[Vallis Picta]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bundenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Pontis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brücktal'')</small> * [[Vallis Servitutis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dienethal'')</small> * [[Valwig]] * [[Veitsrodt]] * [[Veldenz]] * [[Vendersheim]] * [[Venningen]] * [[Vettelschoß]] * [[Vetus Ecclesia (Palatinatus)|Vetus Ecclesia]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenkirchen'')</small> * [[Vetus Lininga]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altleiningen'')</small> * [[Vicus Beronis (Eiflia)|Vicus Beronis]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berndorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Bicilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Bickelheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Episcopi (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vicus Episcopi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Bischofsheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Flamingorum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flemlingen'')</small> * [[Vicus Flaronis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fleringen'')</small> * [[Vicus Flonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flonheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Flori et Dagolfi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flörsheim-Dalsheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Franconis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Franzenheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Fridinis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedelsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Frlsm'')</small> * [[Vicus Fridonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frettenheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Frimari (ad Albam)|Vicus Frimari]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(ad Albam<ref name="BÄr 1891"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Freimersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Frimari (ad Saletionem)|Vicus Frimari]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(ad [[Saletio (flumen)|Saletionem]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Framersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Frimari (Palatinatus)|Vicus Frimari]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Freimersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Frisonis (Hassia Rhenana)|Vicus Frisonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friesenheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Gawirici]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gauersheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Gaaschem'')</small> * [[Vicus Geisboti]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gabsheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Gundonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fußgönheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Hepponis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Heppenheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Liberi Liubheris]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frei-Laubersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Liberorum (Occidentalis Silva)|Vicus Liberorum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freilingen''; dialectaliter ''Frälinge'')</small> * [[Vicus Otarii]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Odernheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Raconis Liber]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freirachdorf''; dialectaliter ''Fraerachdorw'')</small> * [[Vicus Waganis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Weinheim'')</small> * [[Vielbach]] * [[Vierherrenborn]] * [[Villa Ampla (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Villa Ampla]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Baltrammi]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bermersheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bassonis]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bassenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Beconis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bellonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bellheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bellem'')</small> * [[Villa Bermari]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bermersheim vor der Höhe'')</small> * [[Villa Bertolfi]]<ref name="Roth, Stolper & von Bechtolsheim 2007">Roth, M. T., Stolper, M. W., & von Bechtolsheim, P. (2007). ''Studies presented to Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2000''. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechtolsheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bettonis (Taunus)|Villa Bettonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bettendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Bibilonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebelsheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bickonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bickendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Bieri]]<ref name="Kyll 1988">Kyll, T. (1988). ''Biersdorf - Eine kleine Chronik: Dorfgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart''. Villae Bieri.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biersdorf am See'')</small> * [[Villa Bilca]]<ref name="Vogel 1843">Vogel, C. D. (1843). ''Beschreibung des Herzogthums Nassau''. [[Aquae Mattiacae|Aquis Mattiacis]]: Beyerle.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bilkheim'')</small> * [[Villa Billingi et Ingeni]]<ref name="Lehmann 1867">Lehmann, I. G. (1867). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Burgen und Bergschlösser in den ehemaligen Gauen, Grafschaften und Herrschaften der bayerischen Pfalz''. [[Caesarea Lutra|Caesareae Lutrae]]: Tascher: et; Lehmann, I. G. (1867). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der vormaligen Pfalz''. Verlag der J. J. Tascher'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Billigheim-Ingenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bizzirichi]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bissersheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bobonis (Palatinatus)|Villa Bobonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böbingen'')</small> * [[Villa Bocconis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bockenheim an der Weinstraße''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bockrem'')</small> * [[Villa Bodonis]]<ref name="Kaufmann 1976">Kaufmann, H. (1976). ''Rheinhessische Ortsnamen''. Monaci: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bousonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bausendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Brachiti]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brecht'')</small> * [[Villa Brachti]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brachtendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Bubilonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebelnheim'')</small> * [[Villa Budonis (Eiflia)|Villa Budonis]]<ref name="">Meiller, A. von. (1866). ''Regesta archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium: Regesten zur Geschichte der Mainzer Erzbischöfe''. [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner’sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biesdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Crassa]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dickendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Deghonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dexheim'')</small> * [[Villa Dinonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dienheim'')</small> * [[Villa Ezzonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eßweiler'')</small> * [[Villa Feuzonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feusdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Filonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feilsdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Fontis (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Villa Fontis]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis" -Theodisce ''Rhein-Lahn-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Rhenanus-a-um" et "Lauganensis-e" ad flumina [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] et [[Laugana]]m referuntur. De primo hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}; de secundo, vide {{Murray}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Rin-Lahn'' et ''Arrondissement de Rhin-Lahn'' et ''Distrito do Reno-Lano'' et ''Circondario del Reno-Lahn'' et ''Zemský okres Rýn-Lahn'' et Рейн-Лан.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bornich'')</small> * [[Villa Fontis (Hassia Rhenana)|Villa Fontis]]<ref name="Kaufmann 1976"/> <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana">Vide [https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/a608058900schuuoft/a608058900schuuoft.pdf ''Status dioecesium catholicarum in Austria germanica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hassia rhenana (ubi jus francogallicum valet) (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bornheim'')</small> * [[Villa Fontis (Palatinatus)|Villa Fontis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bornheim'')</small> * [[Villa Furnorum]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Föhren'')</small> * [[Villa Palustris]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fensdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Solitaria (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Villa Solitaria]]<ref name="Böhmer 1870">Böhmer, J. F. (1870). ''Regesta Archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium''. Wagner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Einselthum''; [[Palatinice]] ''Oinseldumm'')</small> * [[Villa Vallis (prope Bedense Castrum)|Villa Vallis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Villare ad Casas (Eiflia)|Villare ad Casas]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Beuren'')</small> * [[Villare ad Casas (Silva Alta)|Villare ad Casas]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(in Silva Alta<ref name="Steininger 1836"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Beuren'')</small> * [[Villare Battonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Battweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Bavonis (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Villare Bavonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]<ref name="CEBEP">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis" -Theodisce ''Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Eiflensis-e" et "Bedensis-e" et "Prumiensis-e" ad [[Eifla]]m et "Bedense castrum" et "[[Prumia (monasterium)|Prumiam]]" referuntur. Omnibus de his toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bauler'')</small> * [[Villare Belgicum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Belgweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bellischwilla'')</small> * [[Villare Benzonis]]<ref name="Görz 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Benzweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bensad'')</small> * [[Villare Berichonis prope Bemondulam]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/><ref name="Stadt Baumholder"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berschweiler bei Baumholder'')</small> * [[Villare Berichonis prope Kyrinam]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berschweiler bei Kirn''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berschwilla'')</small> * [[Villare Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Barweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Bruningis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breunigweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Brunonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Braunweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Dannonis-Rivus Dominicus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dennweiler-Frohnbach'')</small> * [[Villare Dassonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Daxweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Dintzonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dienstweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Fartonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900">Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen''. [[Bonna]]e: Hanstein; et: Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen'' (Vol. 2). Bonnae, in Germania: Hanstein.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Farschweiler''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Foaschweila'')</small> * [[Villare Fersconis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ferschweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Franconis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Geilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gehlweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Gälwilla'')</small> * [[Villare Geronis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gehrweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Grawonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gaugrehweiler''; [[Palatinice]] ''Grehwiller'')</small> * [[Villare in Monte]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Paludosum]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bruchwilla'')</small> * [[Villare Ursi]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärweiler'')</small> * [[Vinningen]] * [[Virneburg]] * [[Völkersweiler]] * [[Volkerzen]] * [[Volkesfeld]] * [[Vollmersbach]] * [[Vollmersweiler]] * [[Volxheim]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Wachenheim (Pfrimm)|Wachenheim]] * [[Wagenhausen (Eiflia)|Wagenhausen]] * [[Wahlbach (Tergum Caninum)|Wahlbach]] * [[Wahlenau]] * [[Wahlheim]] * [[Wahlrod]] * [[Wahnwegen]] * [[Waigandshain]] * [[Waldalgesheim]] * [[Waldböckelheim]] (Theodisce ''Waldböckelheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Beggelum'') * [[Waldbreitbach]] * [[Waldesch]] * [[Waldfischbach-Burgalben]] * [[Waldgrehweiler]] * [[Waldhambach (Pfalz)|Waldhambach]] * [[Waldhof-Falkenstein]] * [[Waldlaubersheim]] * [[Waldleiningen]] * [[Waldmühlen]] * [[Waldorf (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Waldorf]] * [[Waldrach]] * [[Waldrohrbach]] * [[Waldsee (Pfalz)|Waldsee]] * [[Waldweiler]] * [[Walhausen]] * [[Wallenborn]] * [[Wallendorf (Eiflia)|Wallendorf]] * [[Wallersheim (Eiflia)|Wallersheim]] * [[Wallertheim]] * [[Wallhalben]] * [[Wallhausen (prope Cruciniacum)|Wallhausen]] * [[Wallmenroth]] * [[Wallscheid]] * [[Walsdorf (Eiflia)|Walsdorf]] * [[Walshausen]] * [[Walsheim]] * [[Walterschen]] * [[Warmsroth]] * [[Wartenberg-Rohrbach]] * [[Wasenbach]] * [[Wassenach]] * [[Wasserliesch]] * [[Wattenheim]] * [[Watzerath]] * [[Wawern (Eiflia)|Wawern]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Wawern (Saar)|Wawern]] <small>(Saar)</small> * [[Waxweiler]] * [[Wehr (Eiflia)|Wehr]] * [[Weibern (Eiflia)|Weibern]] * [[Weiden (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Weiden]] * [[Weidenbach (Eiflia)|Weidenbach]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Weidenbach (Taunus)|Weidenbach]] <small>(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Weidenhahn]] * [[Weidenthal]] * [[Weidingen]] * [[Weiler (bei Mayen)|Weiler]] <small>(bei Mayen)</small> * [[Weiler (bei Ulmen)|Weiler]] <small>(bei Ulmen)</small> * [[Weiler bei Bingen]] * [[Weiler bei Monzingen]] * [[Weilerbach]] * [[Weinähr]] * [[Weingarten (Pfalz)]] * [[Weinolsheim]] * [[Weinsheim (prope Cruciniacum)|Weinsheim]] <small>(prope [[Cruciniacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Weinsheim (Eiflia)|Weinsheim]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Weisel (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Weisel]] * [[Weisenheim am Berg]] * [[Weisenheim am Sand]] * [[Weitefeld]] * [[Weitersbach]] * [[Weitersborn]] * [[Weitersburg]] * [[Weitersweiler]] * [[Welcherath]] * [[Welchweiler]] * [[Welgesheim]] * [[Welkenbach]] * [[Wellen (Mosel)|Wellen]] * [[Welling]] * [[Welschbillig]] * [[Welschenbach]] * [[Welschneudorf]] * [[Welterod]] * [[Weltersburg]] * [[Wendelsheim]] * [[Werkhausen]] * [[Wernersberg]] * [[Weroth]] * [[Wershofen]] * [[Weselberg]] * [[Westernohe]] * [[Westheim (Pfalz)]] * [[Westhofen]] * [[Wettlingen]] * [[Weyer (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Weyer]] * [[Weyerbusch]] * [[Weyher in der Pfalz]] * [[Wickenrodt]] * [[Wiebelsheim]] * [[Wied (bei Hachenburg)|Wied]] * [[Wierschem]] * [[Wiersdorf (Eiflia)|Wiersdorf]] * [[Wiesbach (Pfalz)|Wiesbach]] * [[Wiesbaum]] * [[Wiesemscheid]] * [[Wiesweiler]] * [[Wilgartswiesen]] * [[Willingen (Occidentalis Silva)|Willingen]] * [[Willmenrod]] * [[Willroth]] * [[Willwerscheid]] * [[Wilsecker]] * [[Wiltingen]] * [[Wilzenberg-Hußweiler]] * [[Wimbach]] * [[Wincheringen]] * [[Winden (Nassau)|Winden]] <small>(Nassau)</small> * [[Winden (Pfalz)|Winden]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Windesheim]] * [[Windhagen]] * [[Winkel (Eiflia)]] * [[Winkelbach]] * [[Winnen]] * [[Winnerath]] * [[Winningen]] * [[Winnweiler]] * [[Winringen]] * [[Winterbach (Pfalz)]] * [[Winterbach (Soonwald)|Winterbach]] <small>(Soonwald)</small> * [[Winterborn (Pfalz)|Winterborn]] * [[Winterburg]] * [[Winterscheid]] * [[Wintersheim]] * [[Winterspelt]] * [[Winterwerb]] * [[Wintrich]] * [[Wirft]] * [[Wirfus]] * [[Wirscheid]] * [[Wirschweiler]] * [[Wißmannsdorf]] * [[Wittgert]] * [[Woldert]] * [[Wölferlingen]] * [[Wolfsheim (Gemeinde)|Wolfsheim]] * [[Wolken (bei Koblenz)|Wolken]] * [[Wollmerath]] * [[Wöllstein]] * [[Wölmersen]] * [[Wolsfeld]] * [[Womrath]] * [[Wonsheim]] * [[Woppenroth]] * [[Würrich]] * [[Würzweiler]] * [[Wüschheim (Tergum Caninum)|Wüschheim]] {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zehnhausen bei Rennerod]] * [[Zehnhausen bei Wallmerod]] * [[Zeiskam]] * [[Zellertal]] * [[Zeltingen-Rachtig]] * [[Zemmer]] * [[Zendscheid]] * [[Zerf]] * [[Zettingen]] * [[Ziegenhain (Occidentalis Silva)|Ziegenhain]] * [[Zilshausen]] * [[Zimmerschied]] * [[Zornheim]] * [[Zotzenheim]] * [[Züsch]] * [[Zweifelscheid]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria: Urbes Rhenaniae-Palatinatus]] 7x988gmn3npptz2uypo33tgmpr55a9m 3955329 3955319 2026-04-17T22:36:45Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3955329 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities (Ortsgemeinden) in Rhineland-Palatinate.svg|thumb|Communia Rhenaniae et Palatinatus usque ad gradum ordinationis communis localis (Theodisce ''Ortsgemeinde'').]] '''Index urbium et communium [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]''' [[urbs|urbes]] et [[commune|communia]] in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra foederali]] [[Germania|Germanica]] Rhenania et Palatinatu sita continet. Sunt 2&nbsp;300 communibus politice independentibus (e Kalendis Ianuariis anni 2025). Haec ita distribuuntur: * 130 urbes, inter quas ** 12 [[circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''Kreisfreie Stadt''), ** 8 urbes magnae circulo subiectae (Theodisce ''kreisangehörige Städte''), ** 13 urbes sine consociatione communium (Theodisce ''verbandsfreie Städte''), ** 97 urbes consociationi communium adscriptae (Theodisce ''verbandsangehörige Städte''); * 2170 alia communia, inter quae ** 8 communia sine consociatione (Theodisce ''verbandsfreie Gemeinden''), ** 2162 communia localia -consociationi adscripta- (Theodisce ''Ortsgemeinden''). Illae 97 urbes et 2162 communia localia ad 129 consociationes communium pertinent, quae administrationem pro communibus sibi subiectis gerunt. == Circuli urbani == {{div col|3}} # [[Augusta Treverorum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Trier''; [[Luxemburgice]] ''Tréier'')</small> # [[Bipontium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zweibrücken''; [[Palatinice]] ''Zweebrigge'')</small> # [[Caesarea Lutra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaiserslautern''; [[Palatinice]] ''Lautre'')</small> # [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Koblenz''; dialectaliter ''Kowelenz'')</small> # [[Francodalia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenthal'')</small> # [[Landavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landau in der Pfalz''; [[Palatinice]] ''Landaach'')</small> # [[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]]<ref name="Bezzel 1845">Bezzel, H. M. (1845). ''Historia Rei Literariae Norimbergensis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ludwigshafen am Rhein'')</small> # [[Moguntiacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainz'')</small> # [[Neapolis Palatinorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Weinstraße''; [[Palatinice]] ''Neischdadt'')</small> # [[Sancti Pirminii Sedes]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pirmasens''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bärmesens'')</small> # [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Speyer'')</small> # [[Wormatia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/groo001brie14_01/groo001brie14_01_0023.php ''Briefwisseling van Hugo Grotius''], ubi dicitur "Dux Carolus a Wormatia militem mittit tuendo Ascafenburgo."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Worms'')</small> {{div col end}} == Urbes magnae circulo subiectae == {{div col|3}} * [[Angulisamum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ingelheim am Rhein'')</small> * [[Antunnacum]]<ref>[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]: ''Antunnaco''.</ref><ref>Venantius Fortunatus: ''Antonnacensis castelli …'' Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi, 4.4. Fortunati carminum liber X (de navigatione Childeberti regis).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Andernach''; dialectaliter ''Annenach'' seu ''Annernach'')</small> * [[Bingium]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bingen am Rhein'')</small> * [[Cruciniacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Kreuznach'')</small> * [[Idara-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834">Steininger, J. (1834). ''Codex diplomaticus Trevirensis e-archivio et libris manuscriptis'' (Vol. 1). In Commission der Fr. Lintz’schen Buchhandlung.</ref><ref name="Beyer 1860">Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher; et : Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Idar-Oberstein'')</small> * [[Lahnstenium]]<ref>[http://www.dilibri.de/rlb/content/thumbview/63151 ''37 - (46) - Lahnstenium (ubi Loganum Rhenus suscipit) Confluentia venienti || Lhaanstein, komende van Koblenz - +â+ôbersicht - Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz'' apud www.dilibri.de] "Lahnstenium ubi [[Loganus|Loganum]] [[Rhenus]] suscipit."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lahnstein'')</small> * [[Magniacum (Germania)|Magniacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mayen'')</small> * [[Neoweda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuwied'')</small> {{div col end}} == Urbes sine consociatione communium == {{div col|3}} * [[Alceia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alzey'')</small> * [[Bendorffium]]<ref name="Merian 1646">Merian, M. (1646). ''Topographia Palatinatus Rheni et Vicinarum Regionum: Das ist Beschreibung und Eigentliche Abbildung der Vornehmsten Stätte Plätze der Untern Pfalz am Rhein''. Matthäus Merian.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bendorf'')</small> * [[Babardia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boppard''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bobert'')</small> * [[Bedense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bitburg''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Bebuersch'' seu ''Beburig''; [[Luxemburgice]] ''Béibreg'')</small> * [[Insula Rheni]]<ref name="Mone 1848">Mone, F. J. (1848). ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'' (Vol. 1). G. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth am Rhein'')</small> * [[Iulius Vicus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Germersheim'' seu ''Germersheim am Rhein'')</small> * [[Novae Aquae-Arvilare]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler'')</small> * [[Rigomagus (Germania)|Rigomagus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Remagen'')</small> * [[Sentiaca]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sinzig'')</small> * [[Turingum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Dürkheim'')</small> * [[Villa Nautica]]<ref name="Remling 1852">Remling, F. X. (1852). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer'' (Vol. 1). Kirchheim und Schott.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schifferstadt'')</small> * [[Viridopolis]]<ref name="Irenicus 1518">Irenicus, F. (1518). ''Germaniae exegeseos volumina duodecim''. Impensis Urbani Regii.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Grünstadt'')</small> * [[Vitelliacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittlich'')</small> {{div col end}} == Urbes consociationi communium adscriptae == {{div col|3}} * [[Adenova]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adenau'')</small> * [[Algesheimium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Algesheim'')</small> * [[Angulus Lutrae]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauterecken'')</small> * [[Anvilara]]<ref name="Böhmer 1849">Böhmer, J. F. (1849). ''Regesta Imperii: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern'' (Vol. 1). Verlag der J.G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Annweiler am Trifels'')</small> * [[Aquae Brisiacenses]]<ref name="Peutinger 1888">Peutinger, C. (1888). ''Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324'' (K. Miller, Ed.). Otto Maier Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Breisig'')</small> * [[Aquae Mariaemontanae]]<ref name="Schannat II 1824">Schannat, J. F. (1824). ''Eiflia illustrata, oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (Vol. 2). Johann Peter Bachem.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Marienberg''; dialectaliter ''Marmerich'')</small> * [[Aquae Sobernheimenses]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Sobernheim'')</small> * [[Bacaracum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bacharach'' seu ''Bacharach am Rhein'')</small> * [[Bemondula]]<ref name="Stadt Baumholder">Stadt Baumholder. (s. f.). [https://www.baumholder.de/en/our-city/history/ ''History''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baumholder'')</small> * [[Bernicastellum-Cusa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Marx 1905">Marx, J. (1905). ''Geschichte des Armen-Hospitals zum h. Nicolaus zu Cues'' (Vol. 1). Kommissions-Verlag der Paulinus-Druckerei.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernkastel-Kues'')</small> * [[Betzdorfium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844">Bärsch, G. (1844). ''Eiflia illustrata, oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (Vol. 2).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Betzdorf'')</small> * [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofelda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenfeld'')</small> * [[Bollenheimum ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rheinböllen'')</small> * [[Brubacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Braubach'')</small> * [[Caesariacum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaisersesch'')</small> * [[Candela (Palatinatus)|Candela]]<ref name="Remling 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kandel'')</small> * [[Castrum Kyllae]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kyllburg'')</small> * [[Cattimelibocum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Katzenelnbogen'')</small> * [[Cella ad Mosellam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell'')</small> * [[Cochemium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Cochem'')</small> * [[Contionacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Konz'')</small> * [[Cosla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kusel'')</small> * [[Cuba (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Cuba]] <small>(Theodisce ''Kaub'')</small> * [[Dada (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dada]]<ref name="Gensicke II 1999">Gensicke, H. (1999). ''Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes'' (II ed.). Historische Kommission für Nassau.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Daaden'')</small> * [[Dana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dana]]<ref name="Görz II 1879">Görz, A. (1879). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten oder chronologische Zusammenstellung des Quellenmaterials für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier'' (Vol. II). Denkert & Groos.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dahn'')</small> * [[Decia (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Decia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diez'')</small> * [[Didesheimium]]<ref name="Remling 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deidesheim'')</small> * [[Dierdorfium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dierdorf'')</small> * [[Domus Bousonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Busenhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Sancti Goaris]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Goarshausen'')</small> * [[Dumno]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Daun'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae ad Segam]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiopolium Bolandicum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheimbolanden''; [[Palatinice]] ''Kerschem'')</small> * [[Ediginhovum]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933">Glöckner, K. (1933). ''Codex Laureshamensis'' (Vol. 3). Historischer Verein für Hessen; et; Glöckner, K. (1933). ''Codex Laureshamensis: Bd. 3 Kopialbuch, II. Teil. Die übrigen Gau- und Marken-Verzeichnisse''. [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]]: Buchhandlung des Hessischen Staatsverlags.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Edenkoben''; [[Palatinice]] ''Edekowe'')</small> * [[Embasis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Ems'')</small> * [[Emmelshusium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmelshausen'')</small> * [[Freinsheimium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freinsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Fränsem'')</small> * [[Gamundium (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Gamundium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hornbach'')</small> * [[Gerolstenium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolstein'')</small> * [[Hachenburgum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hachenburg'')</small> * [[Herdorfium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herdorf'')</small> * [[Hermenskeila]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hermeskeil'')</small> * [[Hillesheimium (Eiflia)|Hillesheimium]] <small>(Theodisce ''Hillesheim'')</small> * [[Hoinga]]<ref name="Becker, Mayer, Prinz & Halpern 2021">Becker, W., Mayer, M. G., Prinz, S. T., & Halpern, J. P. (2021). ''Hoinga: A large and nearby ROSAT-detected supernova remnant''. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 648, A30. doi.org</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Hönningen'')</small> * [[Horium-Grancineshausa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Gensicke II 1999"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höhr-Grenzhausen'')</small> * [[Hunnorum Castellum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kastellaun'')</small> * [[Indago ad Rivum]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hagenbach'')</small> * [[Kyrina (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Kyrina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirn'')</small> * [[Landstulia]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landstuhl'')</small> * [[Lincia ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Linz am Rhein'')</small> * [[Lupi Petra (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Lupi Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfstein'')</small> * [[Manderscheidum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Manderscheid'')</small> * [[Meisenheimium (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Meisenheimium]]<ref name="Latomus 1562">Latomus, B. (1562). ''Genealogia d. d. baronum in Meisenheimium et Oberstein''. (Reimpressio a I. Friderico edita, anno 1870, Reuther).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Meisenheim'')</small> * [[Mendigum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mendig'')</small> * [[Molendinopolis-Kerlecha]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mülheim-Kärlich'')</small> * [[Monasterium Meinfeldiae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münstermaifeld''; dialectaliter ''Meenster'')</small> * [[Mons Ecclesiae (Tergum Caninum)|Mons Ecclesiae]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ferreus (Palatinatus)|Mons Ferreus]]<ref name="Meisner 1623">Meisner, D. (1623). ''Thesaurus Philo-Politicus: Hoc est: Emblemata sive Moralia Politica'' (Vol. 1). Eberhard Kieser seu Enno Koenig.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Tabor (Germania)|Mons Tabor]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Montabaur'')</small> * [[Mons Torrentis (Tergum Caninum)|Mons Torrentis]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stromberg'')</small> * [[Moschela Superior]]<ref name="Schannat II 1824"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermoschel'')</small> * [[Nassovia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nassau'')</small> * [[Nastadium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nastätten'')</small> * [[Neristeinum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nierstein'')</small> * [[Novum Castellum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Novum Castellum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuerburg''; dialectaliter [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Neierbuersch'')</small> * [[Occidentale Castrum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Occidentale Castrum]]<ref name="Gensicke II 1999"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westerburg'')</small> * [[Oppenheimium]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oppenheim'')</small> * [[Ostowa]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Osthofen'')</small> * [[Otterburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otterberg'')</small> * [[Policha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Polch'')</small> * [[Pruma (urbs)|Pruma]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prüm'')</small> * [[Ramsteinium-Mesenbacum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Görz II 1879"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ramstein-Miesenbach'')</small> * [[Ransbacum-Babenbacum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Görz II 1879"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ransbach-Baumbach'')</small> * [[Renneroda]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rennerod'')</small> * [[Rensa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rhens'')</small> * [[Rocconis Domus]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rockenhausen'')</small> * [[Rodalba]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rodalben'')</small> * [[Saltrissa in Silva Occidentali]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Selters''; dialectaliter ''Seldersch'')</small> * [[Sancti Goaris Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Goar'')</small> * [[Sanctus Lambertus (Palatinatus)|Sanctus Lambertus]]<ref name="Remling 1836">Remling, F. X. (1836). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der ehemaligen Abteien und Klöster im jetzigen Rheinbayern'' (Vol. 1). Ensslin; et: Remling, F. X. (1836). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer''. Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lambrecht'')</small> * [[Saravicastrum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Saarburg'')</small> * [[Simmera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simmern/Hunsrück'')</small> * [[Soiacum]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schweich'')</small> * [[Spicarium (Eiflia)|Spicarium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Speicher'')</small> * [[Tabernae Montanae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bergzabern''; [[Palatinice]] ''Berchzawwre'')</small> * [[Trabena-Trarbachium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Traben-Trarbach'')</small> * [[Turris Alba (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Turris Alba]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenthurm''; dialectaliter ''Thur'')</small> * [[Ulmena]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ulmen'')</small> * [[Ulmena Inferior]]<ref name="Greule 2021">Greule, A. (2021). ''Die Ortsnamen der Verbandsgemeinde Nieder-Olm''. Regionalgeschichte.net</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nieder-Olm'')</small> * [[Unchela]]<ref name="Lacomblet 1840">Lacomblet, T. J. (1840). ''Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins oder des Erzstifts Cöln'' (Vol. 1). Wolf'sche Buchdruckerei.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unkel'')</small> * [[Valendra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vallendar'')</small> * [[Vesalia Superior]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberwesel'')</small> * [[Vetus Ecclesia (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vetus Ecclesia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenkirchen'')</small> * [[Villa Moraha]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldmohr'')</small> * [[Wachenheimium ad Viam Vinariam]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Steininger 1834"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wachenheim an der Weinstraße'' seu ''Wachenheim an der Haardt'')</small> * [[Weristadium]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörrstadt'')</small> * [[Wiridicha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wirges'')</small> * [[Wissena ad Segam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wissen'' seu ''Wissen/Sieg'')</small> {{div col end}} == Communia sine consociatione == {{div col|3}} * [[Bobenhemium-Roxhemium]]<ref name="Remling Geschichte 1852">Remling, F. X., (1852); ''Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer''. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]]: Kirchheim & Schott.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bobenheim-Roxheim'')</small> * [[Bohila et Ugelhemium]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böhl-Iggelheim'')</small> * [[Budenhemium]]<ref name="Binterim III 1839">Binterim, A. J. (1839). ''Pragmatische Geschichte der deutschen Concilien: vom vierten bis zum Ende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts'' (Vol. 3). Moguntiaci: Verlag von Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Budenheim'')</small> * [[Comitatus (Rhenania)|Comitatus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723">Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive memorabilis et geographica historicaque dominorum eifliae illustrium''. Typis Ioannis Baptistae; et: Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive geographica et historica descriptionis comitatus Eifliae''. Typis J.A. Köthen.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafschaft'')</small> * [[Curia Limburgensis]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Limburgerhof'')</small> * [[Hasela (Palatinatus)|Hasela]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haßloch'')</small> * [[Morbachium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Morbach'')</small> * [[Mutterstadium]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mutterstadt'')</small> {{div col end}} == Communia localia == === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abbatis Villa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Abbatis Villa]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Abtweiler'')</small> * [[Abentheuerium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831">Binterim, A. J., & Mooren, J. H. (1831). ''Die alte und neue Erzdiözese Köln in ihrer ehemaligen Ausdehnung'' (Vol. 2). Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Abentheuer'')</small> * [[Acta (Eiflia)|Acta]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Acht'')</small> * [[Adinbachium]]<ref name="Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinae II 1770">Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinae. (1770). ''Historia et commentationes Academiae Electoralis Scientiarum et Elegantiorum Litterarum Theodoro-Palatinae'' (Vol. 2). Typis Academicis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adenbach'')</small> * [[Afflaria]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Affler'')</small> * [[Agathonis Casae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Echtershausen'')</small> * [[Ager Fraxineus]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschfeld'')</small> * [[Agitelsbacum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Achtelsbach'')</small> * [[Agiwaltivilla]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elzweiler'')</small> * [[Agonis Villare]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehweiler'')</small> * [[Ailertchenium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ailertchen'')</small> * [[Albersweilerium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albersweiler'')</small> * [[Albessenum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albessen'')</small> * [[Albia (Occidentalis Silva)|Albia]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elben'')</small> * [[Albis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Albis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alf'')</small> * [[Albucha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albig'')</small> * [[Albulfi Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albisheim'')</small> * [[Alflona]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alflen'')</small> * [[Alcana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Alcana]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alken'')</small> * [[Alchorodum]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elkenroth'')</small> * [[Alchovilla (Nava)|Alchovilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(ad [[Nava (flumen)|Navam]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellweiler'')</small> * [[Alchovilla (Tergum Caninum)|Alchovilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Elchweiler'')</small> * [[Alisontia (Palatinatus)|Alisontia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsenz'')</small> * [[Allenbachum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allenbach'')</small> * [[Allendorfium (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Allendorfium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allendorf'')</small> * [[Allenfeldium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allenfeld'')</small> * [[Almersbacum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Almersbach'')</small> * [[Alnetobacum prope Candelam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Remling 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach bei Kandel'')</small> * [[Alnetobacum prope Danam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Görz II 1879"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach bei Dahn'')</small> * [[Alnetum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Alnetum]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellerstadt'')</small> * [[Alnetum Eifliense]]<ref name="Schannat 1852">Schannat, J. F. (1852). ''Eiflia Illustrata: Oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (G. Bärsch, Ed.). Lintz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellscheid'')</small> * [[Alni Divisa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehlscheid'')</small> * [[Alpenrodium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alpenrod'')</small> * [[Alsbacum (Occidentalis Silva)|Alsbacum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsbach'')</small> * [[Alsdorfium (Eiflia)|Alsdorfium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsdorf'')</small> * [[Alsdorfium (Occidentalis Silva)|Alsdorfium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsdorf'')</small> * [[Alshemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsheim'')</small> * [[Alta Regia (Rhenania)|Alta Regia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altrich'')</small> * [[Alta Ripa (Palatinatus)|Alta Ripa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altrip'')</small> * [[Alterkulzium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alterkülz''; [[Hunnice]] ''Allerkilz'')</small> * [[Alua]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bleialf'')</small> * [[Ameslabrunno]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Esselborn'')</small> * [[Ammeldinga ad Novum Castrum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammeldingen bei Neuerburg'')</small> * [[Ammeldinga ad Ouram]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammeldingen an der Our'')</small> * [[Angelostadium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Engelstadt'')</small> * [[Angulocampus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckfeld'')</small> * [[Angulus Franconum]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankeneck'')</small> * [[Anhusium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Anhausen''; dialectaliter ''Onese'')</small> * [[Anschavia]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Anschau'')</small> * [[Ansiacum Mosellanum]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ensch'')</small> * [[Antiqua Dizuna]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altendiez'')</small> * [[Antiqua Laya]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altlay'')</small> * [[Antiqua Scheida]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altscheid'')</small> * [[Antiqua Villa (Palatinatus)|Antiqua Villa]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altdorf'')</small> * [[Antiquum Boimburgum]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743">Gudenus, V. F. (1743). ''Codex diplomaticus: exhibens anecdota Moguntiaca, iura, provincias, et adiacentes regiones'' (Vol. 1). Typis Ioannis Baptistae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenbamberg'')</small> * [[Antiquum Strimmigium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altstrimmig'')</small> * [[Antiquum Widelbachium]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altweidelbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Aldweirelbach'')</small> * [[Antweilerium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Antweiler'')</small> * [[Appenhemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Appenheim'')</small> * [[Aqua (prope Augustam Treverorum)|Aqua]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aach'')</small> * [[Aquae Ferreae (Eiflia)|Aquae Ferreae]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670">Browerus, C., & Masenius, J. (1670). ''Antiquitatum et annalium Trevirensium libri XXV''. Henricus Dehmen.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenach'')</small> * [[Ara (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Ara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenahr'')</small> * [[Arbachium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arbach'')</small> * [[Arbor Amelonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmelbaum'')</small> * [[Aremontium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aremberg'')</small> * [[Arenrathium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arenrath'')</small> * [[Arftium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arft'')</small> * [[Argenthalium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Argenthal''; [[Hunnice]] ''Ajedahl'')</small> * [[Ariswancum]]<ref name="Dotzauer 2001">Dotzauer, W. (2001). ''Geschichte des Nahe-Hunsrück-Raumes: Von den Anfängen bis zur Französischen Revolution''. Franz Steiner Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Argenschwang'')</small> * [[Armshemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Armsheim'')</small> * [[Arzbacum]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arzbach'')</small> * [[Ardesfelda]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arzfeld'')</small> * [[Ardinicum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erden'')</small> * [[Arenza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ernzen'')</small> * [[Aridum Nemus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürrholz'')</small> * [[Asbachium (Occidentalis Silva)|Asbachium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Asbach'')</small> * [[Aspishemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aspisheim'')</small> * [[Astertium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Astert'')</small> * [[Attenhusa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Attenhausen'')</small> * [[Atzelgiftium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Atzelgift'')</small> * [[Auderathium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auderath'')</small> * [[Audonis Domus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Edesheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Esem'')</small> * [[Auelium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auel'')</small>. * [[Augia (Tergum Caninum)|Augia]]<ref name="Trithemius 1601">Trithemius, I. (1601). ''Chronicon Coenobii Sponheimensis''. Typis Ioannis Albini; et: Trithemius, I. (1601). Chronicon Sponheimense, ca. 1495-1509. (Ed. Carl Velten, 1969). [[Cruciniacum|Cruciniaci]]: Eigenverlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Auen'')</small> * [[Augia ad Kyllam]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auw an der Kyll'')</small> * [[Augia ad Prumiam]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auw bei Prüm'')</small> * [[Augia Dusonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dausenau'')</small> * [[Aullium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aull'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Bachenbergium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bachenberg'')</small> * [[Bacunnum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bekond'')</small> * [[Bademium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Badem'')</small> * [[Badenhardia]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Badenhard''; [[Hunnice]] ''Banert'')</small> * [[Badenhemium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Badenheim'')</small> * [[Baldringum]]<ref name="Gnodalius 1570">Gnodalius, P. (1570). ''Seditio repentina vulgi, praecipue rusticorum, anno M.D.XXV. per universam fere Germaniam exorta''. Henricus Petri</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baldringen'')</small> * [[Bannum (Palatinatus)|Bannum]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857">Lehmann, J. G. (1857). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der Pfalz''. Verlag der Joh. Chr. Hermann'sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bann'')</small> * [[Bannberscheidum]]<ref name="Steub 1846">Steub, L. (1846). ''Die oberdeutschen Familiennamen''. Verlag von George Joseph Manz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bannberscheid'')</small> * [[Barae (Eiflia)|Barae]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baar'')</small> * [[Baudobrica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büdlich'')</small> * [[Baulerum (Circulus terrae Arvilarensis)|Baulerum]]<ref name="Schannat 1855">Schannat, J. F. (1855). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive geographica et historica comitatus Eifliae descriptio''. Jacobus Antonius Mayer.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Arvilarensis|Circulo Arvilarensi]]<ref name="Circulus terrae">Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit</ref><ref>Nomen Latinum completum "Circulus terrae Arvilarensis"</ref><ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bauler'')</small> * [[Baustertum]]<ref name="Schannat 1855"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baustert'')</small> * [[Bechelum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836">Steininger, J. (1836). ''Codex principis et metropolis Trevirensis: res Trevericas a saeculo X. usque ad nostra tempora illustrans''. Friederich Lintz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Becheln'')</small> * [[Bechtrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechtheim'')</small> * [[Beindersheimium]]<ref name="Widder 1788"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beindersheim'')</small> * [[Belgica (Germania)|Belgica]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Belg''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bellisch'')</small> * [[Belinga (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Belinga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]<ref name="CEBEP"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Beilingen'')</small> * [[Belinga (Occidentalis Silva)|Belinga]]<ref name="Görz 1886">Görz, A. (1886). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten: oder chronologische Zusammenstellung der Quellenbriefe für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier''. Verlag von F. Hölscher.</ref> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bellingen'')</small> * [[Bellum (Tergum Caninum)|Bellum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bell'')</small> * [[Bellum (prope Mendigum)|Bellum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(prope [[Mendigum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bell'')</small> * [[Beltema]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beltheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Belldem'')</small> * [[Bercilingua]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berlingen'')</small> * [[Bermola]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bermel'')</small> * [[Bertriacum]]<ref name="Gilles 1988">Gilles, K.-J. (1988). ''Die Entersburg bei Bad Bertrich. Ein "Troja" der Eifel''. Apud ''Jahrbuch für den Kreis Cochem-Zell''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bertrich'')</small> * [[Bettilonis Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Betteldorf'')</small> * [[Bettinga (Eiflia)|Bettinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bettingen'')</small> * [[Betularia-Honigsessenium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/><ref name="Königliches Statistisches Bureau XII 1885">Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Ed.) (1885). ''Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen: Provinz Rheinland'' (Vol. 12). Berolini: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus; et: Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Ed.) (1885). ''Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen: Auf Grund der Materialien der Volkszählung vom 1. Dezember 1885'' (Vol. 12). Berolini: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Birken-Honigsessen'')</small> * [[Betularum Domus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berkhem'')</small> * [[Bibaraha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebern''; [[Hunnice]] ''Biewere'')</small> * [[Bibericum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebrich'')</small> * [[Bickenbacum (Tergum Caninum)|Bickenbacum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bickenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Beggebach'')</small> * [[Bidasium]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841">Lehmann, J. G. (1841). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der ehemaligen Pfalz am Rheine''. Kaiserslautern: Tascher. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biedesheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Birressem'')</small> * [[Bifangum Ulonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eulenbis'')</small> * [[Bilestinum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beilstein'')</small> * [[Binninga (Eiflia)|Binninga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Binningen'')</small> * [[Binsfelda (Eiflia)|Binsfelda]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Binsfeld'')</small> * [[Birgelium]]<ref name="Wackenroder 1928">Wackenroder, E. (1928). ''Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Daun'' (P. Clemen, Ed.; Vol. 12/III). Dusseldorpii: L. Schwann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Birgel'')</small> * [[Birgesbura]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birresborn'')</small> * [[Birtinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birtlingen'')</small> * [[Bitzenum]]<ref name="Königliches Statistisches Bureau XII 1885"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bitzen'')</small> * [[Bochinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böchingen'')</small> * [[Bolandia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bolanden''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bolanne'')</small> * [[Bollanevilla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bollendorf'')</small> * [[Borlerium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898">Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Erläuterungen zum geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz: Die Karte von 1789'' (Vol. 1 & 2). Bonnae: Hermann Behrendt.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Borler'')</small> * [[Bovina (Nava)|Bovina]] <small>(ad [[Nava (flumen)|Navam]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Boos'')</small> * [[Braunshornium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Braunshorn''; [[Hunnice]] ''Brousert'')</small> * [[Bredallum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Briedel'')</small> * [[Breidena]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Briedern'')</small> * [[Bremba]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bremm'')</small> * [[Bretzenheimum ad Navam]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bretzenheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Brätzenem'')</small> * [[Briedina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brieden'')</small> * [[Briminga]]<ref name="Linden 1852">Linden, I. (1852). ''Hierarchia Trevirensis: Catalogus omnium ecclesiarum et cleri dioecesis Trevirensis''. Ex Officina Typographica B. Herder.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brimingen'')</small> * [[Brinichum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brenk'')</small> * [[Brocscheidum]]<ref name="Schannat 1829">Schannat, I. F. (1829). ''Eiflia illustrata oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (G. Bärsch, Tranl.). Mayer. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brockscheid'')</small> * [[Brodenbacum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brodenbach'')</small> * [[Brohla-Luezilinga]]<ref name="Brommer 2003">Brommer, P. (2003). ''Die Kanzlei der Erzbischöfe von Trier im 12. Jahrhundert''. Gesellschaft für Mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brohl-Lützing'')</small> * [[Bruchamulbacum-Misavia]]<ref name="Lehmann 1867"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchmühlbach-Miesau'')</small> * [[Bruchertseifia]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchertseifen'')</small> * [[Bruchwilarius-Berenbacum]]<ref name="Lehmann 1867"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchweiler-Bärenbach'')</small> * [[Brucusa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchhausen'')</small> * [[Brula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brohl'')</small> * [[Brunswillarium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brauweiler'')</small> * [[Bruo]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brey'')</small> * [[Bruscheida]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruschied'')</small> * [[Bruttigum-Fancale]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruttig-Fankel'')</small> * [[Bubacum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bobach'')</small> * [[Bubenheimium (Hassia Rhenana)|Bubenheimium]]<ref name="">Brilmayer, K. I. (1905). ''Rheinhessen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart''. [[Giessa]]e: Roth.</ref> <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubenheim'')</small> * [[Bubonum Villa (Palatinatus)|Bubonum Villa]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubenheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Buwerum'')</small> * [[Bubura]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buborn'')</small> * [[Budonis Villa]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büdesheim'')</small> * [[Buidonivilla]]<ref name="Remling 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bobenheim am Berg'')</small> * [[Bulenberga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buhlenberg'')</small> * [[Bulichum]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beulich'')</small> * [[Bulleia]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bullay'')</small> * [[Bunglum (Mosella)|Bunglum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bengel'')</small> * [[Burgus (Mosella)|Burgus]] <small>(ad [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosellam]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burg'')</small> * [[Burgus (Mosella Inferior)|Burgus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(ad [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosellam Inferiorem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgen'')</small> * [[Burgus (Eiflia)|Burgus]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burg'')</small> * [[Burgus (prope Bernicastellum-Cusam)|Burgus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(prope [[Bernicastellum-Cusam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Marx 1905"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgen'')</small> * [[Burovillare]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burrweiler'')</small> * [[Burtscheidium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burtscheid'')</small> * [[Buveza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Boos'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Caminus Picis (Palatinatus)|Caminus Picis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechhofen'')</small> * [[Campus Animalium]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dierfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Baierorum et Steckweilerum]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/><ref name="Widder 1788">Widder, J. G. (1788). ''Versuch einer vollständigen Geographisch-Historischen Beschreibung der Kurfürstlichen Pfalz am Rheine''. Francofurti et Lipsiae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerfeld-Steckweiler'')</small> * [[Campus Balesii]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750">Hontheim, N. (1750). ''Historia Trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica''. Apud viduam et filium Joannis Gulielmi Huisch.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Balesfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Bettonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bettenfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Bonini]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bonefeld'')</small> * [[Campus Caprarum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Dedinis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deudesfeld''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Deisseld'')</small> * [[Campus Eritii]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ersfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Flammingi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flammersfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Friscanis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freckenfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Pineus]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Vallis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Campus Vallis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dellfeld'')</small> * [[Cana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Cana]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Caan'')</small> * [[Carolomontium (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Carolomontium]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Charlottenberg'')</small> * [[Carolomontium (Circulus terrae Turingensis)|Carolomontium]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Turingensis|Circulo terrae Turingensi]]<ref name="CTTuringensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Turingensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Dürkheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Turingensis-e" ad [[Turingum]] refertur.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Carlsberg'')</small> * [[Casa Bubonum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Börfink'')</small> * [[Casae ad Montem (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Casae ad Montem]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berghausen'')</small> * [[Casae Beionis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beinhausen'')</small> * [[Casae Bennonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bennhausen''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bennese'')</small> * [[Casae Bergonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergenhausen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bärjehouse'')</small> * [[Casae Berizonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berzhausen'')</small> * [[Casae Bidari]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biedershausen'')</small> * [[Casae Faginae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büchenbeuren''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bischebäjere'')</small> * [[Castrum Brule]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgbrohl'')</small> * [[Castrum Gaudii]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freudenburg'')</small> * [[Castrum Larae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burglahr'')</small> * [[Clausa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Clausa]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Clausen'')</small> * [[Collis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Collis]]<ref name="Wasserzieher 1927">Wasserzieher, E. (1927). ''Hans und Grete: Eine Einführung in die Studium der deutschen Personennamen''. Ferdinand Dümmler Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Büchel'')</small> * [[Collis Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenbeul'')</small> * [[Condate Vicus]]<ref name="Condate Vicus">Vide [https://www.gemeinde-contwig.de/index.php/ortsgeschichte ''Gemeinde Contwig''], ubi dicitur "(...) Namen „condate vicus“ (oder ähnlich) erhielt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Contwig'')</small> * [[Curia Dominicalis]]<ref name="Simmern-Rheinböllen 2024">Verbandsgemeinde Simmern-Rheinböllen (2024). ''Ortsgemeinde Fronhofen''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fronhofen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Fronhuwe'')</small> * [[Curia Vulpis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuchshofen'')</small> * [[Curiae Arnonis]]<ref name="Gudenus 1743"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnshöfen'')</small> * [[Curtes Dissonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dessighofen''; dialectaliter ''Dessje'')</small> * [[Curtes Endlichonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Endlichhofen'')</small> * [[Curtis Ferrea]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisighofen'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dackenheimium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dackenheim'')</small> * [[Dackscheidium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dackscheid'')</small> * [[Daleidium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Daleiden'')</small> * [[Dancano]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dahnen'')</small> * [[Datinberga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dattenberg'')</small> * [[Decima (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Decima]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Detzem'')</small> * [[Deesenum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deesen'')</small> * [[Deinspure]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Densborn'')</small> * [[Dernavia]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dernau'')</small> * [[Derschenum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Derschen'')</small> * [[Deslochium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Desloch'')</small> * [[Dieblichum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dieblich'')</small> * [[Difficilis Scissus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bisterschied'')</small> * [[Dilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dimbach'')</small> * [[Didonevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dingdorf'')</small> * [[Discrimen Amplum (Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis)|Discrimen Amplum]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis|Circulo terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensi]]<ref name="Circulus terrae"/><ref>Nomen Latinum completum "Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis".</ref><ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitscheidt'')</small> * [[Discrimen Amplum (Occidentalis Silva)|Discrimen Amplum]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Amplum (Tergum Caninum)|Discrimen Amplum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Aquarum]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Euscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Dammae]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Damscheid''; [[Hunnice]] ''Domschiehd'')</small> * [[Discrimen Darsonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Darscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Exustum (Eiflia)|Discrimen Exustum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Brandscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Exustum (Occidentalis Silva)|Discrimen Exustum]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Brandscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Ignis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feuerscheid'')</small> * [[Discrimen Spissum]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dickenschied''; [[Hunnice]] ''Diggeschiehd'')</small> * [[Divortium (Tergum Caninum)|Divortium]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bescheid''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Baäschd'')</small> * [[Divortium Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berscheid'')</small> * [[Docconis Villare]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dockweiler'')</small> * [[Docconisvilla]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dockendorf'')</small> * [[Dommari Casae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dommershausen''; dialectaliter [[Hunnice]] ''Dommasch'')</small> * [[Domus Agilonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellenhausen''; dialectaliter ''Ellehouse'')</small> * [[Domus Ansonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ensheim'')</small> * [[Domus Argis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ergeshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Arzonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erzenhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Azonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Essenheim'')</small> * [[Domus Candida (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Domus Candida]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bleckhausen''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Blääkes'')</small> * [[Domus Davilonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dauwelshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Ebichonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ewighausen''; dialectaliter ''Iwichhouse'')</small> * [[Domus Emmerici]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmerzhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Eppilonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppelsheim'')</small> * [[Domus Erpfolvi]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erpolzheim'')</small> * [[Domus Etichonis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Domus Etichonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettinghausen'')</small> * [[Domus Tabulata]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bretthausen'')</small> * [[Dossinhusa]]<ref name="Moos & Kober 2009">Moos, P. S., & Kober, K. (2009). ''Die Geschichte von Dachsenhausen''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dachsenhausen'')</small> * [[Dreisa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dreisa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Drees'')</small> * [[Dudonis Castrum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dodenburg'')</small> * [[Dudonis Curtes]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dudenhofen'')</small> * [[Dudonis Novale]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Duchroth'')</small> * [[Dulgisvilla]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dolgesheim'')</small> * [[Dunechinga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Düngenheim'')</small> * [[Dunonis Villare]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dunzweiler'')</small> * [[Duodelonis Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dudeldorf'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Eberhardi Casae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebertshausen'')</small> * [[Eberolfidomus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebertsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Ewwertsem'' seu ''Ewwertzum'')</small> * [[Egihari Villare]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckersweiler'')</small> * [[Egili Divisa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eilscheid'')</small> * [[Egla (Germania)|Egla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ayl'')</small> * [[Eichana]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eich'')</small> * [[Eichelhardia]]<ref name="Fabricius I 1898">Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Die Herrschaften des unteren Nahegebietes: Der Nahegau und seine Umgebung''. [[Bonna]]e: Behrendt.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichelhardt'')</small> * [[Ekkilonis Domus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckelsheim'')</small> * [[Elbinga (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Elbinga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elbingen'')</small> * [[Elira (Tergum Caninum)|Elira]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellern''; [[Hunnice]] ''Ellere'')</small> * [[Elisapha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elsoff'')</small> * [[Ellentia-Poltervilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellenz-Poltersdorf'')</small> * [[Enchiriacus Vicus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enkirch''; [[Hunnice]] ''Engerisch'')</small> * [[Enkenbacum-Alisontia Fons]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enkenbach-Alsenborn'')</small> * [[Enselinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eßlingen'')</small> * [[Enspila]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enspel'')</small> * [[Enzena (Eiflia)|Enzena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enzen'')</small> * [[Episcopi Domus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Episcopi Domus]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bischem'')</small> * [[Episcopi Mons (Nava)|Episcopi Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frauenberg'')</small> * [[Epponis Fons]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppenbrunn'')</small> * [[Era (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Era]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehr'')</small> * [[Erbes-Budesheimium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erbes-Büdesheim'')</small> * [[Ericetum Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenheide'')</small> * [[Erneza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ernst'')</small> * [[Erphowilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erfweiler'')</small> * [[Estor]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Esthal''; [[Palatinice]] ''Eschdl'')</small> * [[Ethigira et Alara]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ediger-Eller'')</small> * [[Etichovilla]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etteldorf'')</small> * [[Ettringium (Eiflia)|Ettringium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettringen'')</small> * [[Eulgemium]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eulgem'')</small> * [[Exstirpatio Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berndroth'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fachbachium]]<ref name="BÄr 1891">Bär, M. (1891). ''Die Behördenverfassung der Rheinprovinz seit 1815''. [[Bonna]]e, in Germania: Max Cohen & Sohn.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fachbach'')</small> * [[Fagetum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Fagetum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchet'')</small> * [[Fagus (Taunus)|Fagus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch'')</small> * [[Fagus (Tergum Caninum)|Fagus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch''; [[Hunnice]] ''Booch'')</small> * [[Faidia]]<ref name="Statistisches Landesamt 2024">Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. (2024). ''Bevölkerungsstand von Land, Landkreisen, Gemeinden und Verbandsgemeinden''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Faid'')</small> * [[Falconis Petra (Palatinatus)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenstein''; [[Palatinice]] ''Falgestää'')</small> * [[Fela et Villa Ritizonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fehl-Ritzhausen''; dialectaliter ''Feel-R’tshause'')</small> * [[Ferrifodina (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Ferrifodina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenschmitt'')</small> * [[Filsena]]<ref name="BÄr 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Filsen'')</small> * [[Flexus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Flexus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bogel'')</small> * [[Flisima]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fließem'')</small> * [[Fluderscha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fluterschen'')</small> * [[Fluxus Dammae]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Damflos'')</small> * [[Fons Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bereborn'')</small> * [[Fons Boeri]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Börsborn'')</small> * [[Fons Fluvius]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flomborn'')</small> * [[Fons Tumuli]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böllenborn'')</small> * [[Forstium (Eiflia)|Forstium]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Trier Speyer 2024">Bistumsarchiv Trier. (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Castor (Binningen/Forst)''. [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Trier; et: Bistumsarchiv Trier. (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Castor (Mörsdorf/Forst)''. [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Trier. (</ref> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst'')</small> * [[Forstium (Tergum Caninum)|Forstium]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Trier Speyer 2024"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst''; [[Hunnice]] ''Forschd'')</small> * [[Forstium (prope Wissenam ad Segam)|Forstium]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Trier 2026">Bistumsarchiv Trier. (2026). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Sebastian (Wissen/Forst)''. [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Trier.</ref> <small>(prope [[Wissena ad Segam|Wissenam ad Segam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst'')</small> * [[Forstium ad Viam Vinariam]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Speyer 2024">Bistumsarchiv Speyer. (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Margaretha (Forst)''. [[Spira (urbs)|Spirae]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Speyer.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst an der Weinstraße'')</small> * [[Fraxinetum ad Salmam]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(prope [[Vitelliacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Esch'')</small> * [[Fraxinetum Eifliense]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(prope [[Gerolstenium]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Esch'')</small> * [[Fraxinibachium (Palatinatus Occidentalis)|Fraxinibachium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentali]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschbach'')</small> * [[Fraxinibachium (Tergum Caninum)|Fraxinibachium]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Asbach'')</small> * [[Fraxinorivus (prope Nastadium)|Fraxinorivus]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(prope [[Nastadium]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschbach'')</small> * [[Fraxinorivus Palatinus]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschbach'')</small> * [[Frohnhofenium]]<ref name="BÄr 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frohnhofen'')</small> * [[Fructus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Fructus]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frücht'')</small> * [[Fundus (Occidentalis Silva)|Fundus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boden'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Gammina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gamlen'')</small> * [[Gapinacha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gappenach'')</small> * [[Gefellium (Eiflia)|Gefellium]]<ref name="Bistumsarchiv Trier Gefell (2024)">Bistumsarchiv Trier (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der Pfarrei St. Hubertus (Gefell)''. [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], in Germania: Archiv des Bistums Trier.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gefell'')</small> * [[Geichlinga]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geichlingen'')</small> * [[Geisigium]]<ref name="Bistum Limburg 2024">Bistum Limburg (2024). ''Kirchenbuchverzeichnis des Diözesanarchivs Limburg''. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam|Limburgi ad Lahnam]], in Germania: Diözesanarchiv.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisig'')</small> * [[Gelerotha]]<ref name="Fabricius 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gieleroth'')</small> * [[Gelisheimia]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gilzem'')</small> * [[Gembrica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemmerich'')</small> * [[Gemundia (Oura)|Gemundia]]<ref name="Longnon 1915">Longnon, A. (1915). ''Pouillés de la province de Trèves''. Imprimerie Nationale.</ref> <small>(ad [[Oura (Sura)|Ouram]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünd'')</small> * [[Gemundia (Occidentalis Silva)|Gemundia]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünden'')</small> * [[Gemundia (Tergum Caninum)|Gemundia]]<ref name="Zwiebelberg 1970">Zwiebelberg, W. (1970). ''Das alte Gemünden''. Harald Boldt Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünden''; [[Hunnice]] ''Geminne'')</small> * [[Gensina]]<ref name="Glöckner III 1933"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gensingen'')</small> * [[Geraha (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Geraha]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Gerisch'')</small> * [[Gerardi Fons]]<ref name="Fabricius 1891">Fabricius, W. (1891). ''Die Herrschaften des unteren Nahegebietes: Der Nahegau und seine Umgebung''. [[Bonna]]e: Behrend & Co.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerhardsbrunn'')</small> * [[Gerardshusium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Giershausen'')</small> * [[Gerbacum]]<ref name="Widder 1788"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerbach'')</small> * [[Gergeroda]]<ref name="Fabricius 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Girkenroth'')</small> * [[Geringa]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gering'')</small> * [[Gerolsheimia]]<ref name="Widder 1788"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolsheim'')</small> * [[Gevenichum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gevenich'')</small> * [[Geysinhusium]]<ref name="Trautmann 2001">Trautmann, D. (2001). ''Bilder, Geschichten und Nachrichten aus über 700 Jahren Giesenhausen''. Vetere Ecclesia.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Giesenhausen'')</small> * [[Gichelinga]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860">Beyer, H., Eltester, L., & Goerz, A. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Treves bildenden Mittelrheinischen Territorien''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gentingen'')</small> * [[Gielertum]]<ref name="Fabricius 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gielert'')</small> * [[Gierschnacum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gierschnach'')</small> * [[Gildensburna]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gillenbeuren'')</small> * [[Gillenfeldia]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gillenfeld''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Jillwed'')</small> * [[Gimbsheimia]]<ref name="Widder 1788"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gimbsheim'')</small> * [[Gindorfium]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gindorf'')</small> * [[Gipperatha]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gipperath'')</small> * [[Giroda]]<ref name="Fabricius 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Girod'')</small> * [[Gisina Villa]]<ref name="Fabricius 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Giesdorf'')</small> * [[Gladbach (Eiflia)|Gladbach]] * [[Glan-Münchweiler]] * [[Glanbrücken]] * [[Glanna]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenglan'')</small> * [[Glees]] * [[Gleisweiler]] * [[Gleiszellen-Gleishorbach]] * [[Göcklingen]] * [[Goddert]] * [[Gödenroth]] * [[Gollenberg (prope Bircofeldam)|Gollenberg]] * [[Göllheim]] * [[Gommersheim]] * [[Gonbach]] * [[Gondenbrett]] * [[Gondershausen]] * [[Gondorf]] * [[Gönnersdorf (bei Bad Breisig)|Gönnersdorf]] <small>(bei Bad Breisig)</small> * [[Gönnersdorf (Eiflia)|Gönnersdorf]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Gönnheim]] * [[Görgeshausen]] * [[Gornhausen]] * [[Gösenroth]] * [[Gossersweiler-Stein]] * [[Graach an der Mosel]] * [[Gräfendhron]] * [[Gransdorf]] * [[Greimerath (bei Trier)|Greimerath]] <small>(bei Trier)</small> * [[Greimerath (Eiflia)|Greimerath]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Greimersburg]] * [[Grenderich]] * [[Griebelschied]] * [[Gries (Pfalz)|Gries]] * [[Grimburg]] * [[Grolsheim]] * [[Großbundenbach]] * [[Großfischlingen]] * [[Großholbach]] * [[Großkampenberg]] * [[Großkarlbach]] * [[Großlangenfeld]] * [[Großlittgen]] * [[Großmaischeid]] * [[Großniedesheim]] * [[Großseifen]] * [[Großsteinhausen]] * [[Grumbach (Landkreis Kusel)|Grumbach]] * [[Grünebach]] * [[Guckheim]] * [[Gückingen]] * [[Guldental]] * [[Güllesheim]] * [[Gumbsheim]] * [[Gumpwillare]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gimbweiler'')</small> * [[Gunderath]] * [[Gundersheim]] * [[Gundersweiler]] * [[Gundeswillare]]<ref name="Beyer & Eltester & Goerz 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ginsweiler'')</small> * [[Gundheim]] * [[Guntersblum]] * [[Gurgitis Campus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dümpelfeld'')</small> * [[Gusenburg]] * [[Gusterath]] * [[Gutenacker]] * [[Gutenberg/Nahe|Gutenberg]] * [[Gutweiler]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Habscheid]] * [[Hackenheim]] * [[Hahn am See]] * [[Hahn bei Marienberg]] * [[Hahn (Tergum Caninum)|Hahn]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Hahnenbach]] * [[Hahnheim]] * [[Hahnstätten]] * [[Hahnweiler]] * [[Hainau]] * [[Hainfeld (Pfalz)|Hainfeld]] * [[Halbs]] * [[Hallgarten (Pfalz)|Hallgarten]] * [[Hallschlag]] * [[Halsdorf]] * [[Halsenbach]] * [[Hambach (bei Diez)|Hambach]] * [[Hambuch]] * [[Hamm am Rhein]] * [[Hamm (Eiflia)|Hamm]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Hamm (Sieg)]] * [[Hammerstein (am Rhein)|Hammerstein]] * [[Hangen-Weisheim]] * [[Hanhofen]] * [[Hanroth]] * [[Harbach (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Harbach]] * [[Hardert]] * [[Hardt (Occidentalis Silva)|Hardt]] * [[Hargarten (Eiflia)|Hargarten]] * [[Hargesheim]] * [[Harschbach]] * [[Harscheid (bei Adenau)|Harscheid]] * [[Harspelt]] * [[Hartenfels]] * [[Harthausen]] * [[Härtlingen]] * [[Harxheim]] * [[Hasborn (Eiflia)|Hasborn]] * [[Haschbach am Remigiusberg]] * [[Haserich]] * [[Hasselbach (Tergum Caninum)|Hasselbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Hasselbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Hasselbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Hattert]] * [[Hattgenstein]] * [[Hatzenbühl]] * [[Hatzenport]] * [[Hauenstein (Pfalz)|Hauenstein]] * [[Hauptstuhl]] * [[Hauroth]] * [[Hausbay]] * [[Hausen (Tergum Caninum)|Hausen]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Hausen (Wied)]] * [[Hausten]] * [[Hausweiler]] * [[Hecken (Tergum Caninum)|Hecken]] * [[Heckenbach]] * [[Heckenmünster]] * [[Heckhuscheid]] * [[Heddert]] * [[Hefersweiler]] * [[Heidenburg]] * [[Heidweiler]] * [[Heilbach]] * [[Heilberscheid]] * [[Heilenbach]] * [[Heiligenmoschel]] * [[Heiligenroth]] * [[Heimbach (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Heimbach]] * [[Heimborn]] * [[Heimweiler]] * [[Heinzenbach]] * [[Heinzenberg (bei Kirn)|Heinzenberg]] * [[Heinzenhausen]] * [[Heisdorf]] * [[Heistenbach]] * [[Helferskirchen]] * [[Hellenhahn-Schellenberg]] * [[Hellertshausen]] * [[Helmenzen]] * [[Helmeroth]] * [[Helonze]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehlenz'')</small> * [[Heltersberg]] * [[Hemmelzen]] * [[Henau (Tergum Caninum)|Henau]] * [[Hennweiler]] * [[Henschtal]] * [[Hentern]] * [[Herborn (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Herborn]] * [[Herbstmühle]] * [[Herchweiler]] * [[Herforst]] * [[Hergenfeld]] * [[Hergenroth]] * [[Hergersweiler]] * [[Herl]] * [[Hermersberg]] * [[Herold (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Herold]] * [[Herpla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erpel'')</small> * [[Herren-Sulzbach]] * [[Herresbach]] * [[Herrstein]] * [[Herschbach]] * [[Herschbach (Oberwesterwald)]] * [[Herschberg]] * [[Herschbroich]] * [[Herschweiler-Pettersheim]] * [[Hersdorf]] * [[Herxheim am Berg]] * [[Herxheim bei Landau/Pfalz]] * [[Herxheimweyher]] * [[Herzfeld (Eiflia)|Herzfeld]] * [[Heßheim]] * [[Hesweiler]] * [[Hettenhausen (Pfalz)|Hettenhausen]] * [[Hettenleidelheim]] * [[Hettenrodt]] * [[Hetzerath (Eiflia)|Hetzerath]] * [[Heuchelheim bei Frankenthal]] * [[Heuchelheim-Klingen]] * [[Heupelzen]] * [[Heuzert]] * [[Hilgenroth]] * [[Hilgert]] * [[Hillesheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Hillesheim]] * [[Hillscheid]] * [[Hilscheid]] * [[Hilst]] * [[Himmighofen]] * [[Hintertiefenbach]] * [[Hinterweidenthal]] * [[Hinterweiler]] * [[Hinzenburg]] * [[Hinzert-Pölert]] * [[Hinzweiler]] * [[Hirschberg (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Hirschberg]] * [[Hirschfeld (Tergum Caninum)]] * [[Hirschhorn/Pfalz]] * [[Hirschthal (Pfalz)|Hirschthal]] * [[Hirten]] * [[Hirz-Maulsbach]] * [[Hochborn]] * [[Hochdorf-Assenheim]] * [[Hochscheid]] * [[Hochspeyer]] * [[Hochstadt (Pfalz)]] * [[Hochstätten]] * [[Höchstberg]] * [[Höchstenbach]] * [[Hochstetten-Dhaun]] * [[Hockweiler]] * [[Hof (Occidentalis Silva)|Hof]] * [[Hoffeld (Eiflia)|Hoffeld]] * [[Höheinöd]] * [[Höheischweiler]] * [[Hohenfels-Essingen]] * [[Hohenleimbach]] * [[Hohenöllen]] * [[Hohen-Sülzen]] * [[Höhfröschen]] * [[Höhn]] * [[Holler (Occidentalis Silva)|Holler]] * [[Hollnich]] * [[Holsthum]] * [[Holzappel]] * [[Holzbach]] * [[Holzerath]] * [[Holzhausen an der Haide]] * [[Holzheim (Aar)|Holzheim]] * [[Homberg (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Homberg]] <small>(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/>)</small> * [[Homberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Homberg]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Hömberg]] * [[Hommerdingen]] * [[Honerath]] * [[Hönningen]] * [[Hontheim]] * [[Hoppstädten]] * [[Hoppstädten-Weiersbach]] * [[Horath]] * [[Horbach (bei Simmertal)|Horbach]] <small>(bei Simmertal)</small> * [[Horbach (Pfalz)|Horbach]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Horbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Horbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Horbruch]] * [[Hördt]] * [[Horhausen (Nassau)|Horhausen]] <small>(Nassau)</small> * [[Horhausen (Occidentalis Silva)]] * [[Höringen]] * [[Horn (Tergum Caninum)|Horn]] * [[Hornbacum Antiquum]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Althornbach'')</small> * [[Horperath]] * [[Horrweiler]] * [[Horschbach]] * [[Hörscheid]] * [[Hörschhausen]] * [[Hortus Apium in Campo]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feilbingert'')</small> * [[Hortus Arborum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bongard'')</small> * [[Hosten]] * [[Hottenbach]] * [[Hövels]] * [[Hübingen]] * [[Hüblingen]] * [[Hüffelsheim]] * [[Hüffler]] * [[Hümmel]] * [[Hümmerich]] * [[Hundsangen]] * [[Hundsbach]] * [[Hundsdorf (Occidentalis Silva)|Hundsdorf]] * [[Hungenroth]] * [[Hunzel]] * [[Hupperath]] * [[Hütschenhausen]] * [[Hütten (Eiflia)|Hütten]] * [[Hütterscheid]] * [[Hüttingen an der Kyll]] * [[Hüttingen bei Lahr]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Idelberg]] * [[Idenheim]] * [[Idesheim]] * [[Igel (Mosel)|Igel]] * [[Ilbesheim (Donnersbergkreis)|Ilbesheim]] <small>(Donnersbergkreis)</small> * [[Ilbesheim bei Landau in der Pfalz]] * [[Illerich]] * [[Immerath]] * [[Immert]] * [[Immesheim]] * [[Impflingen]] * [[Imsbach]] * [[Imsweiler]] * [[Indago ad Montem]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berzhahn'')</small> * [[Indago Apri]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebernhahn'')</small> * [[Indago Frisonum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friesenhagen'')</small> * [[Indago Gebhardi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gebhardshain'')</small> * [[Ingelbach]] * [[Ingendorf]] * [[Insheim]] * [[Insul]] * [[Ippenschied]] * [[Irmenach]] * [[Irmtraut]] * [[Irrel]] * [[Irrhausen]] * [[Irsch (bei Saarburg)|Irsch]] * [[Isenburg (Occidentalis Silva)|Isenburg]] * [[Isert]] * [[Isselbach]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jakobsweiler]] * [[Jeckenbach]] * [[Jettenbach (Pfalz)|Jettenbach]] * [[Jockgrim]] * [[Jucken (Gemeinde)|Jucken]] * [[Jugenheim in Rheinhessen]] * [[Jünkerath]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kaden]] * [[Kadenbach]] * [[Kaifenheim]] * [[Kail]] * [[Kalenborn (bei Altenahr)|Kalenborn]] <small>(bei Altenahr)</small> * [[Kalenborn (bei Kaisersesch)|Kalenborn]] <small>(bei Kaisersesch)</small> * [[Kalenborn-Scheuern]] * [[Kalkofen (Pfalz)|Kalkofen]] * [[Kallstadt]] * [[Kalt]] * [[Kaltenborn]] * [[Kaltenengers]] * [[Kaltenholzhausen]] * [[Kammerforst (Occidentalis Silva)|Kammerforst]] * [[Kamp-Bornhofen]] * [[Kanzem]] * [[Kapellen-Drusweiler]] * [[Kaperich]] * [[Kappel (Tergum Caninum)|Kappel]] * [[Kappeln (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Kappeln]] * [[Kapsweyer]] * [[Karbach (Tergum Caninum)|Karbach]] * [[Karl (Eiflia)|Karl]] * [[Karlshausen]] * [[Kasbach-Ohlenberg]] * [[Kaschenbach]] * [[Kasdorf]] * [[Kasel (bei Trier)|Kasel]] * [[Käshofen]] * [[Kastel-Staadt]] * [[Katzenbach (Donnersbergkreis)|Katzenbach]] * [[Katzweiler]] * [[Katzwinkel (Eiflia)|Katzwinkel]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Katzwinkel (Sieg)]] * [[Kausen]] * [[Kehlbach (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Kehlbach]] * [[Kehrig]] * [[Keidelheim]] * [[Kelberg]] * [[Kell am See]] * [[Kellenbach]] * [[Kemmenau]] * [[Kempenich]] * [[Kempfeld]] * [[Kenn]] * [[Keppeshausen]] * [[Kerben]] * [[Kerpen (Eiflia)]] * [[Kerschenbach (Eiflia)|Kerschenbach]] * [[Kerzenheim]] * [[Kescheid]] * [[Kesfeld]] * [[Kesseling]] * [[Kesten]] * [[Kestert]] * [[Kettenhausen]] * [[Kettenheim]] * [[Kettig]] * [[Kickeshausen]] * [[Kindenheim]] * [[Kinderbeuern]] * [[Kindsbach]] * [[Kinheim]] * [[Kinzenburg]] * [[Kirburg]] * [[Kircheib]] * [[Kirchheim an der Weinstraße]] * [[Kirchsahr]] * [[Kirchwald]] * [[Kirchweiler]] * [[Kirf]] * [[Kirrweiler (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Kirrweiler]] <small>(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/>)</small> * [[Kirrweiler (Pfalz)]] * [[Kirsbach]] * [[Kirschroth]] * [[Kirschweiler]] * [[Kisselbach]] * [[Klausen (Eiflia)|Klausen]] * [[Kleinbundenbach]] * [[Kleinfischlingen]] * [[Kleinich]] * [[Kleinkarlbach]] * [[Kleinlangenfeld]] * [[Kleinmaischeid]] * [[Kleinniedesheim]] * [[Kleinsteinhausen]] * [[Klein-Winternheim]] * [[Kliding]] * [[Klingelbach]] * [[Klingenmünster]] * [[Klosterkumbd]] * [[Klotten]] * [[Kludenbach]] * [[Klüsserath]] * [[Knittelsheim]] * [[Knopp-Labach]] * [[Knöringen]] * [[Kobern-Gondorf]] * [[Kölbingen]] * [[Kollig]] * [[Kollweiler]] * [[Kolverath]] * [[Kommen]] * [[Köngernheim]] * [[Königsau]] * [[Königsfeld (Eiflia)|Königsfeld]] * [[Konken]] * [[Kopp (Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae)|Kopp]] * [[Körborn]] * [[Kordel (Eiflia)|Kordel]] * [[Kördorf]] * [[Korlingen]] * [[Körperich]] * [[Korweiler]] * [[Kottenborn]] * [[Kottenheim]] * [[Kötterichen]] * [[Kottweiler-Schwanden]] * [[Köwerich]] * [[Koxhausen]] * [[Kraam]] * [[Kradenbach]] * [[Krähenberg]] * [[Kratzenburg]] * [[Krautscheid]] * [[Kreimbach-Kaulbach]] * [[Kretz]] * [[Krickenbach]] * [[Kriegsfeld]] * [[Kronweiler]] * [[Kroppach]] * [[Kröppen]] * [[Krottelbach]] * [[Kröv]] * [[Kruchten]] * [[Kruft]] * [[Krümmel (Occidentalis Silva)|Krümmel]] * [[Krummenau (Tergum Caninum)|Krummenau]] * [[Krunkel]] * [[Kuhardt]] * [[Kuhnhöfen]] * [[Külz (Tergum Caninum)]] * [[Kümbdchen]] * [[Kundert]] * [[Kurtscheid]] * [[Kyllburgweiler]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Lahr (Eiflia)|Lahr]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Lahr (Tergum Caninum)|Lahr]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Lambertsberg]] * [[Lambsborn]] * [[Lambsheim]] * [[Lampaden]] * [[Landkern]] * [[Landscheid]] * [[Langenbach bei Kirburg]] * [[Langenbach (Pfalz)|Langenbach]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Langenfeld (Eiflia)|Langenfeld]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Langenhahn]] * [[Langenlonsheim]] * [[Langenscheid]] * [[Langenthal (Tergum Caninum)|Langenthal]] * [[Langscheid (bei Mayen)|Langscheid]] * [[Langsur]] * [[Langweiler (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Langweiler]] <small>(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> * [[Langweiler (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Langweiler]] <small>(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/>)</small> * [[Langwieden]] * [[Lascheid (Eiflia)|Lascheid]] * [[Lasel]] * [[Latitudo (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Latitudo]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breit'')</small> * [[Laubach (Eiflia)|Laubach]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Laubach (Tergum Caninum)|Laubach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Laubenheim]] * [[Laudert]] * [[Laufeld]] * [[Laufersweiler]] * [[Laumersheim]] * [[Lauperath]] * [[Laurenburg]] * [[Lauschied]] * [[Lautersheim]] * [[Lautert]] * [[Lautzenbrücken]] * [[Lautzenhausen]] * [[Lehmen]] * [[Leidenborn]] * [[Leienkaul]] * [[Leimbach (bei Adenau)|Leimbach]] <small>(bei Adenau)</small> * [[Leimbach (bei Neuerburg)|Leimbach]] <small>(bei Neuerburg)</small> * [[Leimen (Pfalz)|Leimen]] * [[Leimersheim]] * [[Leiningen (Tergum Caninum)|Leiningen]] * [[Leinsweiler]] * [[Leisel]] * [[Leitzweiler]] * [[Leiwen]] * [[Lemberg (Pfalz)|Lemberg]] * [[Lettweiler]] * [[Leubsdorf (am Rhein)|Leubsdorf]] * [[Leuterod]] * [[Leutesdorf]] * [[Lichtenborn]] * [[Liebenscheid]] * [[Liebshausen]] * [[Lieg]] * [[Lierfeld]] * [[Lierschied]] * [[Liesenich]] * [[Lieser (Gemeinde)|Lieser]] * [[Ließem (Eiflia)|Ließem]] * [[Limbach (bei Kirn)|Limbach]] <small>(bei Kirn)</small> * [[Limbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Limbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Lind (bei Altenahr)|Lind]] <small>(bei Altenahr)</small> * [[Lind (bei Mayen)|Lind]] <small>(bei Mayen)</small> * [[Linden (Pfalz)|Linden]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Linden (Occidentalis Silva)|Linden]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Lindenberg (Pfalz)|Lindenberg]] * [[Lindenschied]] * [[Lingenfeld]] * [[Lingerhahn]] * [[Linkenbach]] * [[Lipporn]] * [[Lirstal]] * [[Lissendorf]] * [[Lochum]] * [[Locus Paludis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Börrstadt''; [[Palatanice]] ''Berrschdadd'')</small> * [[Löf]] * [[Lohnsfeld]] * [[Lohnweiler]] * [[Lohrheim]] * [[Löllbach]] * [[Lollschied]] * [[Longen]] * [[Longkamp]] * [[Longuich]] * [[Lonnig]] * [[Lonsheim]] * [[Lorscheid]] * [[Lörzweiler]] * [[Lösnich]] * [[Lötzbeuren]] * [[Luckenbach]] * [[Lückenburg]] * [[Ludwigshöhe]] * [[Ludwigswinkel]] * [[Lug (Pfalz)|Lug]] * [[Lünebach]] * [[Lustadt]] * [[Lütz]] * [[Lutzerath]] * [[Lützkampen]] * [[Luxem]] * [[Lykershausen]] {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Macken]] * [[Mackenbach]] * [[Mackenrodt]] * [[Mähren (Occidentalis Silva)|Mähren]] * [[Maikammer]] * [[Maisborn]] * [[Maitzborn]] * [[Malberg (Eiflia)|Malberg]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Malberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Malberg]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Malbergweich]] * [[Malborn]] * [[Mammelzen]] * [[Mandel (Gemeinde)|Mandel]] * [[Mandern]] * [[Manderscheid (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Manderscheid]] <small>(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]<ref name="CEBEP"/>)</small> * [[Mannebach (bei Saarburg)|Mannebach]] <small>(bei Saarburg)</small> * [[Mannebach (Eiflia)|Mannebach]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Mannweiler-Cölln]] * [[Manubach]] * [[Marienfels]] * [[Marienhausen]] * [[Marienrachdorf]] * [[Maring-Noviand]] * [[Marnheim]] * [[Maroth]] * [[Martinshöhe]] * [[Martinstein]] * [[Marzhausen (Westerwaldkreis)|Marzhausen]] * [[Masburg]] * [[Maßweiler]] * [[Mastershausen]] * [[Masthorn]] * [[Matzenbach]] * [[Matzerath]] * [[Mauchenheim]] * [[Mauden]] * [[Mauel]] * [[Mauschbach]] * [[Maxdorf]] * [[Maxsain]] * [[Mayschoß]] * [[Meckel]] * [[Meckenbach (prope Bircofeldam)|Meckenbach]] <small>(prope [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> * [[Meckenbach (bei Kirn)|Meckenbach]] <small>(bei Kirn)</small> * [[Meckenheim (Pfalz)|Meckenheim]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Medard (Glan)|Medard]] * [[Meddersheim]] * [[Meerfeld]] * [[Mehlbach]] * [[Mehlingen]] * [[Mehren (Eiflia)|Mehren]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Mehren (Occidentalis Silva)|Mehren]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Mehring (Mosel)|Mehring]] * [[Meinborn]] * [[Meisburg]] * [[Melsbach]] * [[Mengerschied]] * [[Menningen (an der Prüm)|Menningen]] * [[Merkelbach]] * [[Merlscheid (bei Pronsfeld)|Merlscheid]] * [[Mermuth]] * [[Merschbach]] * [[Mertesdorf]] * [[Mertesheim]] * [[Mertloch]] * [[Merxheim (Nahe)|Merxheim]] * [[Merzalben]] * [[Merzkirchen]] * [[Merzweiler]] * [[Mesenich]] * [[Messerich]] * [[Mettendorf (Eiflia)|Mettendorf]] * [[Mettenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Mettenheim]] * [[Metterich]] * [[Mettweiler]] * [[Metzenhausen]] * [[Meudt]] * [[Meuspath]] * [[Michelbach (Tergum Caninum)|Michelbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Michelbach (Occidentalis Silva)]] * [[Miehlen]] * [[Miellen]] * [[Minden (Sauer)|Minden]] * [[Minderlittgen]] * [[Minfeld]] * [[Minheim]] * [[Misselberg]] * [[Mittelbrunn]] * [[Mittelfischbach]] * [[Mittelhof]] * [[Mittelreidenbach]] * [[Mittelstrimmig]] * [[Mogendorf]] * [[Molsberg]] * [[Mölsheim]] * [[Molzhain]] * [[Mommenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Mommenheim]] * [[Monreal]] * [[Mons (Palatinatus)|Mons]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Mons (Taunus)|Mons]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Mons (prope Arvilare)|Mons]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(prope [[Arvilare]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Mons Alachonis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Alachonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Basii]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Basberg'')</small> * [[Mons Battonis (Palatinatus)|Mons Battonis]] <small>(Theodisce ''Battenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Bilonis]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999">Gensicke, H. (1999). Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes (3ª ed.). [[Aquae Mattiacae|Aquis Mattiacis]]: Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Nassau.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bölsberg''; dialectaliter ''Bilsbisch'' seu ''Bölsberisch'')</small> * [[Mons Busonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Busenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Coronae (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Mons Coronae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Cronenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Crampii]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Cramberg'')</small> * [[Mons Dasonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dasburg'')</small> * [[Mons Didonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deimberg'')</small> * [[Mons Epponis (Eiflia)|Mons Epponis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ezzonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etschberg'')</small> * [[Mons Fockilonis]]<ref name="Dolch & Greule 1991">Dolch, M., & Greule, A. (1991). ''Historisches Siedlungsnamenbuch der Pfalz''. [[Spira (urbs)|Spirae]], in Germania: Verlag der Pfälzischen Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Föckelberg'')</small> * [[Mons Fuscus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Fuscus]]<ref name="Karp-Schreiber 1664">Karp-Schreiber, W. (1664). ''Chronica Braunebergensis: De vineis et uvis in Iuffer sitis''. Monte Fusco: Officina Domestica.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brauneberg'')</small> * [[Mons Gallonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Galenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Gelenis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gelenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Gisilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiselberg'')</small> * [[Mons Hirci (Eiflia)|Mons Hirci]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boxberg'')</small> * [[Mons Lucidus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Lucidus]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berglicht'')</small> * [[Mons Ruborum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Ruborum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bremberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ululorum (Occidentalis Silva)|Mons Ululorum]]<ref name="Schannat 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eulenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Vallis (prope Cruciniacum)|Mons Vallis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dalberg'')</small> * [[Monsheim]] * [[Möntenich]] * [[Montes (prope Kyrinam)|Montes]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berje'')</small> * [[Monzelfeld]] * [[Monzernheim]] * [[Monzingen]] * [[Moritzheim]] * [[Mörlen]] * [[Mörsbach]] * [[Mörschbach]] * [[Morscheid]] * [[Morschheim]] * [[Mörschied]] * [[Mörsdorf (Tergum Caninum)|Mörsdorf]] * [[Mörsfeld]] * [[Morshausen]] * [[Mörstadt]] * [[Mosbruch]] * [[Moschheim]] * [[Moselkern]] * [[Mückeln]] * [[Müden (Mosel)]] * [[Mudenbach]] * [[Mudersbach]] * [[Mudershausen]] * [[Mühlpfad]] * [[Mülbach]] * [[Mülheim an der Mosel]] * [[Müllenbach (bei Adenau)|Müllenbach]] <small>(bei Adenau)</small> * [[Müllenbach (bei Mayen)|Müllenbach]] <small>(bei Mayen)</small> * [[Münchwald]] * [[Münchweiler am Klingbach]] * [[Münchweiler an der Alsenz]] * [[Münchweiler an der Rodalb]] * [[Mündersbach]] * [[Münk]] * [[Münsterappel]] * [[Münster-Sarmsheim]] * [[Mürlenbach]] * [[Müsch]] * [[Müschenbach]] * [[Musweiler]] * [[Mutterschied]] * [[Mützenich (bei Prüm)|Mützenich]] * [[Muxerath]] {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nachtsheim]] * [[Nack]] * [[Nackenheim]] * [[Nannhausen]] * [[Nanzdietschweiler]] * [[Nasingen]] * [[Nattenheim]] * [[Naunheim]] * [[Nauort]] * [[Nauroth]] * [[Naurath (Eiflia)]] * [[Naurath (Wald)]] * [[Neef]] * [[Nehren (Mosel)|Nehren]] * [[Neichen]] * [[Neidenbach]] * [[Neidenfels]] * [[Neitersen]] * [[Nentershausen (Occidentalis Silva)|Nentershausen]] * [[Nerdlen]] * [[Neroth]] * [[Nerzweiler]] * [[Netzbach]] * [[Neu-Bamberg]] * [[Neuburg am Rhein]] * [[Neuendorf (Eiflia)|Neuendorf]] * [[Neuerkirch]] * [[Neuhäusel]] * [[Neuheilenbach]] * [[Neuhemsbach]] * [[Neuhofen (Pfalz)|Neuhofen]] * [[Neuhütten (Silva Alta)|Neuhütten]] * [[Neuleiningen]] * [[Neumagen-Dhron]] * [[Neunkhausen]] * [[Neunkirchen am Potzberg]] * [[Neunkirchen (Tergum Caninum)|Neunkirchen]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Neunkirchen (Occidentalis Silva)|Neunkirchen]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Neupotz]] * [[Neustadt/Westerwald]] * [[Neustadt (Wied)]] * [[Newel]] * [[Ney (Tergum Caninum)|Ney]] * [[Nickenich]] * [[Niederahr]] * [[Niederalben]] * [[Niederbachheim]] * [[Niederbreitbach]] * [[Niederbrombach]] * [[Niederburg]] * [[Niederdreisbach]] * [[Niederdürenbach]] * [[Niederelbert]] * [[Niedererbach]] * [[Niederfell]] * [[Niederfischbach]] * [[Niederhambach]] * [[Niederhausen (Nahe)|Niederhausen]] <small>(Nahe)</small> * [[Niederhausen an der Appel]] * [[Niederheimbach]] * [[Nieder-Hilbersheim]] * [[Niederhofen]] * [[Niederhorbach]] * [[Niederhosenbach]] * [[Niederirsen]] * [[Niederkirchen (Westpfalz)|Niederkirchen]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Niederkirchen bei Deidesheim]] * [[Nieder Kostenz]] * [[Niederkumbd]] * [[Niederlauch]] * [[Niedermohr]] * [[Niedermoschel]] * [[Niederneisen]] * [[Niederöfflingen]] * [[Niederotterbach]] * [[Niederpierscheid]] * [[Niederraden]] * [[Niederroßbach]] * [[Niedersayn]] * [[Niederscheidweiler]] * [[Niederschlettenbach]] * [[Niedersohren]] * [[Niederstadtfeld]] * [[Niederstaufenbach]] * [[Niederstedem]] * [[Niedersteinebach]] * [[Niedert]] * [[Niedertiefenbach]] * [[Niederwallmenach]] * [[Niederwambach]] * [[Niederweiler (Eiflia)|Niederweiler]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Niederweiler (Tergum Caninum)|Niederweiler]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Niederweis]] * [[Niederwerth]] * [[Nieder-Wiesen]] * [[Niederwörresbach]] * [[Niederzissen]] * [[Niehl]] * [[Niersbach]] * [[Nievern]] * [[Nimshuscheid]] * [[Nimsreuland]] * [[Nister (Gemeinde)|Nister]] * [[Nisterau]] * [[Nisterberg]] * [[Nister-Möhrendorf]] * [[Nistertal]] * [[Nittel]] * [[Nitz]] * [[Nochern]] * [[Nohen]] * [[Nohn]] * [[Nomborn]] * [[Norath]] * [[Nordhofen]] * [[Norheim]] * [[Norken]] * [[Nörtershausen]] * [[Nothweiler]] * [[Novale Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berkoth'')</small> * [[Novale Beronis ad Vallemerodam]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berod bei Wallmerod'')</small> * [[Novale Beronis prope Hachenburgum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/><ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berod bei Hachenburg'')</small> * [[Novale Bonii]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Borod'')</small> * [[Novale Bononis]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bonerath''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Bönert'')</small> * [[Novale Candidum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blankenrath''; [[Hunnice]] ''Blanggad'')</small> * [[Novale Daconis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Datzeroth'')</small> * [[Novale Danckradi]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dankerath'')</small> * [[Novale Diemundi]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Demerath'')</small> * [[Novale Epponis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppenrod'')</small> * [[Novale Gebhardi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gebroth'')</small> * [[Novale Geilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gehlert'')</small> * [[Nünschweiler]] * [[Nürburg (Gemeinde)|Nürburg]] * [[Nusbaum]] * [[Nußbach (Pfalz)|Nußbach]] * [[Nußbaum]] {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberahr]] * [[Oberalben]] * [[Oberarnbach]] * [[Oberbachheim]] * [[Oberbettingen]] * [[Oberbillig]] * [[Oberbrombach]] * [[Oberdiebach]] * [[Oberdreis]] * [[Oberdürenbach]] * [[Oberehe-Stroheich]] * [[Oberelbert]] * [[Oberelz]] * [[Obererbach (bei Montabaur)|Obererbach]] <small>(bei Montabaur)</small> * [[Obererbach (Occidentalis Silva)]] * [[Oberfell]] * [[Oberfischbach]] * [[Ober-Flörsheim]] * [[Obergeckler]] * [[Oberhaid (Occidentalis Silva)|Oberhaid]] * [[Oberhambach]] * [[Oberhausen (bei Bad Bergzabern)|Oberhausen]] <small>(bei Bad Bergzabern)</small> * [[Oberhausen an der Appel]] * [[Oberhausen an der Nahe]] * [[Oberhausen bei Kirn]] * [[Oberheimbach]] * [[Ober-Hilbersheim]] * [[Oberhonnefeld-Gierend]] * [[Oberhosenbach]] * [[Oberirsen]] * [[Oberkail]] * [[Oberkirn]] * [[Ober Kostenz]] * [[Oberlahr]] * [[Oberlascheid]] * [[Oberlauch]] * [[Oberndorf (Pfalz)|Oberndorf]] * [[Oberneisen]] * [[Obernheim-Kirchenarnbach]] * [[Obernhof]] * [[Oberöfflingen]] * [[Ober-Olm]] * [[Oberotterbach]] * [[Oberpierscheid]] * [[Oberraden]] * [[Oberreidenbach]] * [[Oberrod]] * [[Oberroßbach]] * [[Oberscheidweiler]] * [[Oberschlettenbach]] * [[Obersimten]] * [[Oberstadtfeld]] * [[Oberstaufenbach]] * [[Oberstedem]] * [[Obersteinebach]] * [[Oberstreit]] * [[Obersülzen]] * [[Obertiefenbach (Taunus)|Obertiefenbach]] * [[Oberwallmenach]] * [[Oberwambach]] * [[Oberweiler (Eiflia)|Oberweiler]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Oberweiler im Tal]] * [[Oberweiler-Tiefenbach]] * [[Oberweis]] * [[Oberwies]] * [[Oberwiesen]] * [[Oberwörresbach]] * [[Oberzissen]] * [[Obrigheim (Pfalz)]] * [[Ochtendung]] * [[Ockenfels]] * [[Ockenheim]] * [[Ockfen]] * [[Odenbach]] * [[Odernheim am Glan]] * [[Oelsberg]] * [[Offenbach an der Queich]] * [[Offenbach-Hundheim]] * [[Offenheim]] * [[Offstein]] * [[Ogilonis Novale]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckenroth'')</small> * [[Ohlenhard]] * [[Ohlweiler]] * [[Ohmbach]] * [[Ollmuth]] * [[Olmscheid]] * [[Olsbrücken]] * [[Olsdorf (Eiflia)|Olsdorf]] * [[Ölsen]] * [[Olzheim]] * [[Onsdorf]] * [[Oppertshausen]] * [[Orbis]] * [[Orenhofen]] * [[Orfgen]] * [[Orlenbach]] * [[Ormont]] * [[Orsfeld]] * [[Osann-Monzel]] * [[Osburg]] * [[Ossinga (Palatinatus)|Ossinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Essingen'')</small> * [[Osterspai]] * [[Othinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etgert'')</small> * [[Otterbach (Westpfalz)|Otterbach]] * [[Ottersheim]] * [[Ottersheim bei Landau]] * [[Otterstadt]] * [[Ötzingen]] * [[Otzweiler]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Palus (Circulus terrae Cochemiensis et Cellensis)|Palus]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887">Forcellini, Aeg. (1864-1887). ''Totius latinitatis lexicon''. Prati: Typis Aldinianis. </ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Cochemiensis et Cellensis|Circulo terrae Cochemiensi et Cellensi]]<ref name="CTCEC">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Cochemiensis et Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cochem-Zell'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latinis toponymis "[[Cochemium]]" et "Cella" -ad quae gentilicia "Cochemiensis-e" et "Cellensis-e" respective referuntur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Filz'')</small> * [[Palus (Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci)|Palus]]<ref name="Wampach 1935">Wampach, C. (1935). ''Urkunden- und Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der altluxemburgischen Territorien bis zur burgundischen Zeit''. St. Paulus-Druckerei.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci|Circulo terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci]]<ref name="CTTMCEV"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruch'')</small> * [[Palzem]] * [[Pantenburg]] * [[Panzweiler]] * [[Partenheim]] * [[Paschel]] * [[Pascua Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenhördt'')</small> * [[Patersberg]] * [[Peffingen]] * [[Pellingen]] * [[Pelm]] * [[Perscheid]] * [[Petersberg (Pfalz)|Petersberg]] * [[Peterslahr]] * [[Peterswald-Löffelscheid]] * [[Petra Darstonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Darstein'')</small> * [[Petra Franconum (Palatinatus)|Petra Franconum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenstein'')</small> * [[Pfaffen-Schwabenheim]] * [[Pfalzfeld]] * [[Pfeffelbach]] * [[Philippsheim]] * [[Pickließem]] * [[Piesport]] * [[Pillig]] * [[Pintesfeld]] * [[Pinus et Tilia]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fohren-Linden'')</small> * [[Piscis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Piscis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fisch'')</small> * [[Pittenbach]] * [[Plaidt]] * [[Planities (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Planities]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flacht'')</small> * [[Plascheid]] * [[Platten (bei Wittlich)|Platten]] * [[Pleckhausen]] * [[Plein]] * [[Pleisweiler-Oberhofen]] * [[Pleitersheim]] * [[Pleizenhausen]] * [[Plütscheid]] * [[Pluwig]] * [[Pohl (Nassau)|Pohl]] * [[Pölich]] * [[Pommern (Mosel)|Pommern]] * [[Pomster]] * [[Pons (Palatinatus)|Pons]]<ref name="Lehmann 1867"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Brücken'')</small> * [[Pons (prope Birconfeldam)|Pons]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(prope [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Brücken'')</small> * [[Pons Alaphotis]]<ref name="Remling 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ahrbrück'')</small> * [[Pons Epternacensis]]<ref name="Camillus 1889">Camillus, W. (1889). ''Annales Epternacenses. In Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (SS 13). [[Hannovera]]e: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Echternacherbrück'')</small> * [[Porta (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Porta]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dohr'')</small> * [[Pottum]] * [[Pracht]] * [[Prath]] * [[Pratum Amplum (Occidentalis Silva)|Pratum Amplum]]<ref name="Gensicke III 1999"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenau'')</small> * [[Pratum Fagineum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bockenau'')</small> * [[Pratum Geilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geilnau'')</small> * [[Preischeid]] * [[Preist]] * [[Pronsfeld]] * [[Prümzurlay]] * [[Puderbach]] * [[Pünderich]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Queidersbach]] * [[Quercetum (Occidentalis Silva)|Quercetum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichen'')</small> * [[Quercirivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichenbach'')</small> * [[Quiddelbach]] * [[Quirnbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Quirnbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Quirnbach/Pfalz]] * [[Quirnheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Racksen]] * [[Ralingen]] * [[Ramberg (Pfalz)|Ramberg]] * [[Rammelsbach]] * [[Ramsen (Pfalz)|Ramsen]] * [[Ranschbach]] * [[Ransweiler]] * [[Rascheid]] * [[Rathskirchen]] * [[Rathsweiler]] * [[Ratzert]] * [[Raubach]] * [[Raumbach]] * [[Ravengiersburg]] * [[Raversbeuren]] * [[Rayerschied]] * [[Rech]] * [[Reckenroth]] * [[Reckershausen]] * [[Rehbach (bei Sobernheim)|Rehbach]] * [[Rehborn]] * [[Rehe (Occidentalis Silva)|Rehe]] * [[Rehweiler]] * [[Reich (Tergum Caninum)|Reich]] * [[Reichenbach (bei Baumholder)|Reichenbach]] * [[Reichenbach-Steegen]] * [[Reichenberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Reichenberg]] * [[Reichsthal]] * [[Reichweiler]] * [[Reidenhausen]] * [[Reifenberg]] * [[Reiferscheid]] * [[Reiff]] * [[Reiffelbach]] * [[Reifferscheid]] * [[Reil]] * [[Reimerath]] * [[Reinsfeld]] * [[Reipeldingen]] * [[Reipoltskirchen]] * [[Reitzenhain (Taunus)|Reitzenhain]] * [[Relsberg]] * [[Rengsdorf]] * [[Retterath]] * [[Rettersen]] * [[Rettershain]] * [[Rettert]] * [[Reudelsterz]] * [[Reuth (Eiflia)|Reuth]] * [[Rhaunen]] * [[Rheinbreitbach]] * [[Rheinbrohl]] * [[Rheinzabern]] * [[Rhodt unter Rietburg]] * [[Riedelberg]] * [[Rieden (Eiflia)|Rieden]] * [[Riegenroth]] * [[Rieschweiler-Mühlbach]] * [[Riesweiler]] * [[Rimsberg]] * [[Rinnthal]] * [[Rinzenberg]] * [[Riol]] * [[Rittersdorf (Eiflia)|Rittersdorf]] * [[Rittersheim]] * [[Rivenich]] * [[Riveris]] * [[Rivulus Becheri (Palatinatus)|Rivulus Becheri]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Becherbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Bedonis]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bedesbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berenbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Feronis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fiersbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Fluens]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flußbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Franconis]]<ref name="Dolch & Greule 1991"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankelbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Fringillarum et Villare Gerhardi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Finkenbach-Gersweiler'')</small> * [[Rivulus Gackonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gackenbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Liberorum]]<ref name="Nietzschmann 2013">Nietzschmann, E. (2013). ''Die Freien auf dem Lande: Ehemalige deutsche Reichsdörfer und ihre Wappen''. [[Guelpherbytum|Guelpherbyti]]: Melchior.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freisbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Piscium (prope Caesaream Lutram)|Rivulus Piscium]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(prope [[Caesarea Lutra|Caesaream Lutram]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Piscium (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Rivulus Piscium]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Piscium et Novale Superius]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbach-Oberraden'')</small> * [[Rivulus Piscium prope Danam]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/><ref name="Görz II 1879"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbach bei Dahn'')</small> * [[Rivus Amplus (Palatinatus)|Rivus Amplus]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Atzonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etzbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Becheri prope Kyrinam]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Becherbach bei Kirn'')</small> * [[Rivus Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birlenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Bisonis]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bosenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Bottonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bottenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Budonis (Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini)|Rivus Budonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref name="CRETC">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini" -Theodisce ''Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis "[[Rhenus]]" et "[[Tergum Caninum]]", vide {{Graesse}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Rin-Hunsrück'' et ''Arrondissement de Rhin-Hunsrück'' et ''Distrito do Reno-Hunsrück'' et ''Circondario del Reno-Hunsrück'' et ''Zemský okres Rýn-Hunsrück'' et Рейн-Хунсрюк.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Budenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Burebach'')</small> * [[Rivus Budonis (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Rivus Budonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis|Circulo terrae Birkenfeldensi]]<ref name="Circulus terrae"/><ref>Nomen Latinum completum "Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis".</ref><ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bundenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bundebach'')</small> * [[Rivus Caeruleus]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blaubach'')</small> * [[Rivus Calidus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Rivus Calidus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Callbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Columbae (Occidentalis Silva)|Rivus Columbae]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Daubach'')</small> * [[Rivus Columbae (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Columbae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Daubach'')</small> * [[Rivus Dammarum (prope Bircofeldam)|Rivus Dammarum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dambach'')</small> * [[Rivus Dedonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dedenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Deronis (ad Tabernas Montanas)|Rivus Deronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (ad [[Tabernae Montanae|Tabernas Montanas]]<ref name="Graesse"/>) <small>(Theodisce ''Dierbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Deronis (Circulus terrae Neowidensis)|Rivus Deronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Neowidensis|Circulo terrae Neowidensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Neowidensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neuwied'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Neowidensis-e" Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuwied'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/maximilian-alexander-philipp-prinz-zu-wied-neuwied-/DE-2086/lido/57c92ef68392a6.35258846 ], ubi dicitur "(...) Sein Ma­nu­skript „Fau­na Neo­wi­den­sis“, 1847 voll­endet, ist die ers­te Re­gio­nal­fau­na für den Mit­tel­rhein. Die Ver­öf­fent­li­chung ein­zel­ner Er­kennt­nis­se über­ließ er je­doch an­de­ren, vor al­lem dem Neu­wie­der Apo­the­ker Franz Pe­ter Brahts (...)". Quo de Latino toponymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z'']</ref></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Deronis (Occidentalis Silva)|Rivus Deronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Deronis (Palatinatus)|Rivus Deronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Dictilonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dichtelbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Dieschdelbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Dusonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deuselbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Eridonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erdesbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Fundi]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Fuscus (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Fuscus]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Hirundinis]] <small>(Theodisce ''Burgschwalbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Longus in Monte]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berglangenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Novalis]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brachbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Oneris]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bürdenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Pirorum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birnbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Profundus (prope Vitelliacum)|Rivus Profundus]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diefenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Purgans (Eiflia)|Rivus Purgans]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Siccus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Rivus Siccus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörrenbach''; [[Palatinice]] ''Derrebach'')</small> * [[Rivus Spissus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dickesbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Tumuli]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bollenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Ursorum (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Ursorum]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärenbach'')</small> * [[Rockeskyll]] * [[Rodder]] * [[Rödelhausen]] * [[Rodenbach (Westpfalz)|Rodenbach]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentali]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Rodenbach bei Puderbach]] * [[Rödern (Tergum Caninum)|Rödern]] * [[Rodershausen]] * [[Rödersheim-Gronau]] * [[Roes]] * [[Röhl]] * [[Rohrbach (bei Baumholder)|Rohrbach]] <small>(bei Baumholder)</small> * [[Rohrbach (Tergum Caninum)|Rohrbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Rohrbach (Pfalz)|Rohrbach]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Römerberg (Pfalz)|Römerberg]] * [[Rommersheim]] * [[Rorodt]] * [[Roschbach]] * [[Roscheid]] * [[Rosenheim (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Rosenheim]] * [[Rosenkopf]] * [[Roßbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Roßbach]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Roßbach (Wied)|Roßbach]] <small>(Wied)</small> * [[Rota Barwardi]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Barbelroth'')</small> * [[Rotenhain]] * [[Roth (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Roth]] <small>(Landkreis Altenkirchen)</small> * [[Roth (bei Stromberg)|Roth]] <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis|Circulo terrae Cruciniacensi]]<ref name="CTCru"/>)</small> * [[Roth (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Roth]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref name="CRETC"/>)</small> * [[Roth (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Roth]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> * [[Roth an der Our]] * [[Roth bei Prüm]] * [[Rothenbach]] * [[Rothselberg]] * [[Rötsweiler-Nockenthal]] * [[Rott (Occidentalis Silva)|Rott]] * [[Roxheim]] * [[Rüber]] * [[Rückeroth]] * [[Rückweiler]] * [[Rüdesheim (Nahe)|Rüdesheim]] * [[Rülzheim]] * [[Rumbach]] * [[Rümmelsheim]] * [[Rupes Abietum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dannenfels'')</small> * [[Ruppach-Goldhausen]] * [[Ruppertsecken]] * [[Ruppertsberg]] * [[Ruppertshofen (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Ruppertshofen]] * [[Ruppertsweiler]] * [[Ruschberg]] * [[Rüscheid]] * [[Rüssingen]] * [[Ruthweiler]] * [[Rutsweiler am Glan]] * [[Rutsweiler an der Lauter]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Saalstadt]] * [[Saffig]] * [[Salm (Eiflia)|Salm]] * [[Salmtal]] * [[Salz (Occidentalis Silva)|Salz]] * [[Salzburg (Occidentalis Silva)|Salzburg]] * [[Sankt Alban (Pfalz)|Sankt Alban]] * [[Sankt Aldegund]] * [[Sankt Johann (bei Mayen)|Sankt Johann]] <small>(bei Mayen)</small> * [[Sankt Johann (Hassia Rhenana)|Sankt Johann]] <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana"/>)</small> * [[Sankt Julian]] * [[Sankt Katharinen (prope Cruciniacum)|Sankt Katharinen]] <small>(prope [[Cruciniacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Sankt Katharinen (Landkreis Neuwied)]] * [[Sankt Martin (Pfalz)|Sankt Martin]] * [[Sankt Sebastian (am Rhein)|Sankt Sebastian]] * [[Sankt Thomas (Eiflia)|Sankt Thomas]] * [[Sargenroth]] * [[Sarmersbach]] * [[Sassen (Eiflia)|Sassen]] * [[Sauerthal]] * [[Saulheim]] * [[Saxler]] * [[Saxum Balduini]]<ref name="Böhmer 1839">Böhmer, J. F. (1839). ''Regesta chronologico-diplomatica metropolitae Moguntinae: inde a primo archiepiscopo usque ad seculi decimi sexti finem''. F. Varrentrapp.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Balduinstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Ulmeum]]<ref name="Browerus & Masenius 1670"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elmstein'')</small> * [[Schalkenbach]] * [[Schalkenmehren]] * [[Schallodenbach]] * [[Schankweiler]] * [[Scharfbillig]] * [[Schauerberg]] * [[Schauren (bei Blankenrath)|Schauren]] <small>(bei Blankenrath)</small> * [[Schauren (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Schauren]] <small>(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> * [[Scheibenhardt]] * [[Scheid (Eiflia)|Scheid]] * [[Scheidt (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Scheidt]] * [[Scheitenkorb]] * [[Schellweiler]] * [[Schenkelberg]] * [[Scheuerfeld]] * [[Scheuern]] * [[Schiersfeld]] * [[Schiesheim]] * [[Schillingen]] * [[Schindhard]] * [[Schladt]] * [[Schleich]] * [[Schleid (prope Bedense Castrum)|Schleid]] * [[Schlierschied]] * [[Schloßböckelheim]] * [[Schmalenberg]] * [[Schmidthachenbach]] * [[Schmißberg]] * [[Schmitshausen]] * [[Schmitt (Eiflia)|Schmitt]] * [[Schmittweiler]] * [[Schneckenhausen]] * [[Schneppenbach]] * [[Schnorbach]] * [[Schoden]] * [[Schömerich]] * [[Schönau (Pfalz)]] * [[Schönbach (Eiflia)|Schönbach]] * [[Schönberg (bei Thalfang)|Schönberg]] * [[Schönborn (Tergum Caninum)|Schönborn]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Schönborn (Pfalz)|Schönborn]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Schönborn (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Schönborn]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> * [[Schöndorf (an der Ruwer)|Schöndorf]] * [[Schöneberg (Tergum Caninum)|Schöneberg]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Schöneberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Schöneberg]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Schönecken]] * [[Schönenberg-Kübelberg]] * [[Schopp]] * [[Schornsheim]] * [[Schuld (Ahr)|Schuld]] * [[Schüller]] * [[Schürdt]] * [[Schutz (Eiflia)|Schutz]] * [[Schutzbach]] * [[Schwabenheim an der Selz]] * [[Schwall (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Schwall]] * [[Schwanheim (Pfalz)|Schwanheim]] * [[Schwarzen]] * [[Schwarzenborn (Eiflia)|Schwarzenborn]] * [[Schwarzerden]] * [[Schwedelbach]] * [[Schwegenheim]] * [[Schweigen-Rechtenbach]] * [[Schweighausen]] * [[Schweighofen]] * [[Schweinschied]] * [[Schweisweiler]] * [[Schweix]] * [[Schweppenhausen]] * [[Schwerbach]] * [[Schwirzheim]] * [[Schwollen]] * [[Seck]] * [[Seelbach (Nassau)|Seelbach]] <small>(Nassau)</small> * [[Seelbach bei Hamm (Sieg)]] * [[Seelbach (Occidentalis Silva)]] * [[Seelen]] * [[Seesbach]] * [[Seffern]] * [[Sefferweich]] * [[Sehlem (Eiflia)|Sehlem]] * [[Seibersbach]] * [[Seifen (Occidentalis Silva)|Seifen]] * [[Seinsfeld]] * [[Seiwerath]] * [[Selbach (Sieg)]] * [[Selchenbach]] * [[Sellerich]] * [[Selzen]] * [[Sembach]] * [[Sengerich]] * [[Senheim]] * [[Senscheid]] * [[Sensweiler]] * [[Serrig]] * [[Sessenbach]] * [[Sessenhausen]] * [[Sevenig bei Neuerburg]] * [[Sevenig (Our)]] * [[Sicca Muschella]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörrmoschel'')</small> * [[Siebeldingen]] * [[Siebenbach]] * [[Siefersheim]] * [[Sien]] * [[Sienhachenbach]] * [[Sierscheid]] * [[Siershahn]] * [[Siesbach]] * [[Silva ad Paludem]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forstmehren'')</small> * [[Silva Fagina (Occidentalis Silva)|Silva Fagina]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchholz'')</small> * [[Silva Pacis (Occidentalis Silva)|Silva Pacis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedewald'')</small> * [[Silz (Pfalz)|Silz]] * [[Simmern (Occidentalis Silva)|Simmern]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Simmertal]] * [[Singhofen]] * [[Sinspelt]] * [[Sippersfeld]] * [[Sitters]] * [[Sohren]] * [[Sohrschied]] * [[Sommerau (an der Ruwer)|Sommerau]] * [[Sommerloch (prope Cruciniacum)|Sommerloch]] * [[Sonnenberg-Winnenberg]] * [[Sonnschied]] * [[Sörgenloch]] * [[Sörth]] * [[Sosberg]] * [[Spabrücken]] * [[Spall]] * [[Spangdahlem]] * [[Spanhemium]]<ref name="Trithemius 1601"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgsponheim'')</small> * [[Spay]] * [[Spesenroth]] * [[Spessart (Brohltal)|Spessart]] * [[Spiesheim]] * [[Spinifex Mons]] <small>(Theodisce ''Dörnberg'')</small> * [[Spinifex Theodericidomus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorn-Dürkheim'')</small> * [[Spinosi Nemoris Casae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dornholzhausen'')</small> * [[Spirkelbach]] * [[Sponheim]] * [[Sprendlingen]] * [[Stadecken-Elsheim]] * [[Stadtkyll]] * [[Stahlberg]] * [[Stahlhofen (Occidentalis Silva)|Stahlhofen]] <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Stahlhofen am Wiesensee]] * [[Standenbühl]] * [[Starkenburg (Mosel)|Starkenburg]] * [[Statio Danonis-Domus Scauerni]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dannstadt-Schauernheim'')</small> * [[Staudernheim]] * [[Staudt]] * [[Stebach]] * [[Steffeln]] * [[Steimel]] * [[Steinalben]] * [[Steinbach (Tergum Caninum)|Steinbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Steinbach am Donnersberg]] * [[Steinbach am Glan]] * [[Stein-Bockenheim]] * [[Steinborn]] * [[Steinebach an der Wied]] * [[Steinebach/Sieg]] * [[Steineberg]] * [[Steinefrenz]] * [[Steinen (Occidentalis Silva)|Steinen]] * [[Steineroth]] * [[Steinfeld (Pfalz)|Steinfeld]] * [[Steiningen]] * [[Stein-Neukirch]] * [[Steinsberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Steinsberg]] * [[Steinweiler]] * [[Steinwenden]] * [[Stein-Wingert]] * [[Stelzenberg]] * [[Stetten (Pfalz)|Stetten]] * [[Stipshausen]] * [[Stockem (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Stockem]] * [[Stockhausen-Illfurth]] * [[Stockum-Püschen]] * [[Straßenhaus]] * [[Streithausen]] * [[Strickscheid]] * [[Strohn]] * [[Strotzbüsch]] * [[Strüth]] * [[Stürzelbach]] * [[Sülm]] * [[Sulzbach (Tergum Caninum)|Sulzbach]] <small>(bei Idar-Oberstein)</small> * [[Sulzbach (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Sulzbach]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> * [[Sulzheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Sulzheim]] {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Taben-Rodt]] * [[Talling]] * [[Tawern]] * [[Tellig]] * [[Temmels]] * [[Teschenmoschel]] * [[Thaleischweiler-Fröschen]] * [[Thalfang]] * [[Thalhausen]] * [[Thallichtenberg]] * [[Theisbergstegen]] * [[Theodericenovale]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörth'')</small> * [[Theoderici Separatio]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886">Lamprecht, K. (1886). ''Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der materiellen Kultur des platten Landes auf Grund der Quellen zunächst des Mosellandes'' (Vol. 1). Alphons Dürr.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dierscheid'')</small> * [[Theodericicella]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorsel'')</small> * [[Theodericidivisa |Theodericidivisa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörscheid'')</small> * [[Theodericidivisa (Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis)|Theodericidivisa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis|Circulo terrae Magniacensi et Confluentensi]]<ref name="CTMEC">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Magniacensis-e" et "Confluentensis-e" ad urbes [[Magniacum (Germania)|Magniacum]] et [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]] referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ditscheid'')</small> * [[Theodericidomium]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dintesheim'')</small> * [[Theodericidomus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorsheim'')</small> * [[Theodericidomus et Coryletum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dittelsheim-Heßloch'')</small> * [[Theodericifons (Circulus Montis Iovis)|Theodericifons]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Montis Iovis|Circulo Montis Iovis]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreisen''; [[Palatinice]] ''Drase'')</small> * [[Theodericifons (Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci)|Theodericifons]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci|Circulo terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci]]<ref name="CTTMCEV">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis "[[Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa|Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa]]" et "[[Vitelliacum]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreis'')</small> * [[Theodericifons et Pons]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreis-Brück'')</small> * [[Theodericifusum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dünfus''; dialectaliter Duenfusensice<ref name="Duenfusensice">Adverbium in gentilicio "Duenfusensis-e" fundatur. Quo de gentilicio, vide: Görz, A. (1874). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten: oder chronologische Zusammenstellung der Quellenbriefe für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: Denkert & Groos.</ref> ''Dimmes'')</small> * [[Theodericinga]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietrichingen'')</small> * [[Theodericirivus (Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis)|Theodericirivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis|Circulo terrae Cruciniacensi]]<ref name="CTCru">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Kreuznach'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cruciniacum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cruciniacensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörrebach'')</small> * [[Theodericirivus (Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae)|Theodericirivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae|Circulo terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae]]<ref name="CTEV">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae" -Theodisce ''Vulkaneifel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum toponymum "[[Eifla]]" Theodiscum lexema ''-eifel'' et Latinum adiectivum "[[Mons ignifer|vulcanicus-a-um]]" Theodiscum praefixum ''Vulkan-'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Duppach'')</small> * [[Theodericirivus (Occidentalis Silva)|Theodericirivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreisbach''; dialectaliter ''Draasbich'')</small> * [[Theodericisedes]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Donsieders''; [[Palatanice]] ''Dunsiters'')</small> * [[Theodericistreia]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dirmstein'')</small> * [[Theodericivilla (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Theodericivilla]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörsdorf'')</small> * [[Theodericivilla (Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini)|Theodericivilla]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref name="CRETC"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dillendorf''; [[Hunnice]] ''Dilledoref'')</small> * [[Theodericocampus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Döttesfeld'')</small> * [[Theodericohardus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diethardt'')</small> * [[Theodericorivus (Palatinatus)|Theodericorivus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dimbach'')</small> * [[Theodericovilla]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dittweiler'')</small> * [[Thomae et Lamberti Villa]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dohm-Lammersdorf'')</small> * [[Thomm]] * [[Thörlingen]] * [[Thörnich]] * [[Thulinkircha]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dielkirchen'')</small> * [[Thür]] * [[Tiefenbach (Tergum Caninum)|Tiefenbach]] <small>(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Tiefenthal (Pfalz)|Tiefenthal]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Tiefenthal (Hassia Rhenana)|Tiefenthal]] <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana"/>)</small> * [[Todenroth]] * [[Torrens Ursorum (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Torrens Ursorum]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]<ref name="Steininger 1834"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärenbach'')</small> * [[Traisen (Nahe)|Traisen]] * [[Trassem]] * [[Trechtingshausen]] * [[Treis-Karden]] * [[Tricampia]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce 'Dreifelden''')</small> * [[Tricclesiae]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreikirchen'')</small> * [[Trierscheid]] * [[Trierweiler]] * [[Trimbs]] * [[Trimport]] * [[Trippstadt]] * [[Trittenheim]] * [[Troneccum]]<ref name="Linden 1852"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dhronecken'')</small> * [[Trulben]] {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Übereisenbach]] * [[Udenheim]] * [[Üdersdorf]] * [[Udilonis Fons]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989">Pokorny, J. (1959). ''Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch''. Francke Verlag; et: Pokorny, J. (1989). ''Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch''. Francke Verlag. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eitelborn'')</small> * [[Udler]] * [[Uelversheim]] * [[Uersfeld]] * [[Ueß]] * [[Uhler]] * [[Ulmet]] * [[Uminis Domus]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eimsheim'')</small> * [[Undenheim]] * [[Uniclivium]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Einöllen'')</small> * [[Unicum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Unicum]]<ref name="Lamprecht I 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Einig'')</small> * [[Unkenbach]] * [[Unnau]] * [[Unterjeckenbach]] * [[Untershausen]] * [[Unzenberg]] * [[Uppershausen]] * [[Urbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Urbach]] * [[Urbar (bei Koblenz)|Urbar]] <small>(bei Koblenz)</small> * [[Urbar (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Urbar]] <small>(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref name="CRETC"/>)</small> * [[Urmersbach]] * [[Urmitz]] * [[Urschmitt]] * [[Ürzig]] * [[Usch (Eiflia)|Usch]] * [[Uterina Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eußerthal'')</small> * [[Utscheid]] * [[Üttfeld]] * [[Utzenhain]] * [[Utzerath]] * [[Üxheim]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vadum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vadum]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürthen'')</small> * [[Vallemeroda]]<ref name="Steininger 1836"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallmerod'')</small> * [[Vallis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fell''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Faähl'')</small> * [[Vallis Ampla (Tergum Caninum)|Vallis Ampla]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenthal''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bränel'' seu ''Brään'l'')</small> * [[Vallis Bodonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bobenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Domus (Hassia Rhenana)|Vallis Domus]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dalheim'')</small> * [[Vallis Domus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vallis Domus]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dahlheim'')</small> * [[Vallis Picta]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bundenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Pontis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brücktal'')</small> * [[Vallis Servitutis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dienethal'')</small> * [[Valwig]] * [[Veitsrodt]] * [[Veldenz]] * [[Vendersheim]] * [[Venningen]] * [[Vettelschoß]] * [[Vetus Ecclesia (Palatinatus)|Vetus Ecclesia]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenkirchen'')</small> * [[Vetus Lininga]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altleiningen'')</small> * [[Vicus Beronis (Eiflia)|Vicus Beronis]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berndorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Bicilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Bickelheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Episcopi (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vicus Episcopi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Bischofsheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Flamingorum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flemlingen'')</small> * [[Vicus Flaronis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fleringen'')</small> * [[Vicus Flonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flonheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Flori et Dagolfi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flörsheim-Dalsheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Franconis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Franzenheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Fridinis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedelsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Frlsm'')</small> * [[Vicus Fridonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frettenheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Frimari (ad Albam)|Vicus Frimari]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(ad Albam<ref name="BÄr 1891"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Freimersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Frimari (ad Saletionem)|Vicus Frimari]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(ad [[Saletio (flumen)|Saletionem]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Framersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Frimari (Palatinatus)|Vicus Frimari]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Freimersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Frisonis (Hassia Rhenana)|Vicus Frisonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friesenheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Gawirici]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gauersheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Gaaschem'')</small> * [[Vicus Geisboti]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gabsheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Gundonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fußgönheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Hepponis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Heppenheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Liberi Liubheris]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frei-Laubersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Liberorum (Occidentalis Silva)|Vicus Liberorum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freilingen''; dialectaliter ''Frälinge'')</small> * [[Vicus Otarii]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Odernheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Raconis Liber]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freirachdorf''; dialectaliter ''Fraerachdorw'')</small> * [[Vicus Waganis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gau-Weinheim'')</small> * [[Vielbach]] * [[Vierherrenborn]] * [[Villa Ampla (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Villa Ampla]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Baltrammi]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bermersheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bassonis]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bassenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Beconis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bellonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1857"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bellheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bellem'')</small> * [[Villa Bermari]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bermersheim vor der Höhe'')</small> * [[Villa Bertolfi]]<ref name="Roth, Stolper & von Bechtolsheim 2007">Roth, M. T., Stolper, M. W., & von Bechtolsheim, P. (2007). ''Studies presented to Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2000''. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechtolsheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bettonis (Taunus)|Villa Bettonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bettendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Bibilonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebelsheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bickonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bickendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Bieri]]<ref name="Kyll 1988">Kyll, T. (1988). ''Biersdorf - Eine kleine Chronik: Dorfgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart''. Villae Bieri.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biersdorf am See'')</small> * [[Villa Bilca]]<ref name="Vogel 1843">Vogel, C. D. (1843). ''Beschreibung des Herzogthums Nassau''. [[Aquae Mattiacae|Aquis Mattiacis]]: Beyerle.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bilkheim'')</small> * [[Villa Billingi et Ingeni]]<ref name="Lehmann 1867">Lehmann, I. G. (1867). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Burgen und Bergschlösser in den ehemaligen Gauen, Grafschaften und Herrschaften der bayerischen Pfalz''. [[Caesarea Lutra|Caesareae Lutrae]]: Tascher: et; Lehmann, I. G. (1867). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der vormaligen Pfalz''. Verlag der J. J. Tascher'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Billigheim-Ingenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bizzirichi]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bissersheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bobonis (Palatinatus)|Villa Bobonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böbingen'')</small> * [[Villa Bocconis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bockenheim an der Weinstraße''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bockrem'')</small> * [[Villa Bodonis]]<ref name="Kaufmann 1976">Kaufmann, H. (1976). ''Rheinhessische Ortsnamen''. Monaci: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Bousonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bausendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Brachiti]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brecht'')</small> * [[Villa Brachti]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brachtendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Bubilonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebelnheim'')</small> * [[Villa Budonis (Eiflia)|Villa Budonis]]<ref name="">Meiller, A. von. (1866). ''Regesta archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium: Regesten zur Geschichte der Mainzer Erzbischöfe''. [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner’sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biesdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Crassa]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dickendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Deghonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dexheim'')</small> * [[Villa Dinonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dienheim'')</small> * [[Villa Ezzonis]]<ref name="Pokorny 1959 & 1989"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eßweiler'')</small> * [[Villa Feuzonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feusdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Filonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feilsdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Fontis (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Villa Fontis]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]<ref name="CREL">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis" -Theodisce ''Rhein-Lahn-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Rhenanus-a-um" et "Lauganensis-e" ad flumina [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] et [[Laugana]]m referuntur. De primo hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}; de secundo, vide {{Murray}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Rin-Lahn'' et ''Arrondissement de Rhin-Lahn'' et ''Distrito do Reno-Lano'' et ''Circondario del Reno-Lahn'' et ''Zemský okres Rýn-Lahn'' et Рейн-Лан.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bornich'')</small> * [[Villa Fontis (Hassia Rhenana)|Villa Fontis]]<ref name="Kaufmann 1976"/> <small>(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]<ref name="Hassia Rhenana">Vide [https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/a608058900schuuoft/a608058900schuuoft.pdf ''Status dioecesium catholicarum in Austria germanica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hassia rhenana (ubi jus francogallicum valet) (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bornheim'')</small> * [[Villa Fontis (Palatinatus)|Villa Fontis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bornheim'')</small> * [[Villa Furnorum]]<ref name="Forcellini 1864-1887"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Föhren'')</small> * [[Villa Palustris]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fensdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Solitaria (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Villa Solitaria]]<ref name="Böhmer 1870">Böhmer, J. F. (1870). ''Regesta Archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium''. Wagner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Einselthum''; [[Palatinice]] ''Oinseldumm'')</small> * [[Villa Vallis (prope Bedense Castrum)|Villa Vallis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Villare ad Casas (Eiflia)|Villare ad Casas]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Beuren'')</small> * [[Villare ad Casas (Silva Alta)|Villare ad Casas]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(in Silva Alta<ref name="Steininger 1836"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Beuren'')</small> * [[Villare Battonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Battweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Bavonis (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Villare Bavonis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]<ref name="CEBEP">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis" -Theodisce ''Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Eiflensis-e" et "Bedensis-e" et "Prumiensis-e" ad [[Eifla]]m et "Bedense castrum" et "[[Prumia (monasterium)|Prumiam]]" referuntur. Omnibus de his toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bauler'')</small> * [[Villare Belgicum]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Belgweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bellischwilla'')</small> * [[Villare Benzonis]]<ref name="Görz 1886"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Benzweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bensad'')</small> * [[Villare Berichonis prope Bemondulam]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/><ref name="Stadt Baumholder"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berschweiler bei Baumholder'')</small> * [[Villare Berichonis prope Kyrinam]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/><ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berschweiler bei Kirn''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berschwilla'')</small> * [[Villare Beronis]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Barweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Betularum]]<ref name="Bärsch 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Bruningis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breunigweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Brunonis]]<ref name="Lehmann 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Braunweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Dannonis-Rivus Dominicus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dennweiler-Frohnbach'')</small> * [[Villare Dassonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Daxweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Dintzonis]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dienstweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Fartonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900">Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen''. [[Bonna]]e: Hanstein; et: Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen'' (Vol. 2). Bonnae, in Germania: Hanstein.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Farschweiler''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Foaschweila'')</small> * [[Villare Fersconis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ferschweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Franconis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Geilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gehlweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Gälwilla'')</small> * [[Villare Geronis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gehrweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Grawonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gaugrehweiler''; [[Palatinice]] ''Grehwiller'')</small> * [[Villare in Monte]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Paludosum]]<ref name="Wampach 1935"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bruchwilla'')</small> * [[Villare Ursi]]<ref name="Hontheim 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärweiler'')</small> * [[Vinningen]] * [[Virneburg]] * [[Völkersweiler]] * [[Volkerzen]] * [[Volkesfeld]] * [[Vollmersbach]] * [[Vollmersweiler]] * [[Volxheim]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Wachenheim (Pfrimm)|Wachenheim]] * [[Wagenhausen (Eiflia)|Wagenhausen]] * [[Wahlbach (Tergum Caninum)|Wahlbach]] * [[Wahlenau]] * [[Wahlheim]] * [[Wahlrod]] * [[Wahnwegen]] * [[Waigandshain]] * [[Waldalgesheim]] * [[Waldböckelheim]] (Theodisce ''Waldböckelheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Beggelum'') * [[Waldbreitbach]] * [[Waldesch]] * [[Waldfischbach-Burgalben]] * [[Waldgrehweiler]] * [[Waldhambach (Pfalz)|Waldhambach]] * [[Waldhof-Falkenstein]] * [[Waldlaubersheim]] * [[Waldleiningen]] * [[Waldmühlen]] * [[Waldorf (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Waldorf]] * [[Waldrach]] * [[Waldrohrbach]] * [[Waldsee (Pfalz)|Waldsee]] * [[Waldweiler]] * [[Walhausen]] * [[Wallenborn]] * [[Wallendorf (Eiflia)|Wallendorf]] * [[Wallersheim (Eiflia)|Wallersheim]] * [[Wallertheim]] * [[Wallhalben]] * [[Wallhausen (prope Cruciniacum)|Wallhausen]] * [[Wallmenroth]] * [[Wallscheid]] * [[Walsdorf (Eiflia)|Walsdorf]] * [[Walshausen]] * [[Walsheim]] * [[Walterschen]] * [[Warmsroth]] * [[Wartenberg-Rohrbach]] * [[Wasenbach]] * [[Wassenach]] * [[Wasserliesch]] * [[Wattenheim]] * [[Watzerath]] * [[Wawern (Eiflia)|Wawern]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Wawern (Saar)|Wawern]] <small>(Saar)</small> * [[Waxweiler]] * [[Wehr (Eiflia)|Wehr]] * [[Weibern (Eiflia)|Weibern]] * [[Weiden (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Weiden]] * [[Weidenbach (Eiflia)|Weidenbach]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Weidenbach (Taunus)|Weidenbach]] <small>(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]<ref name="Hofmann"/>)</small> * [[Weidenhahn]] * [[Weidenthal]] * [[Weidingen]] * [[Weiler (bei Mayen)|Weiler]] <small>(bei Mayen)</small> * [[Weiler (bei Ulmen)|Weiler]] <small>(bei Ulmen)</small> * [[Weiler bei Bingen]] * [[Weiler bei Monzingen]] * [[Weilerbach]] * [[Weinähr]] * [[Weingarten (Pfalz)]] * [[Weinolsheim]] * [[Weinsheim (prope Cruciniacum)|Weinsheim]] <small>(prope [[Cruciniacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Weinsheim (Eiflia)|Weinsheim]] <small>(in [[Eiflia]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Weisel (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Weisel]] * [[Weisenheim am Berg]] * [[Weisenheim am Sand]] * [[Weitefeld]] * [[Weitersbach]] * [[Weitersborn]] * [[Weitersburg]] * [[Weitersweiler]] * [[Welcherath]] * [[Welchweiler]] * [[Welgesheim]] * [[Welkenbach]] * [[Wellen (Mosel)|Wellen]] * [[Welling]] * [[Welschbillig]] * [[Welschenbach]] * [[Welschneudorf]] * [[Welterod]] * [[Weltersburg]] * [[Wendelsheim]] * [[Werkhausen]] * [[Wernersberg]] * [[Weroth]] * [[Wershofen]] * [[Weselberg]] * [[Westernohe]] * [[Westheim (Pfalz)]] * [[Westhofen]] * [[Wettlingen]] * [[Weyer (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Weyer]] * [[Weyerbusch]] * [[Weyher in der Pfalz]] * [[Wickenrodt]] * [[Wiebelsheim]] * [[Wied (bei Hachenburg)|Wied]] * [[Wierschem]] * [[Wiersdorf (Eiflia)|Wiersdorf]] * [[Wiesbach (Pfalz)|Wiesbach]] * [[Wiesbaum]] * [[Wiesemscheid]] * [[Wiesweiler]] * [[Wilgartswiesen]] * [[Willingen (Occidentalis Silva)|Willingen]] * [[Willmenrod]] * [[Willroth]] * [[Willwerscheid]] * [[Wilsecker]] * [[Wiltingen]] * [[Wilzenberg-Hußweiler]] * [[Wimbach]] * [[Wincheringen]] * [[Winden (Nassau)|Winden]] <small>(Nassau)</small> * [[Winden (Pfalz)|Winden]] <small>(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> * [[Windesheim]] * [[Windhagen]] * [[Winkel (Eiflia)]] * [[Winkelbach]] * [[Winnen]] * [[Winnerath]] * [[Winningen]] * [[Winnweiler]] * [[Winringen]] * [[Winterbach (Pfalz)]] * [[Winterbach (Soonwald)|Winterbach]] <small>(Soonwald)</small> * [[Winterborn (Pfalz)|Winterborn]] * [[Winterburg]] * [[Winterscheid]] * [[Wintersheim]] * [[Winterspelt]] * [[Winterwerb]] * [[Wintrich]] * [[Wirft]] * [[Wirfus]] * [[Wirscheid]] * [[Wirschweiler]] * [[Wißmannsdorf]] * [[Wittgert]] * [[Woldert]] * [[Wölferlingen]] * [[Wolfsheim (Gemeinde)|Wolfsheim]] * [[Wolken (bei Koblenz)|Wolken]] * [[Wollmerath]] * [[Wöllstein]] * [[Wölmersen]] * [[Wolsfeld]] * [[Womrath]] * [[Wonsheim]] * [[Woppenroth]] * [[Würrich]] * [[Würzweiler]] * [[Wüschheim (Tergum Caninum)|Wüschheim]] {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zehnhausen bei Rennerod]] * [[Zehnhausen bei Wallmerod]] * [[Zeiskam]] * [[Zellertal]] * [[Zeltingen-Rachtig]] * [[Zemmer]] * [[Zendscheid]] * [[Zerf]] * [[Zettingen]] * [[Ziegenhain (Occidentalis Silva)|Ziegenhain]] * [[Zilshausen]] * [[Zimmerschied]] * [[Zornheim]] * [[Zotzenheim]] * [[Züsch]] * [[Zweifelscheid]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria: Urbes Rhenaniae-Palatinatus]] iwvurtbv7nff5i51qkx995v5qgm0dqg 0 324261 3955281 3955166 2026-04-17T16:23:48Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3955281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]] {{res|Tritium}} (e Graeco τρίτος ‘tertius’, nota {{chem|3|1|H|}} aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radiactivitas|radiactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune, {{*ie}} [[protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Vix anno [[1934]] a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est, quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10¹⁸ atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis [[Fusio nuclearis|fusis]] secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]]: D + D → T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.<ref>{{qc|Gillespie et al., 2026}}.</ref> Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur, [[Semivita biologica|semivitā]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam: : {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Aquae quoque incorporatur tritium quae tunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aqua tritiata||en|qid=Q424236}} dicitur. Illane aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur.<ref>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]", ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == * {{Opus | cognomen auctricis 1 = Eyrolle | nomen auctricis 1 = Frédérique | cognomen auctoris 2 = Copard | nomen auctoris 2 = Yoann | cognomen auctoris 3 = Lepage | nomen auctoris 3 = Hugo | cognomen auctoris 4 = Ducros | nomen auctoris 4 = Loic | cognomen auctricis 5 = Morereau | nomen auctricis 5 = Amandine | cognomen auctricis 6 = Grosbois | nomen auctricis 6 = Cécile | cognomen auctricis 7 = Cossonnet | nomen auctricis 7 = Catherine | cognomen auctoris 8 = Gurriaran | nomen auctoris 8 = Rodolfo | cognomen auctoris 9 = Booth | nomen auctoris 9 = Shawn | cognomen auctoris 10 = Desmet | nomen auctoris 10 = Marc | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests | contextus = Scientific Reports | volumen = 9 | annus = 2019 | fasciculus = 11487 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-47821-1 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 }} * Frédérique Eyrolle, Loïc Ducros, Séverine Le Dizès, Karine Beaugelin-Seiller, Sabine Charmasson, Patrick Boyer, Catherine Cossonnet. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17307956 An updated review on tritium in the environment]", ''Journal of Environmental Radioactivity'', 2018: 128-137 * {{Ecce citatio | id = Gillespie et al., 2026 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Gillespie | nomen auctoris 1 = Andrew K. | cognomen auctoris 2 = Lin | nomen auctoris 2 = Cuikun | cognomen auctoris 3 = Jones | nomen auctoris 3 = Ian | cognomen auctoris 4 = Jeffries | nomen auctoris 4 = Brad | cognomen auctoris 5 = Philipps | nomen auctoris 5 = Joseph Caleb | cognomen auctoris 6 = Puri | nomen auctoris 6 = Sandeep | cognomen auctoris 7 = Gahl | nomen auctoris 7 = John | cognomen auctoris 8 = Brockman | nomen auctoris 8 = John | cognomen auctoris 9 = Duncan | nomen auctoris 9 = R. V. | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Enhanced tritium production in irradiated TiD2 from collisional fusion in the solid-state | contextus = Nuclear Engineering and Technology | volumen = 58 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 2026 | pagina = 104031 | issn = 1738-5733 | doi = 10.1016/j.net.2025.104031 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573325005996 }} }} * Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013 * Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. "[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]", ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563 * Andrew J. Parker, Michael D. Aspinall, Colin Boxall, Frank D. Cave, Malcolm J. Joyce. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149197023001683 Radiometric techniques for the detection and assessment of tritium in aqueous media - a review]", ''Progress in Nuclear Energy'', 2023, 104733 * Yu Teng, Hong Yang, Yulin Tian. "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11397416/ The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research]", ''Molecules'', 2024:4109 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Tritium|tritium}} * [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS] * [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus [[Categoria:Elementa chemica]] 8a63esiw6z9vo0f5nzfk6x7p7mh4pqw 3955328 3955281 2026-04-17T21:58:37Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3955328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]] {{res|Tritium}} (e Graeco τρίτος ‘tertius’, nota {{chem|3|1|H|}} aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radiactivitas|radiactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune, {{*ie}} [[protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Vix anno [[1934]] a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est, quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10¹⁸ atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis [[Fusio nuclearis|fusis]] secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]]: D + D → T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.<ref>{{qc|Gillespie et al., 2026}}.</ref> Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur, [[Semivita biologica|semivitā]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam: : {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} + {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Aquae quoque incorporatur tritium quae tunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aqua tritiata||en|qid=Q424236}} dicitur. Illane aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur.<ref>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]", ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == * {{Opus | cognomen auctricis 1 = Eyrolle | nomen auctricis 1 = Frédérique | cognomen auctoris 2 = Copard | nomen auctoris 2 = Yoann | cognomen auctoris 3 = Lepage | nomen auctoris 3 = Hugo | cognomen auctoris 4 = Ducros | nomen auctoris 4 = Loic | cognomen auctricis 5 = Morereau | nomen auctricis 5 = Amandine | cognomen auctricis 6 = Grosbois | nomen auctricis 6 = Cécile | cognomen auctricis 7 = Cossonnet | nomen auctricis 7 = Catherine | cognomen auctoris 8 = Gurriaran | nomen auctoris 8 = Rodolfo | cognomen auctoris 9 = Booth | nomen auctoris 9 = Shawn | cognomen auctoris 10 = Desmet | nomen auctoris 10 = Marc | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests | contextus = Scientific Reports | volumen = 9 | annus = 2019 | fasciculus = 11487 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-47821-1 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 }} * {{Opus | cognomen auctricis 1 = Eyrolle | nomen auctricis 1 = Frédérique | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ducros | nomen auctoris 2 = Loïc | cognomen auctricis 3 = Le Dizès | nomen auctricis 3 = Séverine | cognomen auctricis 4 = Beaugelin-Seiller | nomen auctricis 4 = Karine | cognomen auctricis 5 = Charmasson | nomen auctricis 5 = Sabine | cognomen auctoris 6 = Boyer | nomen auctoris 6 = Patrick | cognomen auctricis 7 = Cossonnet | nomen auctricis 7 = Catherine | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = An updated review on tritium in the environment | contextus = Journal of Environmental Radioactivity | volumen = 181 | annus = 2018 | paginae = 128–137 | doi = 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.001 | issn = 0265-931X | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17307956 }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Gillespie et al., 2026 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Gillespie | nomen auctoris 1 = Andrew K. | cognomen auctoris 2 = Lin | nomen auctoris 2 = Cuikun | cognomen auctoris 3 = Jones | nomen auctoris 3 = Ian | cognomen auctoris 4 = Jeffries | nomen auctoris 4 = Brad | cognomen auctoris 5 = Philipps | nomen auctoris 5 = Joseph Caleb | cognomen auctoris 6 = Puri | nomen auctoris 6 = Sandeep | cognomen auctoris 7 = Gahl | nomen auctoris 7 = John | cognomen auctoris 8 = Brockman | nomen auctoris 8 = John | cognomen auctoris 9 = Duncan | nomen auctoris 9 = R. V. | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Enhanced tritium production in irradiated TiD2 from collisional fusion in the solid-state | contextus = Nuclear Engineering and Technology | volumen = 58 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 2026 | pagina = 104031 | issn = 1738-5733 | doi = 10.1016/j.net.2025.104031 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573325005996 }} }} * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Le Goff | nomen auctoris = Pierre | titulus = Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert | genus = doctoralis dissertatio | mensis = 12 | annus = 2013 | url = https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 | domus editoria = Université de Franche-Comté | locus = [[Vesontio|Vesontione]] }} * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Matsumoto | nomen auctoris 1 = Hideki | cognomen auctoris 2 = Shimada | nomen auctoris 2 = Yoshiya | cognomen auctoris 3 = Nakamura | nomen auctoris 3 = Asako J. | cognomen auctoris 4 = Usami | nomen auctoris 4 = Noriko | cognomen auctoris 5 = Ojima | nomen auctoris 5 = Mitsuaki | cognomen auctoris 6 = Kakinuma | nomen auctoris 6 = Shizuko | cognomen auctoris 7 = Shimada | nomen auctoris 7 = Mikio | cognomen auctoris 8 = Sunaoshi | nomen auctoris 8 = Masaaki | cognomen auctoris 9 = Hirayama | nomen auctoris 9 = Ryoichi | cognomen auctoris 10 = Tauchi | nomen auctoris 10 = Hiroshi | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence? | contextus = Journal of Radiation Research | volumen = 62 | fasciculus = 4 | tempus = 2021-04-28 | paginae = 557–563 | doi = 10.1093/jrr/rrab029 | url = https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 }} * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Parker | nomen auctoris 1 = Andrew J. | cognomen auctoris 2 = Aspinall | nomen auctoris 2 = Michael D. | cognomen auctoris 3 = Boxall | nomen auctoris 3 = Colin | cognomen auctoris 4 = Cave | nomen auctoris 4 = Frank D. | cognomen auctoris 5 = Joyce | nomen auctoris 5 = Malcolm J. | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Radiometric techniques for the detection and assessment of tritium in aqueous media - a review | contextus = Progress in Nuclear Energy | annus = 2023 | pagina = 104733 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnucene.2023.104733 | issn = 0149-1970 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149197023001683 }} * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Teng | nomen auctoris 1 = Yu | cognomen auctoris 2 = Yang | nomen auctoris 2 = Hong | cognomen auctoris 3 = Tian | nomen auctoris 3 = Yulin | titulus = The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research | contextus = Molecules | volumen = 29 | fasciculus = 17 | tempus = 2024-08-29 | pagina = 4109 | doi = 10.3390/molecules29174109 | pmid = 39274956 | pmcid = PMC11397416 | url = https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11397416/ }} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Tritium|tritium}} * [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS] * [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus [[Categoria:Elementa chemica]] o8klzb2rhxgot3q858wsjas8617lkp6 10 324331 3955278 3955158 2026-04-17T16:14:35Z Grufo 64423 Redundantia removi 3955278 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Metacapsa tabellaria | caput 1 = {{PAGENAME}} | si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}} | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|<br /><small>{{{descriptio}}}</small>}} | si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}} | caput 3 = Categoria | res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{#property:P136}}]]}} | si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}} | caput 4 = Numerus | res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P1545}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}}}}} | si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}} | caput 5 = Auctor | res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}|{{{auctor}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}} | si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}} | caput 6 = Argumenta | res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}} | si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}} | caput 7 = Tempus | res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}}} | si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}} | caput 8 = Lingua | res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{#property:P407}}]]}} | si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}} | caput 9 = Contextus | res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{#property:P1433}}]]}} | si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}} | res 10 = <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;"><span>{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}} | ← [[{{{praecedens}}}]] | {{#if:{{#property:P155}} | ← [[{{#property:P155}}]] }} }}</span><span>{{#if:{{{sequens|}}} | [[{{{sequens}}}]] → | {{#if:{{#property:P156}} | [[{{#property:P156}}]] → }} }}</span></div> }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> c7guyujafbk5gyxbkvfv610jh0os7wv 0 324425 3955193 3955175 2026-04-17T12:18:43Z IacobusAmor 1163 Nomen 3955193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Raphia}}{{FD ref}} ([[Arabice]] رفح ''Rafaḥ'') [[urbs]] [[Lacinia Gazetica|Laciniae Gazeticae]] fuit. Urbs erat a civitate [[Israel]] inter [[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023]] destructa. == Historia == {{Hiero|rpwḥw<ref name="Gauthier">{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques |volume=3 |date=1926 |page=118 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n61/mode/2up}}</ref>|<hiero>r:Z1-p-w-bH:mDAt-xAst</hiero>|align=left|era=nk}} Raphia ab [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptiis antiquis]] [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.|saeculo 13 a.C.n.]] primum descripta est. Anno [[217 a.C.n.]], [[proelium Raphia]]e inter victorem [[Ptolemaeus IV|Ptolemaeum IV]] et [[Antiochus III|Antiochum III]] gestum est. Cum plus quam centum milibus [[miles|militum]] et centum [[elephantus|elephantis]] pugnatum est. === Aetas Christiana === Dioecesis aetate [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Byzantina]] condita est. Episcopus Romanus in [[Concilium Ephesinum|Concilio Ephesiano]] anno [[431]] repraesentavit. ==== Episcopi titulares ==== # Ernestus Ludovicus Joye, [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum|O.F.M. Cap.]] (4 Iunii 1936 - 4 Octobris 1962) # Ioannes Gulielmus Nicolaysen Gran, [[Ordo Cisterciensis strictioris observantiae|O.C.S.O.]] (27 Decembris 1962 - 25 Novembris 1964)<ref>''Annuario Pontificio'' anno 1936, p. 447</ref> === Aetas Islamica === Raphia a [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]] anno [[635]] capta est. Ab [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanis]] anno [[1596]] captum est et a [[Imperium Britannicum|Britannis]] anno [[1917]]. {{Notae}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Rafah|Raphiam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Urbes Palaestinae]] 2kgsn5ox6i0r7f0k08048aapfjt3ugk 3955196 3955193 2026-04-17T12:30:32Z IacobusAmor 1163 + ex en: 3955196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Raphia}}{{FD ref}} ([[Arabice]] رفح ''Rafaḥ'') est [[urbs]] plerumque [[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023|bello Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023]] devastata et depopulata<ref name=":2">{{Cite web | title=Rafah Is Gone. Razed to the Ground. And It's Not the Only City Wiped Out by the Israeli Army - Israel News - Haaretz.com | url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/ty-article-magazine/.premium/rafah-is-gone-razed-to-the-ground-its-not-the-only-city-decimated-by-the-israeli-army/00000197-6506-db73-aff7-7d4ee6bb0000 | access-date=2025-07-30 | website=www.haaretz.com}}.</ref><ref name="JPOST housing">{{Cite web |date=25 Februarii 2026 |title=Gaza-based firm to build UAE-funded Rafah housing compound |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-887946 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |publication-date=2026-02-25 |quote=According to a planning map seen by Reuters, the compound would be built near Rafah on Gaza's southern edge, an area depopulated and demolished by Israeli forces during the war with Hamas. |issn=0792-822X}}.</ref> in [[meridies|meridiana]] [[Lacinia Gazetica|Laciniae Gazeticae]] parte [[Palaestina]]e sita, quae [[caput (urbs)|capiti]] [[Gubernatus Rafiensis]] prodest. == Historia == {{Hiero|rpwḥw<ref name="Gauthier">{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques |volume=3 |date=1926 |page=118 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n61/mode/2up}}</ref>|<hiero>r:Z1-p-w-bH:mDAt-xAst</hiero>|align=left|era=nk}} Raphia ab [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptiis antiquis]] [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.|saeculo 13 a.C.n.]] primum descripta est. Anno [[217 a.C.n.]], [[proelium Raphia]]e inter victorem [[Ptolemaeus IV|Ptolemaeum IV]] et [[Antiochus III|Antiochum III]] gestum est. Cum plus quam centum milibus [[miles|militum]] et centum [[elephantus|elephantis]] pugnatum est. === Aetas Christiana === Dioecesis aetate [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Byzantina]] condita est. Episcopus Romanus in [[Concilium Ephesinum|Concilio Ephesiano]] anno [[431]] repraesentavit. ==== Episcopi titulares ==== # Ernestus Ludovicus Joye, [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum|O.F.M. Cap.]] (4 Iunii 1936 - 4 Octobris 1962) # Ioannes Gulielmus Nicolaysen Gran, [[Ordo Cisterciensis strictioris observantiae|O.C.S.O.]] (27 Decembris 1962 - 25 Novembris 1964)<ref>''Annuario Pontificio'' anno 1936, p. 447.</ref> === Aetas Islamica === Raphia a [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]] anno [[635]], ab [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanis]] anno [[1596]], et a [[Imperium Britannicum|Britannis]] anno [[1917]] capta est. ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Rafah|Raphiam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Urbes Palaestinae]] amy0knwdvabb31nzucts391opd6p5o2 0 324427 3955185 2026-04-17T11:59:39Z ~2026-23652-77 208114 novo carmen 3955185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Debacchatur mundus pomo}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LI reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Debacchatur mundus pomo, quod comedit primus homo. demonstratur nobis tomo, quod privamur nostra domo. (Refl.) Prohdolor! Moyses et Aaron, rex David et Salomon, Ierusalem et Gion, mundus plorat et Sion. Ecce tempus, tempus mestum, propter plebem fit infestum; patet enim manifestum, quod plebs temptat inhonestum. (Refl.) Prohdolor! Moyses et Aaron, rex David et Salomon, Ierusalem et Gion, mundus plorat et Sion. Alteratur creatura, fit nevosa, pro, natura. quid superbit limatura, de qua summis nulla cura? (Refl.) Prohdolor! Moyses et Aaron, rex David et Salomon, Ierusalem et Gion, mundus plorat et Sion. Homo reus captivatur, dum hic vagus exulatur; non de iure gratulatur, dum hic brevis moriatur. (Refl.) Prohdolor! Moyses et Aaron, rex David et Salomon, Ierusalem et Gion, mundus plorat et Sion.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione morali et satirica repertum, de lapsu humanitatis et mundi miseria disserit, incipiens a peccato originali [[Adam|Adami]] ("pomo"). Auctor deplorat condicionem humanam ubi homo, propter culpam primorum parentum, a domo caelesti privatur et in hoc mundo sicut exul vagatur. Lamentatio per nomina biblica (Moyses, Aaron, David, Salomon) et loca sacra ([[Ierusalem]], [[Sion]]) confirmatur, quae omnia ruinam mundi plorare dicuntur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> Argumentum morale contra superbiam et inhonestatem plebis dirigitur, naturam ipsam corruptam esse arguens. Homo hic describitur sicut "reus" et "captivus", cuius vita brevis est et morte finitur, sine ulla stabilitate iuris vel felicitatis in terra. Carmen est typicum exemplum contemptus mundi, ubi fragilitas humanae condicionis sub specie aeternitatis et scripturae tomo demonstratur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] qajyv40b5c1sj70xr2lpt5o9kq343fx 0 324428 3955186 2026-04-17T12:01:19Z ~2026-23652-77 208114 novo carmen 3955186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Imperator rex Grecorum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIa reperitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55">{{Opus | titulus = De cruce signatis 46-55 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Imperator rex Grecorum, minas spernens paganorum, auro sumpto thesaurorum parat sumptus armatorum. (Refl.) Ayos o theos athanathos, ysma sather yschyros! miserere kyrios, salva tuos famulos! Almaricus miles fortis, rex communis nostre sortis, in Egypto fractis portis Turcos stravit dire mortis. (Refl.) Ayos o theos athanathos, ysma sather yschyros! miserere kyrios, salva tuos famulos! Omnis ergo Christianus ad Egyptum tendat manus! semper ibi degat sanus, destruatur rex paganus! (Refl.) Ayos o theos athanathos, ysma sather yschyros! miserere kyrios, salva tuos famulos!<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in numerum carminum moralium et satiricorum insertum, res gestas in [[Expeditio sacra|expeditionibus sacris]] celebrat, praesertim ad [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] spectantes. Textus laudat conatus [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperatoris Graecorum]] et regis [[Amalaricus (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Almarici I Hierosolymitani]] contra hostes [[Sarraceni|paganos]] et [[Turcae|Turcos]]. Carmen est simul carmen bellicum et oratio religiosa, quod patet ex crebra repetitione dactyli graeci in [[refrain|refrenio]], ad divinum auxilium invocandum pro exercitu christiano.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> Argumentum centrale est exhortatio ad omnes christianos ut arma capiant et ad partes orientales tendant ad regem paganum destruendum. Refrenium, quod verbis graecis (ut "Ayos o theos", id est [[Trisagion]]) utitur, peculiarem colorem liturgicum et exoticum textui confert, victoriam militarem cum salute spirituali coniungens.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] t3lzesuycuikihzoutcc5osg9vclbel 0 324429 3955187 2026-04-17T12:06:10Z ~2026-23652-77 208114 novo carmen 3955187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Nomen a solemnibus}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LII reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Nomen a solemnibus trahit Solemniacum; solemnizent igitur omnes preter monachum, qui sibi virilia resecavit, Serracum; illum hinc excipimus quasi demoniacum; ipse solus lugeat reus apud Eacum! Exultemus et cantemus canticum victorie, et clamemus quas debemus laudes regi glorie, qui salvavit urbem David a paganis hodie! (Refl.) Festum agitur, dies recolitur, in qua Dagon frangitur, et Amalec vincitur, natus Agar pellitur, Ierusalem eripitur et Christianis redditur; diem colamus igitur! Hec urbs nobilissima prima regem habuit, in hac urbe maxima Domino complacuit, in hac propter hominem crucifigi voluit, hic super apostolos Spiritus intonuit. Urbs insignis, ad quam ignis venit annis singulis, quo monstratur, quod amatur omnibus in seculis, honoranda, frequentanda regibus et populis! (Refl.) Festum agitur, dies recolitur, in qua Dagon frangitur, et Amalec vincitur, natus Agar pellitur, Ierusalem eripitur et Christianis redditur; diem colamus igitur! Urbs sacrata celitus, adamata superis, legis tabernaculum, templum arche federis, hospitale pauperum et asylum miseris! non timebis aliquod, dum in ea manseris. Tanta lucis claritate superatur sol et luna, tanta vicit sanctitate omnes urbes hec urbs una; non elegit frustra locum Gebuseus Areuna. (Refl.) Festum agitur, dies recolitur, in qua Dagon frangitur, et Amalec vincitur, natus Agar pellitur, Ierusalem eripitur et Christianis redditur; diem colamus igitur!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen est hymnus triumphalis qui liberationem [[Ierusalem]] et victoriam Christianorum celebrat, praesertim ad menses [[Cruciata|cruciatarum]] spectans. Textus incipit cum lusu verborum de oppido Solemniaco et ironica exclusione monachi cuiusdam a laetitia communi, sed mox in fervidam celebrationem religiosam vertitur. Per victorias typologicas veteris testamenti, sicut casum [[Dagon]] et defeatam [[Amalecitae|Amalec]], auctor reditum Urbis Sanctae ad fidem christianam canit.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> In strophis sequentibus, urbs Ierusalem laudatur ut locus incarnationis, passionis, et missionis [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritus Sancti]], atque ut asylum et hospitale miserorum. Carmen extollit sanctitatem loci supra omnes alias urbes mundi, commemorans etiam figuras biblicas sicut [[Iebusaei|Areuna Iebusaeum]] ad nexum inter historiam sacram et praesens gaudium confirmandum.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] jruw2ab18ldy8e8aic7iqrs46swhxt9 0 324430 3955188 2026-04-17T12:07:30Z ~2026-23652-77 208114 novo carmen 3955188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Anno Christi incarnationis}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIII reperitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55">{{Opus | titulus = De cruce signatis 46-55 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Anno Christi incarnationis, anno nostre reparationis millesimo centesimo septuagesimo septimo rex eterne glorie dono sue gratie tenebrosam nebulam scismatis fugavit quassamque naviculam Simonis salvavit. Hoc chaos obduxerat orbem, immo infecerat annis quater quinis scismatum pruinis; scintilla caritatis alserat facta iam cinis. Hoc decus concordie sanxit flos Saxonie, noster felix pontifex Wichmannus, omnis pacis artifex, mira gratia, per quem talia fiunt consilia, que hunc errorem valent reducere sic ad pacis honorem. Victor imperatoris ensis, cum mucrone Petri prisci moris unitate dimicans, feliciter maioris vim resecat erroris. Gaude, mater Roma triumphalis! ecce, nauta iam universalis de profundo maris hieme remige integro portum pacis adiit, dum pietatis dexteram tetigit. Felix acumen huius mentis, qui cum tribus elementis †aliis ac dirimit litem pacis ligamentis! Nunc Sion letetur gens, quia Dominus exsurgens miserans cor lenit; tempus enim venit. Huius anni magnalia sunt iubilei gaudia; exstirpantur zizania, flavet seges triticea, et palee de area ventantur foras horrea. Hoc decus concordie canat vox ecclesie! hec nova tripudia requirat casta Sion filia!<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, inter carmina moralia et satirica numeratum, celebrem pacem anno [[1177]] [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] compositam celebrat, quae finem attulit schismati inter [[Fridericus I (Imperator Romanus Sacer)|Fridericum I Barbarossam]] et papam [[Alexander III|Alexandrum III]]. Auctor personam [[Wichmannus de Seeburg|Wichmanni]], archiepiscopi Magdeburgensis e [[Saxonia]], extollit tanquam pacis artificem et mediatorem inter gladium imperatoris et auctoritatem Petri. Per metaphors nauticas, navicula Ecclesiae e procellis schismatis ad portum quietis perducitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> Argumentum centrale est laetitia [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae]] ob unitatem restitutam, quae cum gaudio iubilaei comparatur. Poeta allegoriis biblicis utitur, ut separatione tritici a zizaniis, ad purgationem mundi ab errore et discordia significandam. Carmen est documentum historicum gravissimum, quod non solum politicam Europae mediaevalis, sed etiam theologiam pacis illius aevi palam facit.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 11re9sshumufkn74y1k6x2j3fb3cdnk 0 324431 3955189 2026-04-17T12:11:04Z ~2026-23652-77 208114 novo carmen 3955189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Passeres illos, qui transmigrant supra montes}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIIIa reperitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55">{{Opus | titulus = De cruce signatis 46-55 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Passeres illos, qui transmigrant supra montes, Alexander tertius sagax et fidelis archivenator illaqueavit, Vulpes, que demoliuntur vineas, captivavit, anguem stravit, qui disseminavit discolum virus, quod infrigidavit igniculum fidei, quique cecavit.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc breve carmen historicum et morale celebrat pontificatum [[Alexander III|Alexandri Papae III]], qui hic ut "archivenator" (id est, summus venator) describitur. Per metaphoras biblicas et animales, carmen victoriam papae contra hostes Ecclesiae et haereticos narrat, ubi "passeres" et "vulpes" figuras adversariorum vel schismaticorum repraesentant quos pontifex sagaciter cepit. Mentio "anguis" qui virus disseminavit ad schisma vel ad haereses illius temporis referre videtur, quas Alexander stravit ad fidem catholicam protegendam.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> In contextu historico, carmen ad res gestas saeculi XII spectat, praesertim ad certamina inter papatum et imperium, vel contra antipapas. Figura Alexandri III extollitur tanquam custos vineae Domini, qui vigilanter fideles a caecitate spirituali et a frigore infidelitatis defendit, restituens calorem "igniculi fidei" per suam actionem politicam et ecclesiasticam.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] c1x5qtu1ptxlbvlpus0d7ynzga0nync 0 324432 3955190 2026-04-17T12:12:32Z ~2026-23652-77 208114 novo carmen 3955190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Omne genus demoniorum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIV reperitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55">{{Opus | titulus = De cruce signatis 46-55 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Omne genus demoniorum cecorum, claudorum sive confusorum, attendite iussum meorum et vocationem verborum. Omnis creatura phantasmatum, que corroboratis principatum serpentis tortuosi, venenosi, qui traxit per superbiam stellarum partem tertiam, Gordan, Ingordin et Ingordan: per sigillum Salomonis et per magos Pharaonis omnes vos coniuro omnes exorcizo per tres magos Caspar, Melchior et Balthasar, per regem David, qui Saul sedavit, cum iubilavit, vosque fugavit. Vos attestor, vos contestor per mandatum Domini, ne zeletis, quem soletis vos vexare, homini, ut compareatis et post discedatis et cum desperatis chaos incolatis. Attestor, contestor per timendum, per tremendum diem iudicii, eterni supplicii, diem miserie, perennis tristitie, qui ducturus est vos in infernum, salvaturus est nos in eternum. Per nomen mirabile atque ineffabile Dei tetragrammaton, ut expaveatis et perhorreatis, vos exorcizo, Larve, Fauni, Manes, Nymphe, Sirene, Adryades, Satyri, Incubi, Penates, ut cito abeatis, chaos incolatis, ne vas corrumpatis christianitatis. Tu nos, Deus, conservare ab hostibus digneris!<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in numerum carminum moralium et satiricorum relatum, est [[Exorcismus|exorcismus]] iocosus vel parodicus, quo auctor omnes species spirituum malignorum et phantasmatum increpat. Textus formulas ecclesiasticas adhibet ad demones, larvas, atque etiam entia mythologica sicut [[Satyrus|Satyros]] et [[Nympha|Nymphas]] fugandos, invocans nomina sacra, [[Salomon|sigillum Salomonis]], et tres [[Magi|Magos]] (Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar) ad christianitatem tuendam.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> Argumentum centrale carminis in mixtura elementorum biblicorum et paganorum consistit, ubi auctor auctoritate verbi utitur ad chaos coercendum. Per imperativam conurationem, spiritus iubentur homines non vexare et ad [[Infernum]] redire, ne "vas christianitatis" corrumpant, finiens cum precatione ad Deum pro conservatione ab hostibus invisibilibus.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 57rdbks3qk4mfd1rqo88w4aq2124v1d 0 324433 3955192 2026-04-17T12:14:53Z ~2026-23652-77 208114 novo carmen 3955192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Amara tanta tyri}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LV reperitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55">{{Opus | titulus = De cruce signatis 46-55 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Amara tanta tyri pastos sycalos sycaliri Ellivoli scarras polili posylique lyvarras.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc brevissimum carmen, quod primam sectionem moralem et satiricam codicis claudit, verbis utitur quae sensu litterali carent vel potius ad linguam fictitiam aut "gibberish" pertinere videntur. Quamvis verba ut "amara" et "tanta" latinitatem sapiant, reliqua pars textus interpretationem grammaticam impedit, quod apud doctos nonnullas controversias de origine et significatione genuit.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> In contextu operis, haec strophula interpretari potest sicut ludus verbalis vel incantatio magica, aut fortasse sicut parodia obscuritatis poeticae. Quia carmen mox ante sectionem amatoriam invenitur, quidam putant id esse transitum rhythmicum ubi sonus vocabulorum sensum praevalet, more goliardico ad absurdum tendente.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 0vdx67mkkr3jaxhxrkwe2j55oswqa7q 0 324434 3955194 2026-04-17T12:20:19Z ~2026-23652-77 208114 novo carmen 3955194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Ianus annum circinat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVI reperitur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70">{{Opus | titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| 1.Ianus annum circinat, ver estatem nuntiat calcat Phebus ungula, dum in Taurum flectitur, Arietis repagula. Refl.Amor cuncta superat, Amor dura terebrat. 2.Procul sint omnia tristia! dulcia gaudia sollemnizent Veneris gymnasia! decet iocundari, quos militare contigit Dioneo lari. Refl.Amor cuncta superat, Amor dura terebrat. 3.Dum alumnus Palladis Cytheree scolam introissem, inter multas bene cultas vidi unam solam facie Tyndaridi ac Veneri secundam, plenam elegantie et magis pudibundam. Refl.Amor cuncta superat, Amor dura terebrat. 4.Differentem omnibus amo differenter. novus ignis in me furit et adurit indeficienter. nulla magis nobilis, habilis, pulchra vel amabilis, nulla minus mobilis, instabilis, infronita reperitur vel fide mutabilis. eius letum vivere est meum delectari. diligi si merear, hoc meum est beari. Refl.Vincit Amor omnia, regit Amor omnia. 5.Parce, puer, puero! fave, Venus, tenero, ignem movens, ignem fovens, ne mori sit, quod vixero, nec sit ut Daphnes Phebo, cui me ipsum dedo! olim tiro Palladis nunc tuo iuri cedo. Refl.Vincit Amor omnia, regit Amor omnia.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen est primum in sectione amatoria codicis et celebrat transitionem temporum, a mense Iano usque ad veris adventum, cum sol in signum Tauri ingreditur. Poeta mythologicis imaginibus utitur (Phebus, Venus, Pallas) ad describendam experientiam goliardi qui, olim studiis deditus, nunc militia amoris capitur. Argumentum praecipue vertitur circa invictam potentiam Cupidinis et pulchritudinem cuiusdam puellae quae Veneri ipsi comparatur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> Stylus rhythmicus et usus resonantiae (velut in versu "Amor cuncta superat") typicus est poesis clericorum vagantium, ubi sacrum et profanum, studium et voluptas iuvenilis inter se miscentur. Carmen finitur precibus ad Venerem et puerum Cupidinem directis, ut amantis passioni faveant, reiectis studiis palladiis pro iure dioneo.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] tm60x8byldunrsg00gidahsafjhfzq6 0 324435 3955220 2026-04-17T14:13:20Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] sub imperatore [[Iustinianus|Iustiniano]] compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi ==' 3955220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] sub imperatore [[Iustinianus|Iustiniano]] compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == 9jved2r49aksqp4twmn6mzf8jl92vha 3955221 3955220 2026-04-17T14:14:13Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Carmina epica]] 3955221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] sub imperatore [[Iustinianus|Iustiniano]] compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] shaygkeso7cwst3vatkns5gje34x6tv 3955222 3955221 2026-04-17T14:14:30Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] 3955222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] sub imperatore [[Iustinianus|Iustiniano]] compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] 9vhr7cd1k6o5jsd37ixigz8nf158jcn 3955223 3955222 2026-04-17T14:14:43Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Tunesiae scripta]] 3955223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] sub imperatore [[Iustinianus|Iustiniano]] compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Tunesiae scripta]] pz4xe5amuoxqipz5hjeog10saq9vgoh 3955227 3955223 2026-04-17T14:21:40Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] sub imperatore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]] compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Tunesiae scripta]] ej5lqk9a56xrvn7ffya7a86nowejd8c 3955231 3955227 2026-04-17T14:32:16Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] sub imperatore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]] compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Iohannis}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Tunesiae scripta]] 35qvgeqbofpfsu6lb204vv4nff7ez9r 3955241 3955231 2026-04-17T14:47:35Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]]; +[[Categoria:Scripta 548]] 3955241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] sub imperatore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]] compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Iohannis}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta 548]] [[Categoria:Tunesiae scripta]] 6164w6ajktsgm2d6gfri0ecl39vqd0d 3955307 3955241 2026-04-17T18:23:47Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] anno fere [[548]], imperatore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano]], compositum est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * 1970 : [[Iacobus Diggle|J. Diggle]], [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], edd., ''Flavii Cresconii Corippi Iohannidos ... libri VIII''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1970 ; Eruditio * [[Averil Cameron]], "‘Corippus’ Iohannis: epic of Byzantine Africa’" in ''Proceedings of the Liverpool Latin Seminar'' (1984) pp. 167–180 * Michael Dewar, "Corippus on the Wakefulness of Poets and Emperors" in ''Mnemosyne'' vol. 46 (1993) pp. 211-223 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4432245 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Iohannis}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta 548]] [[Categoria:Tunesiae scripta]] owa3m33ycluuwfrm9zkd3u1kwczbf82 0 324436 3955226 2026-04-17T14:21:23Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe compositum est. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iusti...' 3955226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe compositum est. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] eyh6mx0jnjb7pvhbclbo0s471gtmx9m 3955232 3955226 2026-04-17T14:33:27Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe compositum est. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] ngen7u4qz780qevex7dke07p0lpqvqs 3955236 3955232 2026-04-17T14:46:22Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scripta 566]] 3955236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe compositum est. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta 566]] sgi6q1t9zbzl6vrjxsrgfjn3owugyeh 3955237 3955236 2026-04-17T14:46:27Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] 3955237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe compositum est. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta 566]] a6msev9gjlq4uadk8rjsbnhqsec4t10 3955306 3955237 2026-04-17T18:23:31Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Iohannis''''' carmen epicum, alio titulo ''De bellis Libycis'', a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe anno fere [[566]] compositum est. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur; praeponuntur praefatio Iustino ipso directa et panegyricus quaestoris Anastasii (qui carmen omne fortasse commendaverat). == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 ; Eruditio == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}} {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Anastasii|Panegyricus Anastasii quaestoris}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta 566]] 8xx3hab754wg702ncfbnpxq7si5rls6 3955313 3955306 2026-04-17T18:51:01Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris''''', laudatio sub specie carminis epici [[Latine|Latini]], a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe anno fere [[566]] compositum est. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur; praeponuntur praefatio Iustino ipso directa et panegyricus quaestoris Anastasii (qui carmen omne fortasse commendaverat). == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 ; Eruditio * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}} {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Anastasii|Panegyricus Anastasii quaestoris}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta 566]] 92onsnp9otjsauv1aqq7en8yqdt0al1 14 324437 3955238 2026-04-17T14:46:48Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Created blank page 3955238 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3955239 3955238 2026-04-17T14:47:07Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] 3955239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] hfc49imbbx8mfr7i3a3au8q35cdlxmb 3955240 3955239 2026-04-17T14:47:14Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:566]] 3955240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:566]] svcycezzkwkv5apn5wla9dy8lzc8zzr 14 324438 3955242 2026-04-17T14:47:48Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Created blank page 3955242 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3955243 3955242 2026-04-17T14:48:01Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] 3955243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] hfc49imbbx8mfr7i3a3au8q35cdlxmb 3955244 3955243 2026-04-17T14:48:09Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:548]] 3955244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:548]] 14ttuxaspp1cgk5p3dr8v6o2xpu72q8 0 324439 3955257 2026-04-17T15:22:39Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Redirigens ad [[Ioannes Malalas]] 3955257 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ioannes Malalas]] k1k00u57d0xcil75ayr6rsfzyehg399 0 324440 3955267 2026-04-17T15:40:13Z ~2026-23869-45 208126 novo carmen 3955267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Bruma, veris emula}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVII reperitur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70">{{Opus | titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Bruma, veris emula, sua iam repagula dolet demoliri; demandat Februario, ne se a solis radio sinat deliniri. Omnis nexus elementorum legem blandam sentit amorum. sed Hymeneus eorum iugalem ordinat torum, votis allubescens deorum piorum. Sed Aquilonis ira predonis elementis officit, ne pariant; nec tamen in hoc proficit. sed Hymeneus obicit eius se turbini; in hoc enim numini deserviunt Dione. Felicibus stipendiis Dione freta gaudiis gaudet suos extollere. qui se suo iugo libere non denegant submittere, quam felici vivere vult eos pro munere! Optat Thetis auram quietis, ut celo caput exerat suosque fructus proferat. Ceres quoque secus undam cursitat et tristia sollicitat inferorum numina pro surrepta Proserpina. Elementa supera coeunt et infera. hinc illis vocabula sunt attributa mascula; illis vero feminina congrue sunt deputata nomina, quia rerum semina concipiunt ut femina. Sol, quia regnat in Piscibus celestibus, dat copiam plenariam piscationi, reddens formam turbide Iunoni. Ista Phrison decantabat iuxta regis filiam, egram que se simulabat, dum perrexit per viam Desponsari, sed hec gnanus notans sponso retulit. mox truncatur ut profanus. tandem sponso detulit.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet et transitionem a tempore hiberno ad verna gaudia describit, allegoriis mythologicis abundans. Poeta canit de certamine inter hiemem (brumam) et verem, ubi numina sicut [[Hymenaeus]], [[Dione]] (Venus), et [[Ceres]] vim amoris et generationis contra frigidum Aquilonem defendunt. Mundus ipse per coniunctionem elementorum masculorum et femininorum renovatur, quod est thema classicum poesis goliardicae.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> In fine carminis, strophe epica (8a-8b) additur quae videtur ad legendam quandam germanicam spectare, ubi cantor nomine Phrison coram filia regis canit, quod ad contextum aulicum vel narrativum carminis indicat.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] bprxe4jd01zlvclsi7u7bjbv075bv9a 0 324441 3955269 2026-04-17T15:42:28Z ~2026-23869-45 208126 novo carmen 3955269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Iam ver oritur}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVIII reperitur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70">{{Opus | titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| 1. Iam ver oritur. veris flore variata tellus redimitur. excitat in gaudium cor concentus avium voce relativa Iovem salutantium. in his philomena Tereum reiterat et iam fatum antiquatum querule retractat. sed dum fatis obicit Itym perditum, merula choraulica carmina coaptat. 2.Istis insultantibus casibus fatalibus in choree speciem res reciprocatur. his autem conciliis noster adest Iupiter cum sua Iunone, Cupido cum Dione, post hos Argus stellifer et Narcissus floriger Orphëusque plectriger, Faunus quoque corniger. 3.Inter hec sollemnia communia alterno motu laterum lascive iactant corpora collata nunc occurrens, nunc procurrens contio pennata: 4.Mergus aquaticus, aquila munificus, bubo noctivagus, cygnus flumineus, phenix unica, perdix lethargica, hirundo domestica, columba turtisona, upupa galigera, anser sagax, vultur edax, psitacus gelboicus, miluus gyrovagus, alaudula garrula, ciconia rostrisona. 5.His et consimilibus paria sunt gaudia; demulcet enim omnia hec concors consonantia. 6.Tempus est letitie. nostro tempore vernant flores in pratis virentibus, et suis rebus decus auget Phebus in nostris finibus.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen celebrationem veris effundit, ubi natura reviviscens per varietatem avium et deorum antiquorum describitur. Poeta initium sumit a reditu veris et concentu avium, inter quas Philomena et merula memorantur, ad statum laetitiae mundi depingendum.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> In secunda parte, textus ad mythologiam convertitur, ubi dii sicut Iuppiter, Iuno, et Cupido, una cum heroibus et personis sicut Narcissus et Orpheus, in quadam chorea universali conveniunt. Enumeratio avium in quarta stropha (vultur, aquila, phoenix, et aliae) non solum scientiam naturalem illius aevi ostendit, sed etiam harmonicam totius creationis consonantiam celebrat, quod est proprium genus poesis goliardicae.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 91367qn8vzg5oppzyvnxbgabw8ns1l6 0 324442 3955271 2026-04-17T15:44:09Z ~2026-23869-45 208126 novo carmen 3955271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Ecce, chorus virginum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIX reperitur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70">{{Opus | titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| 1. Ecce, chorus virginum, tempore vernali, dum solis incendium radios equali moderatur ordine, nubilo semoto fronde pausa tilie Cypridis in voto! Refl. Cypridis in voto fronde pausa tilie, Cypridis in voto! 2. In hac valle florida floreus flagratus, inter septa lilia locus purpuratus. dum garritus merule dulciter alludit, philomena carnmine dulcia concludit. Refl. Cypridis in voto fronde pausa tilie, Cypridis in voto! 3. Acies virginea redimita flore – quis enarret talia! quantoque decore prenitent ad liquidum Veneris occulta! Dido necis meritum proferat inulta. Refl. Cypridis in voto fronde pausa tilie, Cypridis in voto! 4. Per florenta nemorum me fortuna vexit. arcum Cupidineum vernula retexit. quam inter Veneream diligo cohortem, langueo, dum videam libiti consortem. Refl. Cypridis in voto fronde pausa tilie, Cypridis in voto. 5. Questio per singulas oritur: honesta potiorque dignitas casta vel incesta? Flora, consors Phyllidis, est sententiata: «caste non est similis turpiter amata.» Refl. Cypridis in voto fronde pausa tilie, Cypridis in voto! 6. Iuno, Pallas, Dione, Cytherea dura affirmant interprete Flore verbi iura: «flagrabit felicius nectare mellito castam amans potius quam in ‹infinito›.» Refl. Cypridis in voto fronde pausa tilie, Cypridis in voto! 7. Iura grata refero puellarum ludis. Vigeant in prospero pudice futuris! actibus emeritas nulla salutaris, contingat iocunditas † spes adulta caris! Refl. Cypridis in voto fronde pausa tilie, Cypridis in voto!<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria digestum, reditum veris et choreas virginum sub tilia celebrat, argumentis mythologicis et allegoricis ornatum. Poeta scaenam pastoralem depingit ubi Philomena (luscinia) cantat et Venus (Cypris) dominatur, dum quaestio moralis de natura amoris inter castitatem et libidinem movetur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> In secunda parte textus, auctor iudicium de dignitate amoris inducit, ubi deae mythologicae sicut [[Iuno]], [[Minerva|Pallas]] et [[Venus|Dione]] per vocem Florae sententiam ferunt. Carmen concluditur laude amoris casti et pudici, qui felicius flagrare dicitur quam amor infinitus seu inordinatus, more goliardico qui elementa classica cum disputationibus scholasticis commiscet.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 3796v4qknwukjbsg1e55y3ewcwmadny 0 324443 3955272 2026-04-17T15:45:10Z Neander 1973 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Enheduanna}} fuisse dicitur summa sacerdos [[Sumer]]orum aut [[Achad]]orum tertii [[millennium|millennii]] a.Chr.n., quae carmina longiora et hymnos templares scripsit. Ob hanc rem apud omnes prima in orbe terrarum scriptor et poetria nomine nota fuisse putatur. Hymnis Sumericis, quos ad deam [[Inanna]]m colendam fecit, primum deam et mundum internum experientiae humanae descripsit. == De rebus fontibus confirmatis == Anno ...' 3955272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Enheduanna}} fuisse dicitur summa sacerdos [[Sumer]]orum aut [[Achad]]orum tertii [[millennium|millennii]] a.Chr.n., quae carmina longiora et hymnos templares scripsit. Ob hanc rem apud omnes prima in orbe terrarum scriptor et poetria nomine nota fuisse putatur. Hymnis Sumericis, quos ad deam [[Inanna]]m colendam fecit, primum deam et mundum internum experientiae humanae descripsit. == De rebus fontibus confirmatis == Anno [[1922]], in [[Iraquia]] prope [[Ur]], urbem perantiquum, inventus est [[discus]] ex [[alabaster|alabastro]] factus et, ut putatur, dedita opera conruptus. == Bibliographia == * Winter, Irene (ed. 2009) Women In Public: The Disk Of Enheduanna, The Beginning Of The Office Of En-Priestess, And The Weight Of Visual Evidence. ''On Art in the Ancient Near East, II: From the Third Millennium BCE''. 65–84. Brill. p4pfwfxsc46v8r3sel6a2kyxhi76s2k 3955275 3955272 2026-04-17T15:47:51Z Neander 1973 3955275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Enheduanna}} fuisse dicitur summa sacerdos [[Sumer]]orum aut [[Achad]]orum tertii [[millennium|millennii]] a.Chr.n., quae carmina longiora et hymnos templares scripsit. Ob hanc rem apud omnes prima in orbe terrarum scriptor et poetria nomine nota fuisse putatur. Hymnis Sumericis, quos ad deam [[Inanna]]m colendam fecit, primum deam et mundum internum experientiae humanae descripsit. == De rebus fontibus confirmatis == Anno [[1922]], in [[Iraquia]] prope [[Ur]], urbem perantiquum, inventus est [[discus]] ex [[alabaster|alabastro]] factus et, ut putatur, dedita opera conruptus. == Bibliographia == * Winter, Irene (ed. 2009) Women In Public: The Disk Of Enheduanna, The Beginning Of The Office Of En-Priestess, And The Weight Of Visual Evidence. ''On Art in the Ancient Near East, II: From the Third Millennium BCE''. 65–84. Brill. 9yni60cl1hbiqnd4cs68ujetikrtrkr 0 324444 3955273 2026-04-17T15:47:06Z ~2026-23869-45 208126 novo carmen 3955273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Captus amore gravi}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LX reperitur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70">{{Opus | titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| 1a.Captus amore gravi me parem rebar avi fede revincte lari, que procul ethra videt nec modulando silet, inde perire libet. 1b.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . psallere, virgo, pridem, non semper hec ibidem, quam scrutabundus amor notarat et amaror. hinc ortus ille clamor. 2a.Est bilis amarissima, qualem gignit Sardonia, 2b.In incentivo Veneris eiusque miri generis 2c.Militiam proponere, non posse votum solvere. 2d.Hec, ecce, virgo inclita, tibi notabis edita: 3.Amor instillat, quare te, virgo, salutare velim; sed onus grave videris acerbare, 4.Dum affligis immeritum, grave ferens imperium, vilipendens obloquium, me minans in interitum, fidem promittens alteri, contradicendo Cypridi. 5a.Ecce querimonia, quam genuit amor; me misit in suspiria Venereus favor. 5b.Cuncta sprevi virginum ego tripudia, te volens michi iungere. modo diludia 5c.Quesivique gratiam; sed iam alterius captas benivolentiam; quo nil deterius 6a.Queo fari. nec solari me curat Glycerium; 6b.Me fastidit et allidit, estimans inglorium. 6c.Bella gero cum severo Cypridis ob meritum. 7a.Dum mens unam te recolit famaque nefas comperit, pupilla fletum protulit; iam expedit, ut vera loquamur. 7b.Amaveram pre ceteris te, sed amici veteris es iam oblita; superis vel inferis ream te criminamur? 8a.Dolor, fletus, ire, metus tremebundis artubus simul incubuere. 8b.Pre dolore verso more canticum conticuit; nil restat nisi flere. 8c.Sorte dira pendet lyra, spreta luget. Atropos filum cessavit nere. 9.Me mergis hic, cum sis illic; nutando sic non stabis hic. 10.Sed lubrica contagia te gaudes insectari; prostibulum patibulo iam meruit piari. en, oro te per superos: tibi ames obnoxios; reclude secretarios, quos nil iuvat amari! 11.Si lethargum vite insectabor lite, † hanc colis rite, † et ego te in soliloquiorum carmine canebam, te unam sapiebam, idque iustum rebar; sed nichil audis horum. 12.Michi te subdideras et amore iunxeras fallentis vite semitas, et te ita subverteras, ut redimam me vivere presumptuosa temere amores vi transponeres, ut cor meum contereres. 13a.Usque quo te perferam, quam premit emulatio? 13b.Ut quid agis perperam, o dira simulatio? 14a.Ex fraudibus alternis et ignominia cur emula superbis, bifrons, ingloria? 14b. Cum federa discerpis, o preceps nimia, te funditus evertis ceu Bachanaria. 15.Si balbi more veritus nil ausim fari penitus, † obnixeram emeritus, quem captat hic interitus. 16.O Cypris alma, conspice tue clientem opere penamque nobis exime, quam patimur indebite! tu lamiam interripe eiusque rixas opprime!<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet et querimoniam amantis de puella infideli exprimit, quae veteris amoris oblita ad alium animum flexit. Poeta varios affectus describit, inter quos dolor, fletus, et ira prominent, invocans etiam numina mythologica sicut [[Aphrodite|Cypridem]], [[Venus (dea)|Venerem]], et [[Atropos|Atropon]] ut auxilium ferant vel fati crudelitatem significent. Textus, multis strophis compositus, non solum de amoris amaritudine loquitur, sed etiam de perfidia et simulatione feminae, quam auctor "lamiam" et "bifrontem" appellat.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> In hoc opere, goliardica elocutio rhetoricam classicam cum affectibus vehementioribus miscet, ubi amans se captum et prope interitum esse profitetur. Querela desinit precibus ad [[Aphrodite|Cypridem]] directis, ut amantis poenam eximat et puellae insolentiam tandem comprimat.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] isz2w3z6tlejrslu9mw62gfx4vd71d1 0 324445 3955276 2026-04-17T15:49:01Z ~2026-23869-45 208126 novo carmen 3955276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Cupido mentem gyrat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXa reperitur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70">{{Opus | titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| 1.Cupido mentem gyrat telumque minans vibrat, Favonius aspirat nectar, quo venas inflat 2.Medullitus; id teneris pergratum est in feminis, quas alit affabilitas atque cordis simplicitas. 3a.Semel, opto, basia michi quod offerat, quam sorte de infantia Natura venustat. 3b.Post hanc nulla complacet, quam sic assumpserim, cum potius amabiles te propter spreverim. 4a.Iam odorus noster torus demoratur; inscia 4b.Es optata, sed vocata non occurris, intima. 5a.Gaude, proles regia, que vite privilegia gestas! ecce Venerea collegia per te floruerunt. 5b.Si iam detur optio, tuo quod utar osculo et membris in crepuscolo sub otio, aspera non erunt. 6a.Matutini sideris iubar preis, et lilium rosaque periere. 6b.Micat ebur dentium per labium, ut Sirium credat quis enitere. 7.Si Menalus fatidicus virginibus michi det omne fari, Etna, mons occiduus, Ponto ferat minas prius, quam desinat, virgo, tuus honor laudari. 8.Amores ergo fidibus canendi sunt his rudibus, cibentur ut his fructibus: stipendium erit Venus, 9.Furores quando lenit Venus, que corda ferit. incitamentum Veneris fastidium est ceteris. quod laudis michi titulum clarumque det obsequium! 10.Intemerata virginum, serena respice et generosa supplicis iam vota perfice!<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, quod ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet, de virtute [[Cupido|Cupidinis]] et de pulchritudine puellae canit. Poeta describit quomodo deus amoris animum vulneret et quomodo Favonius, ventus vernalis, venas ardore impleat. In versibus multa elogia inveniuntur de formositate virginis, quae "proles regia" appellatur et cuius dentes sicut ebur vel stella Sirius micant.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> Argumentum ad delectationes amandi et ad desiderium osculorum spectat, ubi natura et mythologia (ut mons [[Aetna]] et [[Venus (dea)|Venus]]) adhibentur ad vigorem affectus demonstrandum. Carmen denique precationem ad virginem continet, ut vota supplicantis perficiat, sicut mos est in traditione [[Litterae Latinae mediaevales|lyricae medii aevi]] amatoriae.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 1w9pk20zcebay6ffsv630hzet3i9tqd 14 324446 3955284 2026-04-17T16:39:45Z Babel AutoCreator 39654 [[Project:Babel|Babel]] Categoriae pagina ipsa mox creabitur Expecta, quaeso 3955284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria Usores|wa|3}} ch3u27bw157tyocuxwnz26vfvh6h7yj 0 324447 3955293 2026-04-17T17:57:30Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Copa''''' est carmen breve hexametris compositum, quod in [[Appendix Vergiliana|appendice Vergiliana]] nobis transmissum est et inter hae poëmata divulgari solet. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], "The "Copa": a text and commentary" in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'' no. 24 (1977) pp. 117-131 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646162 JSTOR] ; Eruditio...' 3955293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Copa''''' est carmen breve hexametris compositum, quod in [[Appendix Vergiliana|appendice Vergiliana]] nobis transmissum est et inter hae poëmata divulgari solet. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], "The "Copa": a text and commentary" in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'' no. 24 (1977) pp. 117-131 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646162 JSTOR] ; Eruditio * Vincent J. Rosivach, "The Sociology of the Copa" in ''Latomus'' vol. 55 (1996) pp. 605-614 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41537742 JSTOR] * R. J. Tarrant, "Nights at the Copa: Observations on Language and Date" in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 94 (1992) pp. 331-347 [https://doi.org/10.2307/311435 JSTOR] {{lit-stipula}} 4quif7e3o51ceja1aa8kjv0oo9vtl26 3955294 3955293 2026-04-17T17:57:42Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Carmina]] 3955294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Copa''''' est carmen breve hexametris compositum, quod in [[Appendix Vergiliana|appendice Vergiliana]] nobis transmissum est et inter hae poëmata divulgari solet. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], "The "Copa": a text and commentary" in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'' no. 24 (1977) pp. 117-131 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646162 JSTOR] ; Eruditio * Vincent J. Rosivach, "The Sociology of the Copa" in ''Latomus'' vol. 55 (1996) pp. 605-614 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41537742 JSTOR] * R. J. Tarrant, "Nights at the Copa: Observations on Language and Date" in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 94 (1992) pp. 331-347 [https://doi.org/10.2307/311435 JSTOR] {{lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Carmina]] gequ52bz8fvdoo48q5s4s7y38y28qq4 3955295 3955294 2026-04-17T17:57:56Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aevi Augustani]] 3955295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Copa''''' est carmen breve hexametris compositum, quod in [[Appendix Vergiliana|appendice Vergiliana]] nobis transmissum est et inter hae poëmata divulgari solet. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], "The "Copa": a text and commentary" in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'' no. 24 (1977) pp. 117-131 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646162 JSTOR] ; Eruditio * Vincent J. Rosivach, "The Sociology of the Copa" in ''Latomus'' vol. 55 (1996) pp. 605-614 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41537742 JSTOR] * R. J. Tarrant, "Nights at the Copa: Observations on Language and Date" in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 94 (1992) pp. 331-347 [https://doi.org/10.2307/311435 JSTOR] {{lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Carmina]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aevi Augustani]] nbau44ytwptqc1ujcsffsoxx5qhspt2 3955296 3955295 2026-04-17T17:58:22Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 1]] 3955296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{In usu}} '''''Copa''''' est carmen breve hexametris compositum, quod in [[Appendix Vergiliana|appendice Vergiliana]] nobis transmissum est et inter hae poëmata divulgari solet. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]], "The "Copa": a text and commentary" in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'' no. 24 (1977) pp. 117-131 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646162 JSTOR] ; Eruditio * Vincent J. Rosivach, "The Sociology of the Copa" in ''Latomus'' vol. 55 (1996) pp. 605-614 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41537742 JSTOR] * R. J. Tarrant, "Nights at the Copa: Observations on Language and Date" in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 94 (1992) pp. 331-347 [https://doi.org/10.2307/311435 JSTOR] {{lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Carmina]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aevi Augustani]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 1]] i5dq6u4a2bniq4t1ftgbbfxi54ngwdr 0 324448 3955297 2026-04-17T18:06:21Z Andrew Dalby 1084 init 3955297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Franciscus Goodyear''', Anglice plene ''Francis Richard David'' et compendiosius ''Frank'', saepe '''F. R. D. Goodyear''' ([[Luton]] in oppido die [[2 Februarii]] [[1936]] natus; in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] die [[24 Iulii]] [[1987]] mortuus) fuit linguarum [[lingia Latina|Latinae]] [[lingua Graeca|Graecae]]que philologus. == Bibliographia == * K. M. Coleman, J. Diggle, J. B. Hall, H. D. Jocelyn, edd., ''F. R. D. Goodyear: Papers on Latin literature''. Londinii: Duckworth, 1992 * [[Iacobus Diggle|James Diggle]], "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1288/74p361.pdf Francis Richard David Goodyear]" in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 74 (1988) pp. 361-372 {{Lifetime|1936|1987|Goodyear, Franciscus}} 0l9boit23m80kxip5k6ce5csu51mcy8 3955298 3955297 2026-04-17T18:06:40Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]] 3955298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Franciscus Goodyear''', Anglice plene ''Francis Richard David'' et compendiosius ''Frank'', saepe '''F. R. D. Goodyear''' ([[Luton]] in oppido die [[2 Februarii]] [[1936]] natus; in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] die [[24 Iulii]] [[1987]] mortuus) fuit linguarum [[lingia Latina|Latinae]] [[lingua Graeca|Graecae]]que philologus. == Bibliographia == * K. M. Coleman, J. Diggle, J. B. Hall, H. D. Jocelyn, edd., ''F. R. D. Goodyear: Papers on Latin literature''. Londinii: Duckworth, 1992 * [[Iacobus Diggle|James Diggle]], "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1288/74p361.pdf Francis Richard David Goodyear]" in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 74 (1988) pp. 361-372 {{Lifetime|1936|1987|Goodyear, Franciscus}} [[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]] pusno5g21nsmk86c4y5roegbg6slxri 3955305 3955298 2026-04-17T18:22:45Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Franciscus Goodyear''', Anglice plene ''Francis Richard David'' et compendiosius ''Frank'', saepe '''F. R. D. Goodyear''' ([[Lutonia]]e die [[2 Februarii]] [[1936]] natus; [[Ioannesburgum|Ioannesburgi]] die [[24 Iulii]] [[1987]] mortuus) fuit philologus linguarum [[lingia Latina|Latinae]] [[lingua Graeca|Graecae]]que peritus. == Opera == * (cum [[Iacobus Diggle|Iacobo Diggle]] editum:) ''The Classical Papers of A. E. Housman''. 3 voll. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1972 {{Google Books|VW36cvMUpk8C|Paginae selectae vol. 2}} * "The "Copa": a text and commentary" in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'' no. 24 (1977) pp. 117-131 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646162 JSTOR] == Bibliographia == * K. M. Coleman, J. Diggle, J. B. Hall, H. D. Jocelyn, edd., ''F. R. D. Goodyear: Papers on Latin literature''. Londinii: Duckworth, 1992 * [[Iacobus Diggle|James Diggle]], "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1288/74p361.pdf Francis Richard David Goodyear]" in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 74 (1988) pp. 361-372 {{Lifetime|1936|1987|Goodyear, Franciscus}} [[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]] crgcedvj1s4r7m6qsgyocv8off1h1kx 0 324449 3955299 2026-04-17T18:11:25Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{In usu}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Iacobus''', vulgo ''James'' '''Diggle''' (die [[29 Martii]] [[1944]] natus) est philologus litterarumque [[lingua Graeca|Graecarum]] [[lingua Latina|Latinarum]]que peritus. == Opera == * "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1288/74p361.pdf Francis Richard David Goodyear]" (necrologia) in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 74 (1988) pp. 361-372 {{Lifetime|1944||Diggle, Iacobus}}' 3955299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In usu}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Iacobus''', vulgo ''James'' '''Diggle''' (die [[29 Martii]] [[1944]] natus) est philologus litterarumque [[lingua Graeca|Graecarum]] [[lingua Latina|Latinarum]]que peritus. == Opera == * "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1288/74p361.pdf Francis Richard David Goodyear]" (necrologia) in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 74 (1988) pp. 361-372 {{Lifetime|1944||Diggle, Iacobus}} jmlnwglhk481qolp5asw8j5xl9ujymm 3955300 3955299 2026-04-17T18:12:00Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]] 3955300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In usu}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Iacobus''', vulgo ''James'' '''Diggle''' (die [[29 Martii]] [[1944]] natus) est philologus litterarumque [[lingua Graeca|Graecarum]] [[lingua Latina|Latinarum]]que peritus. == Opera == * "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1288/74p361.pdf Francis Richard David Goodyear]" (necrologia) in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 74 (1988) pp. 361-372 {{Lifetime|1944||Diggle, Iacobus}} [[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]] co4yf5ztgcppvsyh1yuliwdbuh5247r 3955301 3955300 2026-04-17T18:12:29Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] 3955301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In usu}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Iacobus''', vulgo ''James'' '''Diggle''' (die [[29 Martii]] [[1944]] natus) est philologus litterarumque [[lingua Graeca|Graecarum]] [[lingua Latina|Latinarum]]que peritus. == Opera == * "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1288/74p361.pdf Francis Richard David Goodyear]" (necrologia) in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 74 (1988) pp. 361-372 {{Lifetime|1944||Diggle, Iacobus}} [[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] tejf1lzfum7prk39c8qb1wasn710jrh 3955304 3955301 2026-04-17T18:19:00Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3955304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In usu}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Iacobus''', vulgo ''James'' '''Diggle''' (die [[29 Martii]] [[1944]] natus) est philologus litterarumque [[lingua Graeca|Graecarum]] [[lingua Latina|Latinarum]]que peritus. == Opera == * (cum [[Franciscus Goodyear|F. R. D. Goodyear]] editum:) ''The Classical Papers of A. E. Housman''. 3 voll. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1972 {{Google Books|VW36cvMUpk8C|Paginae selectae vol. 2}} * "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1288/74p361.pdf Francis Richard David Goodyear]" (necrologia) in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 74 (1988) pp. 361-372 {{Lifetime|1944||Diggle, Iacobus}} [[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] 4tp9vsuajh2y2ak4b8qnbacfuvi282q 0 324450 3955302 2026-04-17T18:15:18Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Redirigens ad [[Franciscus Goodyear]] 3955302 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Franciscus Goodyear]] qacy6odggytvxkpx606usz9p9bchm6w 0 324451 3955334 2026-04-18T00:31:42Z LilyKitty 18316 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Abbas Araghchi in a interview with khamenei.ir (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abbas Araghchi anno 2024]] '''Abbas Araghchi''' vel '''Abbas Araqchi'''(natus [[Teheranum|Teherani]] die [[5 Decembris]] [[1962]]) est [[politicus]] et [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] [[Irania|Iranicus]] qui [[rerum externarum minister]] ab anno [[2024]]. Dum [[Primum bellum sinus Persici]] fit, miles defensoris res novae fuit. Anno [[1989]], Officium rerum externarum Iraniae iit e...' 3955334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Abbas Araghchi in a interview with khamenei.ir (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abbas Araghchi anno 2024]] '''Abbas Araghchi''' vel '''Abbas Araqchi'''(natus [[Teheranum|Teherani]] die [[5 Decembris]] [[1962]]) est [[politicus]] et [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] [[Irania|Iranicus]] qui [[rerum externarum minister]] ab anno [[2024]]. Dum [[Primum bellum sinus Persici]] fit, miles defensoris res novae fuit. Anno [[1989]], Officium rerum externarum Iraniae iit et ab anno 1999 ad annum 2003, [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] in [[Finlandia]] deinde ab anno 2008 ad annum 2011 legatus in [[Iaponia]] erat. Die [[21 Augusti]] [[2024]], rerum externarum minister a [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudo Pezeskhian]] electus est.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-master-negotiator-tasked-with-averting-war-2015-04-11/ Iran's 'master negotiator tasked with averting war]</ref> Alumnus Universitatis Israamicae Azad deinde [[Universitas Cantii|Universitatis Cantii]] est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} {{CommuniaCat|Abbas Araghchi}} [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantiensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1962]] 3v9oc2zwklkhm1que4nodebditya1tp 3955336 3955334 2026-04-18T01:25:32Z LilyKitty 18316 corrigendum 3955336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Abbas Araghchi in a interview with khamenei.ir (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abbas Araghchi anno 2024]] '''Abbas Araghchi''' vel '''Abbas Araqchi'''(natus [[Teheranum|Teherani]] die [[5 Decembris]] [[1962]]) est [[politicus]] et [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] [[Irania|Iranicus]] qui [[rerum externarum minister]] ab anno [[2024]]. Dum [[Primum bellum sinus Persici]] fit, miles defensoris res novae fuit. Anno [[1989]], Officium rerum externarum Iraniae iit et ab anno 1999 ad annum 2003, [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] in [[Finlandia]] deinde ab anno 2008 ad annum 2011 legatus in [[Iaponia]] erat. Die [[21 Augusti]] [[2024]], rerum externarum minister a [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudo Pezeskhian]] electus est.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-master-negotiator-tasked-with-averting-war-2025-04-11/ Iran's 'master negotiator tasked with averting war]</ref> Alumnus Universitatis Israamicae Azad deinde [[Universitas Cantii|Universitatis Cantii]] est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} {{CommuniaCat|Abbas Araghchi}} {{Ministri rerum externarum Iranienses}} [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantiensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1962]] 3fi4ayh5t0it7djkkb1m4059zdhcbat 3955338 3955336 2026-04-18T03:45:21Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3955338 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Abbas Araghchi in a interview with khamenei.ir (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abbas Araghchi anno 2024]] {{res|Abbas Araghchi}} vel {{res|Abbas Araqchi}} (natus [[Teheranum|Teherani]] die [[5 Decembris]] [[1962]]) est [[politicus]] et [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] [[Irania|Iranicus]], [[rerum externarum minister]] ab anno [[2024]]. [[Primum bellum sinus Persici|Primo bello sinūs Persici]] durante fuit miles defensor [[Seditio Islamica|rerum novarum]]. Anno [[1989]], Officium rerum externarum Iraniae gessit, deinde fuit [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] in [[Finlandia]] ab anno [[1999]] ad annum [[2003]], et in [[Iaponia]] ab anno [[2008]] ad annum [[2011]]. Die [[21 Augusti]] [[2024]] a [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudo Pezeskhian]] selectus est rerum externarum minister.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-master-negotiator-tasked-with-averting-war-2025-04-11/ Iran's 'master negotiator tasked with averting war]</ref> Alumnus est Universitatis Israamicae Azad atque [[Universitas Cantii|Universitatis Cantii]]. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} {{CommuniaCat|Abbas Araghchi}} {{Ministri rerum externarum Iranienses}} [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantiensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1962]] ightr1ol6umdxlufehom0hkflgvib6b